Excitatory synaptic transmission in the lateral and central amygdala

The amygdala plays a major role in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning. NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity within the basolateral amygdala has been proposed to underlie the acquisition and possible storage of fear memories. Here the properties of fast glutamatergic transmission in the lateral and central nuclei of the amygdala are presented. In the lateral amygdala, two types of neurons, interneurons and projection neurons, could be distinguished by their different firing properties. Glutamatergic inputs to interneurons activated AMPA receptors with inwardly rectifying current-voltage relations (I-Vs), whereas inputs to projection neurons activated receptors that had linear I-Vs, indicating that receptors on interneurons lack GluR2 subunits. Inputs to projection neurons formed dual component synapses with both AMPA and NMDA components, whereas at inputs to interneurons, the contribution of NMDA receptors was very small. Neurons in the central amygdala received dual component glutamatergic inputs that activated AMPA receptors with linear I-Vs. NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs had slow decay time constants in the central nucleus. Application of NR2B selective blockers ifenprodil or CP-101,606 blocked NMDA EPSCs by 70% in the central nucleus, but only by 30% in the lateral nucleus. These data show that the distribution of glutamatergic receptors on amygdalar neurons is not uniform. In the lateral amygdala, interneurons and pyramidal neurons express AMPA receptors with different subunit compositions. Synapses in the central nucleus activate NMDA receptors that contain NR1 and NR2B subunits, whereas synapses in the lateral nucleus contain receptors with both NR2A and NR2B subunits.

Development and subunit composition of synaptic NMDA receptors in the amygdala: NR2B Synapses in the adult central amygdala

NMDA receptors are well known to play an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. Functional NMDA receptors are heteromultimers thought to contain two NR1 subunits and two or three NR2 subunits. In central neurons, NMDA receptors at immature glutamatergic synapses contain NR2B subunits and are largely replaced by NR2A subunits with development. At mature synapses, NMDA receptors are thought to be multimers that contain either NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2A/NR2B subunits, whereas receptors that contain only NR1/NR2B subunits are extrasynaptic. Here, we have studied the properties of NMDA receptors at glutamatergic synapses in the lateral and central amygdala. We find that NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents in the central amygdala in both immature and mature synapses have slow kinetics and are substantially blocked by the NR2B-selective antagonists (1S, 2S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidino)-1-propano and ifenprodil, indicating that there is no developmental change in subunit composition. In contrast, at synapses on pyramidal neurons in the lateral amygdala, whereas NMDA EPSCs at immature synapses are slow and blocked by NR2B-selective antagonists, at mature synapses their kinetics are faster and markedly less sensitive to NR2B-selective antagonists, consistent with a change from NR2B to NR2A subunits. Using real-time PCR and Western blotting, we show that in adults the ratio of levels of NR2B to NR2A subunits is greater in the central amygdala than in the lateral amygdala. These results show that the subunit composition synaptic NMDA receptors in the lateral and central amygdala undergo distinct developmental changes.

Muscarinic acetylcholine neurotransmission enhances the late-phase of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal-prefrontal cortex pathway of rats in vivo: A possible involvement of monoaminergic systems

The prefrontal cortex is continuously required for working memory processing during wakefulness, but is particularly hypoactivated during sleep and in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Ammon`s horn CA1 hippocampus subfield (CA1) afferents provide a functional modulatory path that is subjected to synaptic plasticity and a prominent monoaminergic influence. However, little is known about the muscarinic cholinergic effects on prefrontal synapses. Here, we investigated the effects of the muscarinic agonist, pilocarpine (PILO), on the induction and maintenance of CA1-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) long-term potentiation (LTP) as well as on brain monoamine levels. Field evoked responses were recorded in urethane-anesthetized rats during baseline (50 min) and after LTP (130 min), and compared with controls. LTP was induced 20 min after PILO administration (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (NaCl 0.15 M, i.p.). In a separate group of animals, the hippocampus and mPFC were microdissected 20 min after PILO injection and used to quantify monoamine levels. Our results show that PILO potentiates the late-phase of mPFC UP without affecting either post-tetanic potentiation or early LTP (20 min). This effect was correlated with a significant decrease in relative delta (1-4 Hz) power and an increase in sigma (10-15 Hz) and gamma (2540 Hz) powers in CA1. Monoamine levels were specifically altered in the mPFC. We observed a decrease in dopamine, 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and noradrenaline levels, with no changes in 3,4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid levels. Our data, therefore, suggest that muscarinic activation exerts a boosting effect on mPFC synaptic plasticity and possibly on mPFC-dependent memories, associated to monoaminergic changes. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Long-lasting synaptic modification in the rat hippocampus resulting from NMDA receptor blockade during development

