Latvian virolaiset : historia, kieli ja kulttuuri

Savilkums: Latvijas igauni

Ectopic lymphoid-organ development occurs through interleukin 7-mediated enhanced survival of lymphoid-tissue-inducer cells.

Development of Peyer's patches and lymph nodes requires the interaction between CD4+ CD3- IL-7Ralpha+ lymphoid-tissue inducer (LTi) and VCAM-1+ organizer cells. Here we showed that by promoting their survival, enhanced expression of interleukin-7 (IL-7) in transgenic mice resulted in accumulation of LTi cells. With increased IL-7 availability, de novo formation of VCAM-1+ Peyer's patch anlagen occurred along the entire fetal gut resulting in a 5-fold increase in Peyer's patch numbers. IL-7 overexpression also led to formation of multiple organized ectopic lymph nodes and cecal patches. After immunization, ectopic lymph nodes developed normal T cell-dependent B cell responses and germinal centers. Mice overexpressing IL-7 but lacking either RORgamma, a factor required for LTi cell generation, or lymphotoxin alpha1beta2 had neither Peyer's patches nor ectopic lymph nodes. Therefore, by controlling LTi cell numbers, IL-7 can regulate the formation of both normal and ectopic lymphoid organs.

Poliuretanos obtenidos a partir de aceite de higuerilla modificado y poli-isocianatos de lisina: síntesis, propiedades mecánicas y térmicas y degradación in vitro

Biodegradable polyurethanes (PUR) were prepared from polyols derived from castor oil by transesterification of pentaerythritol-modified castor oil and lysine polyisocyanates (LDI and LTI). The polyurethanes obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The mechanical behavior of the polyurethanes was measured by Shore A hardness and tensile testing (stress-strain curves). The biodegradable nature of the material was determined by contact angle, water absorption tests, and in vitro degradation in PBS solution. This study aims to examine the effect of the structure and functionality of diisocyanate on the mechanical properties and in vitro degradation of the material. The results were compared with homologous materials obtained from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) used in previous works. The objective was to evaluate candidate materials that can be potentially used in tissue engineering.

Patogenicidade de Corynespora cassiicola em soja, limiares térmicos e temperatura ótima para a germinação de conídios em meio de cultura

Ensaios em câmara climatizada e laboratório, foram conduzidos para demonstrar a patogenicidade de Corynespora cassiicola em soja. Para esse estudo, utilizou-se um isolado monosporico obtido de folhas de soja de Primavera do Leste, MT. Os conídios analisados ao mi croscópio ótico a presentaram morfologia semelhante a do gênero Corynespora. A mensuração de 200 conídios desenvolvidos em meio de cultura, obteve-se as seguintes medidas 8-12 x 20 - 280 µm, média de 10 x 150 µm. O isolado foi inoculado no cultivar CD 219 RR para comprovar a sua patogenicidade. Pela comparação dos sintomas com as descrições da literatura e pelo reisolamento do patógeno, seguido de sua caracterização morfológica, confirmou-se à patogenicidade do isolado de C. cassiicola. Para identificar os limiares térmicos inferior (Lti) e superior (Lts) e a temperatura ótima e o limiar térmico superior (Lt s) para a germinação de esporos de C. cassiicola, foi conduzido um ensaio em placas de Petri, com meio de cultur a Czapekága r. Foram testados: ( a ) tempo de exposiçã o de 6 , 1 2 e 24 hora s e (b) temperaturas mínimas de 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10 ºC, intermediárias de 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35ºC e superiores de 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 e 41ºC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e regressão. Os conídios germinaram em uma ampla gama de tempera tura tendo como valores de Lti 7ºC, ótima de 23ºC e valores de Lts 39ºC.

Paineistetun ilman käyttö sähköntuotannossa

Kandidaatintyössä esitellään erityyppiset tavat varastoida energiaa käyttämällä paineilmavarastoa, olemassa olevat eri laitesukupolvet ja toiminnassa ja suunnitteilla olevat laitokset. Lopuksi esitellään vielä lyhyesti CAES-laitoksen laskentaan tarvittavat termodynamiikan perusyhtälöt.

