949 resultados para Law (Philosophical concept)
Resumo:
La sympathie comme principe par lequel une idée se convertit en impression n’est pas la seule espèce de sympathie employée par David Hume dans ses ouvrages. Le terme «sympathie» possédait des sens variés dans le langage courant au XVIIIème siècle, et il arrive que le philosophe écossais se serve du terme «sympathie» dans l’un ou l’autre de ces sens. C’est ainsi que, outre son concept philosophique, Hume se sert du terme «sympathie» suivant cinq autres sens. L’identification des différentes sortes de sympathie présentes dans les ouvrages de Hume a permis de mieux comprendre ce qu’il en était de la nature de son concept philosophique de sympathie. Ainsi, on a pu comprendre quels rapports la sympathie entretenait avec un autre principe de production d’affections mentionné à l’occasion par Hume : la contagion. Ainsi, on a également pu comprendre quels rapports la sympathie entretenait avec d’autres éléments de la philosophie humienne, tels que les esprits animaux, leurs mouvements et les émotions. Les analyses ont démontré, par ailleurs, que les esprits animaux et leurs mouvements jouaient un rôle de premier plan dans la théorie humienne des passions et que le principe de la sympathie, au final, désignait l’augmentation de l’agitation des esprits animaux. C’est ainsi que la sympathie entendue comme principe par lequel une idée était convertie en impression désignait un mécanisme physiologique chez Hume. Les analyses ont également démontré que les impressions que Hume nommait «émotions» désignaient plus particulièrement le mouvement des esprits animaux. Qu’ainsi, l’on devait considérer qu’il y avait dans la taxonomie du philosophe écossais non seulement des perceptions de l’entendement humain (idées, passions, sentiments, etc.) mais également des perceptions du corps humain (émotions) et que celles-ci étaient en correspondance étroite avec celles-là. On peut ainsi faire l’hypothèse qu’il y a dans la philosophie humienne des éléments susceptibles de fonder une théorie de l’union entre l’âme et le corps. La considération de la sympathie comme un principe physiologique d’agitation des esprits animaux permet que l’on jette un regard nouveau sur la façon dont David Hume concevait la nature humaine.
Resumo:
A concepção filosófica do mundo se inicia com os gregos sintetizados por Platão e Aristóteles. Para o primeiro o mundo físico é aparente e para se chegar à verdade é preciso se lembrar das idéias originais que determinam seu significado. Para o segundo as coisas físicas são dirigidas pelas idéias e para entendê-las é preciso a lógica. Durante o helenismo a escola de Alexandria elabora o neoplatonismo, a base da Patrística. Após a queda de Roma, os filósofos bizantinos guardam a herança clássica. A Igreja constrói uma visão neoplatônica da cristandade, a Escolástica. No oriente os persas também sofreram a influência grega. Entre os árabes do Oriente o pensamento neoplatônico orienta filósofos e religiosos de forma que para eles a razão e a fé não se separam. Aí a ciências se desenvolvem na física, na alquimia, na botânica, na medicina, na matemática e na lógica, até serem subjugadas pela doutrina conservadora dos otomanos. Na Espanha mulçumana sem as restrições da teologia, a filosofia de Aristóteles é mais bem compreendida do que no resto do Islã. Também aí todas as ciências se desenvolvem rápido. Mas a Espanha sucumbe aos cristãos. Os árabes e judeus apresentam Aristóteles à Europa Ocidental que elabora um Aristóteles cristão. A matemática, a física experimental, a alquimia e a medicina dos árabes influenciam intensamente o Ocidente. Os artesãos constroem instrumentos cada vez mais precisos, os navegadores constroem navios e mapas mais eficientes e minuciosos, os armeiros calculam melhor a forma de lançamento e pontaria de suas armas e os agrimensores melhor elaboram a medida de sua área de mapeamento. Os artistas principalmente italianos, a partir dos clássicos gregos e árabes, criam a perspectiva no desenho, possibilitando a matematização do espaço. Os portugueses, junto com cientistas árabes, judeus e italianos, concluem um projeto de expansão naval e ampliam os horizontes do mundo. Os pensadores italianos, como uma reação à Escolástica, constroem um pensamento humanista influenciado pelo pensamento grego clássico original e pelos últimos filósofos bizantinos. Por todas essas mudanças se inicia a construção de um novo universo e de um novo método, que viria décadas mais tarde.