Recent reports have suggested that proper maturation of synapses in the hippocampus requires activation of NMDA receptors. We previously demonstrated that neonatal ethanol exposure results in a lasting reduction in synaptic strength in the hippocampus. To determine if this reduction was due to ethanol's effects on NMDA receptors, we investigated long-term changes in synaptic properties resulting from administration of NMDA receptor antagonists to neonatal animals. Rats were injected daily from PND 4-9 with either the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP, or the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX. Control rats were either injected daily with physiological saline during the same period or left to develop normally. Hippocampal slices were prepared from nembutal-anesthetized animals between PND 35 and PND 40. The maximum pEPSP and PS values were not significantly different between controls and NMDA antagonist-treated animals. However, slices from animals injected with NMDA receptor antagonists required higher stimulus currents to attain comparable pEPSPs. The ratio of the slope of the pEPSP to the amplitude of the presynaptic volley was also reduced, as were pEPSP responses to specific stimulus currents. None of these effects were observed in slices prepared from animals treated with the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX. Glutamate receptor antagonism did not produce lasting changes in long-term potentiation or paired-pulse facilitation. These results indicate activation of NMDA receptors during development is necessary for proper development of synapses. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Estudios de proteínas y glicoconjugados en diferentes estados patológicos: Procesos demielinizantes y diarreas provocadas por bacterias toxigénicas

1) Estudios bioquímicos, inmunológicos e histológicos en encefalomielitis alérgica experimental (EAE): comprende el análisis de las diferentes alteraciones que ocurren en SNC durante el desarrollo de esta patología experimental. Se tratará de acotar los diferentes procesos que participan en la inducción activa de la enfermedad por inyección de antígenos de mielina, pasiva por sensibilización con diferentes poblaciones linfocitarias provenientes de animales enfermos, posterior recuperación o supresión de las diferentes alteraciones neuropatológicas por inducción de procesos de tolerancia inmunológica con antígenos mielínicos o sinaptosomales. Teniendo en cuenta la reacción inmunológica cruzada previamente descripta entre la proteína básica de mielina y sinapsina, se continuará con la caracterización de las poblaciones de linfocitos T que reconocen ambas proteínas por ensayos in vitro e in vivo. 2) Mecanismos de acción de enterotoxinas bacterianas: se estudia la posible participación de glicoconjugados (glicolípidos, mucinas y glicoproteínas de membrana) con actividad de grupo sanguíneo ABO (H) en relación al mecanismo de acción de algunas enterotoxinas bacterianas como toxina colérica y toxinas lábiles al calor producidas por E. coli aisladas de cepas que colonizan intestino humano (LTh) o porcino (LTp). Los objetivos específicos son extender nuestros estudios previos al intestino humano porque estas patologías afectan al hombre y además las estructuras químicas de los glicoconjugados en estudio son más variadas y están mejor dilucidades que en las especies animales anteriormente estudiadas (cerdo, conejo). Además, se planea realizar ensayos in vitro mediante la técnica de segmentos ligados de intestino de conejo con el objeto de estudiar si los glicolópidos y glicoproteínas de membrana con actividad de grupo sanguíneo ABH se comportan como receptores funcionales de alguna de las toxinas.

Procesos de plasticidad sináptica en gyrus dentado hipocampal durante la administración crónica y el síndrome de abstinencia a cocaína. Synaptic plasticity in hippocampal dentate gyrus during chronic administration and withdrawal from cocaine.

