Fine sediment delivery and transfer in lowland catchments: modelling suspended sediment concentrations in response to hydrological forcing

Fine sediment delivery to and storage in stream channel reaches can disrupt aquatic habitats, impact river hydromorphology, and transfer adsorbed nutrients and pollutants from catchment slopes to the fluvial system. This paper presents a modelling toot for simulating the time-dependent response of the fine sediment system in catchments, using an integrated approach that incorporates both land phase and in-stream processes of sediment generation, storage and transfer. The performance of the model is demonstrated by applying it to simulate in-stream suspended sediment concentrations in two lowland catchments in southern England, the Enborne and the Lambourn, which exhibit contrasting hydrological and sediment responses due to differences in substrate permeability. The sediment model performs well in the Enborne catchment, where direct runoff events are frequent and peak suspended sediment concentrations can exceed 600 mg l(-1). The general trends in the in-stream concentrations in the Lambourn catchment are also reproduced by the model, although the observed concentrations are low (rarely exceeding 50 mg l(-1)) and the background variability in the concentrations is not fully characterized by the model. Direct runoff events are rare in this highly permeable catchment, resulting in a weak coupling between the sediment delivery system and the catchment hydrology. The generic performance of the model is also assessed using a generalized sensitivity analysis based on the parameter bounds identified in the catchment applications. Results indicate that the hydrological parameters contributing to the sediment response include those controlling (1) the partitioning of runoff between surface and soil zone flows and (2) the fractional loss of direct runoff volume prior to channel delivery. The principal sediment processes controlling model behaviour in the simulations are the transport capacity of direct runoff and the in-stream generation, storage and release of the fine sediment fraction. The in-stream processes appear to be important in maintaining the suspended sediment concentrations during low flows in the River Enborne and throughout much of the year in the River Lambourn. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Boston Harbor Including Boston and Surroundings, Massachusetts, Nautical Chart, 1775 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic nautical chart entitled: A chart of the harbour of Boston (sheet originally published in 1775). The map is [sheet 21] from the Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England, from surveys taken by Samuel Holland and published by J.F.W. Des Barres, 1781. Scale [ca. 1:25,000]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the western portion of the map. Covers Boston and surrounding towns and Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The image is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'World Mercator' (WGS 84) projected coordinate system. All map collar information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as harbors, inlets, rocks, channels, points, coves, shoals, islands, and more. Includes also selected land features such as cities and towns, roads, fortifications, and buildings. Relief is shown by hachures; depths by soundings and shading. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection. The entire Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England has been scanned and georeferenced as part of this selection.

Boston Harbor Including Boston and Surroundings, Massachusetts, Nautical Chart, 1775 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic nautical chart entitled: A chart of the harbour of Boston (sheet originally published in 1775). The map is [sheet 22] from the Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England, from surveys taken by Samuel Holland and published by J.F.W. Des Barres, 1781. Scale [ca. 1:25,000]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the eastern portion of the map. Covers portion of Boston Harbor, Massachusetts and surrounding towns. The image is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'World Mercator' (WGS 84) projected coordinate system. All map collar information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as harbors, inlets, rocks, channels, points, coves, shoals, islands, and more. Includes also selected land features such as cities and towns, roads, fortifications, and buildings. Relief is shown by hachures; depths by soundings and shading. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection. The entire Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England has been scanned and georeferenced as part of this selection.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts, 1874 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city of Boston and its environs, published by G.M. Hopkins & Co. in 1874. Scale [ca. 1:14,500]. Covers portions of Boston, Cambridge, Somerville, Chelsea, Everett, and Brookline, Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, parks, cemeteries, city ward boundaries and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Dorchester and Milton, Massachusetts, 1831 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A map of the towns of Dorchester and Milton, 1831, made by Edmund J. Baker, surveyr. The digitized historic paper map is an 1889 facsimile (published by Photo-Electrotype Co.) of the original map published by Pendleton's Lithography in 1831. Scale [ca. 1:36,500]. It covers the populated place Dorchester (Boston) and the Town of Milton, Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), private buildings with names of property owners, town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts, 1776 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate map of the country round Boston in New England. It was originally published by Archibald Hamilton in Town and country magazine (London), Jan. 16, 1776. Scale [ca. 1:362,500]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings, town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes ancillary map: A plan of Boston and Charlestown, from a drawing made in 1771, with index to points of interest. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts, 1819 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of Boston and its vicinity, by John G. Hales ; Edwin Gillingham, sc. It was published in 1819. Scale [1:63,360]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings, residences with selected names of property owners, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts, 1833 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of Boston and its vicinity, with corrections in 1833, by John G. Hales ; Edwin Gillingham, sc. It was published in 1833. Scale [ca. 1:63,360]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, residences with selected names of property owners, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts, 1853 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city and vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts, by J.C. Sidney, c.e. It was published by J.B. Shields in 1853. Scale [1:39,600]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, residences with selected names of property owners, business and industry locations (e.g. stores, mills, factories, etc.), cemeteries, town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. It includes views: Faneuil Hall -- State House in Boston. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Charles River Basin park (proposed), Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1880 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Proposed Charles River park, engraved for C. Davenport. It was published ca. 1880. Scale [ca. 1:21,100]. Covers the Charles River Basin and surrounding portions of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, parks, and more. Includes table of areas and insets: View from the foot of Mt. Vernon St. -- [Map of Boston and vicinity]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts -- Water works, 1852 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the Boston water works, prepared under the direction of the Cochituate Water Board ; E.S. Chesbrough, city engineer ; drawn by Charles Perkins. It was published in 1852. Scale [1:38,400]. It covers the area Lake Cochituate (Natick, Framingham, Wayland) to Boston Harbor, and Everett to Dorchester, Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows water supply lines and features such as culverts, gatehouses, drains, waste weirs, tunnels, aqueducts, and reservoirs. Shows also features including roads, railroads, drainage, town boundaries, and more. Includes 2 profiles: Profile [of main branch] -- Profile of South Boston branch. Vertical scale [1:1,200]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts, railroads, 1865 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Rail road map : showing the street rail road routes in and leading from Boston, with the terminus of each road in suburban cities or towns, prepared by J.G. Chase, civil engineer. It was published by J.H. Bufford in 1865. Scale [1:42,240]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as street railroads, steam railroads, selected roads, drainage, town boundaries and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge and Watertown, Massachusetts, 1831 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan of Mount Auburn, by Alexr. Wadsworth. It was published by Pendleton's Lithography in Nov. 1831. Scale [ca. 1:1,490]. This plan of Mount Auburn Cemetery (Cambridge and Watertown, Massachusetts) shows proposed paths, avenues, numbered plots, and diminished size of the ponds. Relief is shown by shading. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Dedham (including Westwood and Norwood), Massachusetts, 1851 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the town of Dedham, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, [by] N. Smith Jr. & H.F. Walling, civil engineers. It was published in 1851. Scale [ca. 1:20,000]. Covers the towns of Dedham, Westwood, and Norwood. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), private buildings with names of property owners, town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes inset: Dedham village. Scale [ca. 1:5,900]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Groton and Ayer, Massachusetts, 1829 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A map of the town of Groton, Middlesex County, Mass. : from a survey made in the years 1828 & 1829, by Caleb Butler, surveyor. It was published by Pendleton's Lithography, ca. 1832. Scale [ca. 1:20,500]. Covers also the town of Ayer, Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), private buildings with names of property owners, town boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.