Resumo:
Há mais de cinqüenta anos, existe a preocupação em se definir os objetivos para o laboratório didático, revisando currículos e buscando ações mais localizadas e orientadas de acordo com o avanço crescente de conhecimentos das concepções alternativas de vários tópicos da Física por parte dos alunos, levando-se em conta as dificuldades específicas enfrentadas por eles no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Podem-se identificar duas linhas filosóficas que norteiam o processo ensino-aprendizagem com relação aos objetivos do laboratório didático. Uma linha defende que para sedimentar os conceitos expostos em aulas teóricas é necessária a prática em laboratório. A outra linha defende que o alvo da prática em laboratório deveria ser a obtenção e análise de dados, levando-se em conta a teoria aprendida. Atualmente, se percebe um crescimento por parte de profissionais que entendem haver uma necessidade de planejar, definir e hierarquizar objetivos detalhados, além de propiciar atividades que favoreçam de acordo com cada classe dentro da linha filosófica a que se identifica o profissional, não se esquecendo que ainda existem profissionais que não aceitam essa postura. Dentro desta perspectiva, foi aplicado um questionário a trinta alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Física da UNESP-Bauru, que já cursaram as cinco disciplinas práticas básicas do curso. Os alunos pontuaram de acordo com a sua visão dos objetivos reais frente aos objetivos ideais do laboratório didático. Os resultados mostraram que o laboratório didático vem cumprindo seu papel na opinião dos alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Física.
Resumo:
There is little or no general agreement about what researchers should focus on when studying consciousness. The most active scientific studies often use the methods of Cognitive Neuroscience and focus mainly on vision. Other aspects and contents of consciousness, namely thoughts and emotions, are much less studied, possibly leading to a biased view of what consciousness is and how it works. In this essay we describe what we call a referential nucleus, implicit in much of consciousness research. In this context, 'consciousness' refers to (partially) reportable content experienced by living individuals. We then discuss the philosophical concept of a phenomenal world and another contemporary view that conscious experience involves, besides integration of information in the brain, participation in action-perception cycles in a natural, social and cultural environment. These views imply a need to reconceptualize 'qualia' as the conscious aspect of subjective experiences, thus stating properties of consciousness that pose serious challenges to an exclusive approach via Cognitive Neuroscience, because experimental settings oversimplify conscious experiences, narrowing them to fragments correlated with measured brain activity and behaviour In conclusion we argue that a science of consciousness requires a broad interdisciplinary range of research, including qualitative methods from the Human Sciences.
Resumo:
It is commonplace to rely on the notion that thought is expressed from a historical and geographical context that reveals the special nature of the thinking subject. In ways and wanderings of thought, the literature shows up as a means both permissive and facilitating the possibility of expression of thought, from the written language, also depend on the temporalities and spatialities that concern you. Based on the identification of a dominant matrix of thought, given by comtean positivism and the neopositivism or logical positivism, a historical and geographical context imbued with the defining characteristics of temporalities and spatialities own perspective and written language as a medium and as support for expression of thought is that we propose to discuss the clues that identify the Lobato narrative expressed in Geography of Dona Benta, a work dating from 1935, an idea of space and nation. What notions of geographic space tells Lobato? What are your references to address landscape and territory? What representation of nation and national identity proposes in his narrative? Pursuing this aim, we seek to contribute to the substantiation of geographical knowledge from a critical effort of thinking about and doing geography
Resumo:
The relationship between humans and non-human animals dates back to the Prehistoric Era, when groups of humans migrated from the nomadic and extractive stage to sedentariness, starting to develop agriculture and animal husbandry. Ancient Greek philosophy, notably the Aristotelian school of philosophy, posited that nature has not done anything for nothing, and all things have a purpose: plants were created for the sake of animals, and these for the good of men, while the Bible preaches the view that the world was created for the good of men and other species were subordinated to their wants and needs. During the Renaissance, centuries XIV to XVI, anthropocentrism was established as the main philosophical concept. However, in relation to the treatment of animals, Renaissance did not differ substantially from medieval scholasticism, considering animals like machines, devoid of pain and immortal soul. In this context, scientific knowledge about plants, non-human animals and nature in general, is built on anthropocentric values, thus influencing the construction of school education in the disciplines of Science and Biology. Nowadays, at São Paulo state schools, specifically in the Ensino Fundamental II (6th to 9th grade), the program of the discipline Ciências da Natureza e suas Tecnologias is set by the Currículo Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, via the São Paulo Faz Escola Program, implemented by the Secretaria Estadual de Educação in 2010. This documentary research used the methodology of Content Analysis and aimed to analyze the presentation of non-human animals in Caderno do Professor and Caderno do Aluno, from 6th to 9th grades of the discipline Ciências da Natureza e suas Tecnologias. The analysis of the courseware revealed that its contents were influenced by the anthropocentric view, in both implicitly and explicitly ways, conveying anthropomorphic, utilitarian, stereotyped and derogatory statements towards...