Los procesos neuronales adaptativos que se observan como consecuencia de la administración crónica de drogas de abuso, son similares a los procesos plásticos que subyacen al aprendizaje y la memoria. Por otra parte, el hipocampo forma parte del circuito neuronal responsable de los cambios conductuales observados como consecuencia de la administración crónica de diferentes drogas de abuso. De acuerdo con esto, resultados previos de nuestro laboratorio demostraron que la plasticidad sináptica en el hipocampo y las claves contextuales relacionadas con la administración de la droga, son relevantes para el incremento de la plasticidad hipocampal por la administración crónica de diazepam. Específicamente en el gyrus dentado hipocampal se han descripto fenómenos plásticos relacionados con la exposición crónica a psicofármacos, tales como facilitación en la transmisión sináptica, disminución de la proliferación celular y el aumento del factor de transcripción ?Fos B. Debido a la correlación existente entre los mecanismos de plasticidad neuronal, los aprendizaje asociativos y formación de memorias y aquellos responsables de la adicción, el objetivo general de este trabajo es caracterizar los cambios inducidos por la exposición repetida de cocaína y durante el periodo de abstinencia, en la excitabilidad neuronal de las células del gyrus dentado hipocampal, los canales iónicos afectados y los posibles mecanismos bioquímicos involucrados en dichos cambios, que podrían explicar las alteraciones conductuales observadas después de dicho tratamiento. Con este propósito, se estudiará: 1) la plasticidad sináptica (potenciación a largo plazo, LTP y depotenciación a largo plazo, LTD) en el gyrus dentado, mediante registros electrofisiológios multiunitarios; 2)la excitabilidad de las células granulares del gyrus dentado y la actividad de los canales iónicos, utilizando la técnica de patch clamp; 3) las alteraciones en la neurotransmisión glutamatergica, midiendo los niveles del neurotransmisor in vivo, utilizando la técnica de microdiálisis; el tráfico de receptores glutamatérgicos, utilizando la técnica de western-blott, 4) la participación del óxido nítrico en los cambios adaptativos observados como consecuencia de la sensibilización a cocaína. Además, mediante la utilización de técnicas comportamentales (avoidance inhibitorio), se estudiarán las posibles alteraciones de conductas que se sabe dependen de la integridad funcional del hipocampo.En relación a los resultados del presente proyecto se espera obtener un incremento en la plasticidad sináptica, en la excitabilidad neuronal de las células granulares del gyrus dentado de la formación hipocámpica, en la liberación extracelular de glutamato in vivo, como así también en el tráfico de receptores glutamatérgicos. Además se espera obtener un aumento de las vías de señalización activadas por la acción de glutamato, como la de óxido nítrico/GMPc, como consecuencia de la administración crónica de cocaína. Con este aumento global de la plasticidad sináptica hipocampal, las conductas dependientes de esta estructura debieran estar facilitadas, demostrando así una participación activa del hipocampo en los procesos de sensibilización y posiblemente en la adicción a psicoestimulantes. La caracterización del impacto del desarrollo de sensibilización a cocaína en la excitabilidad neuronal en el hipocampo, sobre los sistemas de neurotransmisión y las vías de señalización involucradas contribuirían a dilucidar los mecanismos que contribuyen al desarrollo de sensibilización a cocaína, los cuales podrían representar potenciales blancos terapéuticos para el tratamiento de la adicción, considerando principalmente aspectos específicos de la actividad eléctrica neuronal y la plasticidad sináptica asociada con las diferentes fases del ciclo de la adicción.

Bases neurobiológicas del efecto de grelina sobre ansiedad, memoria e ingesta. Neurobiological mechanisms of ghrelin effect on anxiety, memory and food intake.