IL-23 receptor and IL-12 receptor expression is restricted to distinct cell types in the IL-23R-GFP reporter mouse

Les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin (MII) sont caractérisées par des réponses immunitaires incontrôlées dans l'intestin. Des études génétiques ont associé un polymorphisme dans le gène de l'IL23R à la résistance aux MII. IL23R code pour la protéine de l’IL-23r, une sous-unité du récepteur à l’IL-23 (IL-23R). Ce récepteur appartient à la famille de l’IL-12R, contenant plusieurs récepteurs hétérodimériques. D’ailleurs, IL-12R et IL-23R partagent la sous-unité IL12Rb1. Néanmoins, ces deux récepteurs favorisent des réponses immunitaires distinctes (Th1 vs Th17). Ce mémoire caractérise les dynamiques d’expression cellulaires de l’IL-23R et l’IL-12R, afin d’élucider leurs rôles dans l’inflammation. Nous avons établi qu’IL-23R et IL-12R ne sont jamais co-exprimés, malgré qu’ils partagent la sous-unité IL-12Rβ1. Parmi les cellules de rates de souris, la protéine IL-23r est trouvée dans certaines cellules T TCRγδ ou T CD4+, quelques cellules B et des cellules Lti-like. La protéine IL-12Rβ2 est exprimée par quelques cellules B. L’analyse de l’expression de l’IL-23R et l’IL-12R dans différents organes révéla que la plus grande proportion de cellules exprimant l’IL-23R se retrouve dans la lamina propria de l'intestin grêle, alors que les cellules exprimant l’IL-12Rβ2 ont été retrouvées en proportion équivalente dans tous les organes lymphoïdes. Ces observations appuient les études génétiques suggérant un rôle prédominant de l’IL23R dans les intestins. Finalement, des cultures in vitro suggèrent que l’IL-23R ou l’IL-12R avaient des réactions croisées à l’IL-12 ou l’IL-23. L’étude de l’IL-23R dans les MII devrait donc être complémentée par l’étude de l’IL-12R, car les deux récepteurs pourraient avoir des rôles complémentaires.

Quadratic Predictor based Differential Encoding and Decoding of Speech Signals

Modeling nonlinear systems using Volterra series is a century old method but practical realizations were hampered by inadequate hardware to handle the increased computational complexity stemming from its use. But interest is renewed recently, in designing and implementing filters which can model much of the polynomial nonlinearities inherent in practical systems. The key advantage in resorting to Volterra power series for this purpose is that nonlinear filters so designed can be made to work in parallel with the existing LTI systems, yielding improved performance. This paper describes the inclusion of a quadratic predictor (with nonlinearity order 2) with a linear predictor in an analog source coding system. Analog coding schemes generally ignore the source generation mechanisms but focuses on high fidelity reconstruction at the receiver. The widely used method of differential pnlse code modulation (DPCM) for speech transmission uses a linear predictor to estimate the next possible value of the input speech signal. But this linear system do not account for the inherent nonlinearities in speech signals arising out of multiple reflections in the vocal tract. So a quadratic predictor is designed and implemented in parallel with the linear predictor to yield improved mean square error performance. The augmented speech coder is tested on speech signals transmitted over an additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.

Thermal Noise Behavior of the Bridge Circuit

This paper considers a connection between the deterministic and noisy behavior of nonlinear networks. Specifically, a particular bridge circuit is examined which has two possibly nonlinear energy storage elements. By proper choice of the constitutive relations for the network elements, the deterministic terminal behavior reduces to that of a single linear resistor. This reduction of the deterministic terminal behavior, in which a natural frequency of a linear circuit does not appear in the driving-point impedance, has been shown in classical circuit theory books (e.g. [1, 2]). The paper shows that, in addition to the reduction of the deterministic behavior, the thermal noise at the terminals of the network, arising from the usual Nyquist-Johnson noise model associated with each resistor in the network, is also exactly that of a single linear resistor. While this result for the linear time-invariant (LTI) case is a direct consequence of a well-known result for RLC circuits, the nonlinear result is novel. We show that the terminal noise current is precisely that predicted by the Nyquist-Johnson model for R if the driving voltage is zero or constant, but not if the driving voltage is time-dependent or the inductor and capacitor are time-varying