Resumo:
The relationship between humans and non-human animals dates back to the Prehistoric Era, when groups of humans migrated from the nomadic and extractive stage to sedentariness, starting to develop agriculture and animal husbandry. Ancient Greek philosophy, notably the Aristotelian school of philosophy, posited that nature has not done anything for nothing, and all things have a purpose: plants were created for the sake of animals, and these for the good of men, while the Bible preaches the view that the world was created for the good of men and other species were subordinated to their wants and needs. During the Renaissance, centuries XIV to XVI, anthropocentrism was established as the main philosophical concept. However, in relation to the treatment of animals, Renaissance did not differ substantially from medieval scholasticism, considering animals like machines, devoid of pain and immortal soul. In this context, scientific knowledge about plants, non-human animals and nature in general, is built on anthropocentric values, thus influencing the construction of school education in the disciplines of Science and Biology. Nowadays, at São Paulo state schools, specifically in the Ensino Fundamental II (6th to 9th grade), the program of the discipline Ciências da Natureza e suas Tecnologias is set by the Currículo Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, via the São Paulo Faz Escola Program, implemented by the Secretaria Estadual de Educação in 2010. This documentary research used the methodology of Content Analysis and aimed to analyze the presentation of non-human animals in Caderno do Professor and Caderno do Aluno, from 6th to 9th grades of the discipline Ciências da Natureza e suas Tecnologias. The analysis of the courseware revealed that its contents were influenced by the anthropocentric view, in both implicitly and explicitly ways, conveying anthropomorphic, utilitarian, stereotyped and derogatory statements towards...
Resumo:
El artículo analiza el problema de la "identidad narrativa" como el punto nodal a partir del cual se erige la filosofía de Paul Ricoeur. En abierta oposición a las "filosofías del cogito" en las cuales el yo se define como "yo empírico" o como "yo trascendental", el filósofo francés propone el concepto de sí mismo como otro aunando las nociones de mismidad e ipseidad en un mismo centro al que sólo accede el sujeto por medio de un rodeo narrativo dado en llamar "hermenéutica del sí". Se intentará comprender la noción de sujeto que esta filosofía delinea.
Resumo:
El artículo analiza el problema de la "identidad narrativa" como el punto nodal a partir del cual se erige la filosofía de Paul Ricoeur. En abierta oposición a las "filosofías del cogito" en las cuales el yo se define como "yo empírico" o como "yo trascendental", el filósofo francés propone el concepto de sí mismo como otro aunando las nociones de mismidad e ipseidad en un mismo centro al que sólo accede el sujeto por medio de un rodeo narrativo dado en llamar "hermenéutica del sí". Se intentará comprender la noción de sujeto que esta filosofía delinea.
Resumo:
El artículo analiza el problema de la "identidad narrativa" como el punto nodal a partir del cual se erige la filosofía de Paul Ricoeur. En abierta oposición a las "filosofías del cogito" en las cuales el yo se define como "yo empírico" o como "yo trascendental", el filósofo francés propone el concepto de sí mismo como otro aunando las nociones de mismidad e ipseidad en un mismo centro al que sólo accede el sujeto por medio de un rodeo narrativo dado en llamar "hermenéutica del sí". Se intentará comprender la noción de sujeto que esta filosofía delinea.
Resumo:
This dissertation examines and develops Martin Heidegger’s concept of “falling” as a significant historical-philosophical principle. Falling, however, is primarily understood as a concept of the early Heidegger, whereas I argue that Heidegger continues to rely upon it, both explicitly and implicitly, throughout his career. Falling is a description ofphilosophical and Western history, known as metaphysics, and the description of man’s relationship to Being. Thus, falling relates to the most significant streams in Heidegger’s later thought, too, including the truth of Being, the death of God, the gods, the overcoming of metaphysics, and meditative thinking. I then reinterpret the traditional theology of the Fall narrative from Genesis in light of falling as philosophical concept, extending Heidegger’s own “destruction” of Western metaphysics in relation to one of its grounding myths. I move on to demonstrate the significance of a falling understanding in a rereading of the death of God and the end of metaphysics by examining Heidegger’s engagement with Nietzsche. I conclude by incorporating Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis as a further extension of Heidegger’s discourse on falling, showing that the subject’s discourse and relationship to the truth of Being is at the core of his constitution and neurosis.
Resumo:
"The exhibition "There's Something About Mary," held at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in September 2009, invited sixteen contemporary artists to interpret the image of Mary Magdalene. Despite great variety oftreatment, an overarching theme of identity-personal and collective-emerges from the artworks. The artists reference Mary Magdalene's many identities, creating a broader dialogue with both the history of art and issues of the contemporary world"
Resumo:
Diss. - Bonn.