El objetivo de este proyecto es investigar el sustrato neurobiológico que subyace a los efectos centrales de grelina (Gr) en estructuras extrahipotalámicas tales como núcleo dorsal del rafe (NDR), hipocampo(Hi) y amígdala(Am) donde hemos demostrado que el péptido incrementa la memoria e ingesta, Los mecanismos neurales, neurotrasmisores(nt), segundos mensajeros, etc., involucrados en estos procesos fisiológicos, inducidos por el péptido, necesitan aun ser esclarecidos. Hemos demostrado que grelina incrementa la retención de la memoria cuando es inyectado en Hi, NDR y Am. También incrementa la ingesta al ser administrado en Hi y NDR pero no así en Am. En Hi los efectos de Gr sobre la memoria se correlacionan con incremento en los niveles tisulares de óxido nítrico (NO) y con la disponibilidad del nt 5-HT. En lo que a electrofisiología se refiere hemos demostrado que Gr disminuye el umbral para generar potenciación a largo plazo (LTP). A fin de aportar nuevas evidencias que contribuyan a esclarecer los efectos del péptido sobre memoria e ingesta utilizaremos estudios conductuales, determinaciones bioquímicas y determinaciones electrofisiológicas. En lo que a ingesta se refiere intentaremos esclarecer el papel de los núcleos central y basolateral de la Am en aspectos hedónicos de la ingesta inducida por Gr En esta etapa, más específicamente nos proponemos:1) Determinar si los efectos de grelina sobre ingesta y memoria demostrados en hipocampo y NDR después de la su administración se correlacionan con modificaciones en la liberación de serotonina utilizando cortes de hipocampo precargados con 5HT tritiada en presencia y ausencia del péptido.2) Evaluar si el incremento de óxido nítrico inducido por grelina en hipocampo se correlaciona con cambios en la expresión de nNOS, utilizando Western-blot y la importancia de NOS/NO en la acción de grelina repitiendo los experimentos previo tratamiento de las ratas con inhibidores de NOS. 3)Estudiar la participación del nt glutamato en los efectos hipocampales de Gr sobre la memoria. Analizando a) si grelina modifica la liberación del nt a partir de sinaptosomas aislados de hipocampo de ratas pretratadas con Gr.b) la participación de los receptores NMDA y GABAa en los efectos de grelina previo bloqueo farmacológico del mencionado receptor y el test step down.c) la participación de los receptores NMDA y GABAa en los efectos de grelina utilizando electrofisiología y Western Blot. 4) Estudiar el efecto de la administración de Gr en Amigdala Central y Basolateral sobre aspectos hedónicos de la ingesta utilizando diferentes paradigmas conductuales en animales. Estudiaremos:a) si Gr modifica el consumo de alimento de diferente palatabilidad en animales y si afecta el componente motivacional de la conducta de ingesta paradigma de "runway".

Synaptic plasticity in mature cultured hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices : activity-dependent regulation of cAMP response-element binding protein

LTP, synaptic plasticity, hippocampus, organotypic cultures, CREB

Untersuchung zur Umprogrammierung der zentralen Repräsentation des Musculus quadriceps femoris mit der transkraniellen Magnetstimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); m. qadriceps femoris; motor learning; long term depression (LTD), long term potentiation (LTP)

Informe de la estancia realizada en la división de neurociencias de la facultad de ciencias experimentales del Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo. Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Sevilla.

Investigación producida a partir de una estancia en la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla entre los meses de mayo a julio del 2005. Con el objetivo de investigar la influencia de los factores neurotróficos en la patofisiología de los trastornos de ansiedad, se realizó un protocolo experimental de electrofisiología in vivo para caracterizar la formación de LTP en el hipocampo de un modelo murino de sobrexpresión del gen NTRK3. Para ello se fabricaron electrodos que fueron implantados en el cerebro de ratones mediante cirugía estereotáxica. Posteriormente se experimentó la habituación, condicionamiento y extinción de un estímulo sonoro, de un grupo de 12 ratones transgénicos NTRK3 y de 12 ratones controles durante varias sesiones. El análisis de las respuestas condicionadas reveló un problema en el aprendizaje en los ratones TgNTRK3.

Prenatal Representations of Family in Parents and Coparental Interactions as Predictors of Triadic Interactions During Infancy

In this study, we explored the predictive role of family interactions and family representations in mothers and fathers during pregnancy for postnatal motherfatherinfant interactions during the first 2 years after birth. Families (N = 42) were seen at the fifth month of pregnancy and at 3 and 18 months after birth. During pregnancy, parents were asked to play with their baby at the first meeting by using a doll in accordance with the procedure of the prenatal Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP; A. Corboz-Warnery & E. Fivaz-Depeursinge, 2001; E. Fivaz-Depeursinge, F. Frascarolo-Moutinot, & A. Corboz-Warnery, 2010). Family representations were assessed by administering the Family System Test (T. Gehring, 1998). Marital satisfaction and the history of the couple were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. At 3 and 18 months, family interactions were assessed in the postnatal LTP. Infant temperament was assessed through parent reports. Results show that (a) prenatal interactions and child temperament are the most important predictors of family interactions and (b) paternal representations are predictive of family interactions at 3 months. These results show that observational assessment of nascent family interactions is possible during pregnancy, which would allow early screening of family maladjustment. The findings also highlight the necessity of taking into account paternal representations as a significant variable in the development of family interactions.

Pediatric emergencies admitted in the resuscitation room of a swiss university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Pediatric resuscitation is an intense, stressful, and challenging process. The aim of this study was to review the life-threatening pediatric (LTP) emergencies admitted in a Swiss university hospital with regards to patients' demographics, reason for admission, diagnosis, treatment, significant events, critical incidents, and outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study of prospectively collected data was conducted, including all LTP emergencies admitted over a period of 2 years in the resuscitation room (RR). Variables, including indication for transfer, mode of prehospital transportation, diagnosis, and time spent in RR, were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 60,939 pediatric emergencies treated in our university hospital over 2 years, a total of 277 LTP emergencies (0.46%) were admitted in the RR. They included 160 boys and 117 girls, aged 6 days to 15.95 years (mean, 6.69 years; median, 5.06). A medical problem was identified in 55.9% (n = 155) of the children. Of the 122 children treated for a surgical problem, 35 (28.3%) went directly from the RR to the operating room. Hemodynamic instability was noted in 19.5% of all LTP emergencies, of which 1.1% benefited from O negative transfusion. Admission to the intensive care unit was necessary for 61.6% of the children transferred from another hospital. The average time spent in the RR was 46 minutes. The overall mortality rate was 7.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The LTP emergencies accounted for a small proportion of all pediatric emergencies. They were more medical than surgical cases and resuscitation measures because of hemodynamic instability were the most frequent treatment.

Age-dependent impairment of spine morphology and synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 neurons of a presenilin 1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations are responsible for a majority of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) cases, in part by increasing the production of Abeta peptides. However, emerging evidence suggests other possible effects of PS1 on synaptic dysfunction where PS1 might contribute to the pathology independent of Abeta. We chose to study the L286V mutation, an aggressive FAD mutation which has never been analyzed at the electrophysiological and morphological levels. In addition, we analyzed for the first time the long term effects of wild-type human PS1 overexpression. We investigated the consequences of the overexpression of either wild-type human PS1 (hPS1) or the L286V mutated PS1 variant (mutPS1) on synaptic functions by analyzing synaptic plasticity and associated spine density changes from 3 to 15 months of age. We found that mutPS1 induces a transient increase observed only in 4- to 5-month-old mutPS1 animals in NMDA receptor (NMDA-R)-mediated responses and LTP compared with hPS1 mice and nontransgenic littermates. The increase in synaptic functions is concomitant with an increase in spine density. With increasing age, however, we found that the overexpression of human wild-type PS1 progressively decreased NMDA-R-mediated synaptic transmission and LTP, without neurodegeneration. These results identify for the first time a transient increase in synaptic function associated with L286V mutated PS1 variant in an age-dependent manner. In addition, they support the view that the PS1 overexpression promotes synaptic dysfunction in an Abeta-independent manner and underline the crucial role of PS1 during both normal and pathological aging.

Perfil de sensibilització a diverses varietats d'enciam en pacients al·lèrgics i reactivitat encreuada

Introducció: Està descrit com a únic al•lergen de l’enciam una nsLTP:Lac s 1(9KDa). Objectius: Analitzar el perfil de sensibilització a varietats d’enciams ,la reactivitat encreuada i el perfil de reconeixement molecular. Mètodes: Proves cutànies a extractes d’enciams, immunodeteccions ,ImmunoCAP-ISAC i ISAC-Inhibició en pacients sensibilitzats. Resultats: No es va trobar associació entre la sensibilització a varietats d’enciam. A més de Lac s 1 es van reconèixer altres bandes fixadores d’IgE. Conclusions: Els perfils de sensibilització no suggereixen reactivitat encreuada. A més d’estar sensibilitzats a LTP, alguns pacients estan sensibilitzats a al•lèrgens menors. Un d’ells és, probablement, una profilina.

Graph based study of allergen cross-reactivity of plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) using microarray in a multicenter study.

The study of cross-reactivity in allergy is key to both understanding. the allergic response of many patients and providing them with a rational treatment In the present study, protein microarrays and a co-sensitization graph approach were used in conjunction with an allergen microarray immunoassay. This enabled us to include a wide number of proteins and a large number of patients, and to study sensitization profiles among members of the LTP family. Fourteen LTPs from the most frequent plant food-induced allergies in the geographical area studied were printed into a microarray specifically designed for this research. 212 patients with fruit allergy and 117 food-tolerant pollen allergic subjects were recruited from seven regions of Spain with different pollen profiles, and their sera were tested with allergen microarray. This approach has proven itself to be a good tool to study cross-reactivity between members of LTP family, and could become a useful strategy to analyze other families of allergens.