Modelling, control and supervision for a class of hybrid systems

The aim of this thesis is to narrow the gap between two different control techniques: the continuous control and the discrete event control techniques DES. This gap can be reduced by the study of Hybrid systems, and by interpreting as Hybrid systems the majority of large-scale systems. In particular, when looking deeply into a process, it is often possible to identify interaction between discrete and continuous signals. Hybrid systems are systems that have both continuous, and discrete signals. Continuous signals are generally supposed continuous and differentiable in time, since discrete signals are neither continuous nor differentiable in time due to their abrupt changes in time. Continuous signals often represent the measure of natural physical magnitudes such as temperature, pressure etc. The discrete signals are normally artificial signals, operated by human artefacts as current, voltage, light etc. Typical processes modelled as Hybrid systems are production systems, chemical process, or continuos production when time and continuous measures interacts with the transport, and stock inventory system. Complex systems as manufacturing lines are hybrid in a global sense. They can be decomposed into several subsystems, and their links. Another motivation for the study of Hybrid systems is the tools developed by other research domains. These tools benefit from the use of temporal logic for the analysis of several properties of Hybrid systems model, and use it to design systems and controllers, which satisfies physical or imposed restrictions. This thesis is focused in particular types of systems with discrete and continuous signals in interaction. That can be modelled hard non-linealities, such as hysteresis, jumps in the state, limit cycles, etc. and their possible non-deterministic future behaviour expressed by an interpretable model description. The Hybrid systems treated in this work are systems with several discrete states, always less than thirty states (it can arrive to NP hard problem), and continuous dynamics evolving with expression: with Ki ¡ Rn constant vectors or matrices for X components vector. In several states the continuous evolution can be several of them Ki = 0. In this formulation, the mathematics can express Time invariant linear system. By the use of this expression for a local part, the combination of several local linear models is possible to represent non-linear systems. And with the interaction with discrete events of the system the model can compose non-linear Hybrid systems. Especially multistage processes with high continuous dynamics are well represented by the proposed methodology. Sate vectors with more than two components, as third order models or higher is well approximated by the proposed approximation. Flexible belt transmission, chemical reactions with initial start-up and mobile robots with important friction are several physical systems, which profits from the benefits of proposed methodology (accuracy). The motivation of this thesis is to obtain a solution that can control and drive the Hybrid systems from the origin or starting point to the goal. How to obtain this solution, and which is the best solution in terms of one cost function subject to the physical restrictions and control actions is analysed. Hybrid systems that have several possible states, different ways to drive the system to the goal and different continuous control signals are problems that motivate this research. The requirements of the system on which we work is: a model that can represent the behaviour of the non-linear systems, and that possibilities the prediction of possible future behaviour for the model, in order to apply an supervisor which decides the optimal and secure action to drive the system toward the goal. Specific problems can be determined by the use of this kind of hybrid models are: - The unity of order. - Control the system along a reachable path. - Control the system in a safe path. - Optimise the cost function. - Modularity of control The proposed model solves the specified problems in the switching models problem, the initial condition calculus and the unity of the order models. Continuous and discrete phenomena are represented in Linear hybrid models, defined with defined eighth-tuple parameters to model different types of hybrid phenomena. Applying a transformation over the state vector : for LTI system we obtain from a two-dimensional SS a single parameter, alpha, which still maintains the dynamical information. Combining this parameter with the system output, a complete description of the system is obtained in a form of a graph in polar representation. Using Tagaki-Sugeno type III is a fuzzy model which include linear time invariant LTI models for each local model, the fuzzyfication of different LTI local model gives as a result a non-linear time invariant model. In our case the output and the alpha measure govern the membership function. Hybrid systems control is a huge task, the processes need to be guided from the Starting point to the desired End point, passing a through of different specific states and points in the trajectory. The system can be structured in different levels of abstraction and the control in three layers for the Hybrid systems from planning the process to produce the actions, these are the planning, the process and control layer. In this case the algorithms will be applied to robotics ¡V a domain where improvements are well accepted ¡V it is expected to find a simple repetitive processes for which the extra effort in complexity can be compensated by some cost reductions. It may be also interesting to implement some control optimisation to processes such as fuel injection, DC-DC converters etc. In order to apply the RW theory of discrete event systems on a Hybrid system, we must abstract the continuous signals and to project the events generated for these signals, to obtain new sets of observable and controllable events. Ramadge & Wonham¡¦s theory along with the TCT software give a Controllable Sublanguage of the legal language generated for a Discrete Event System (DES). Continuous abstraction transforms predicates over continuous variables into controllable or uncontrollable events, and modifies the set of uncontrollable, controllable observable and unobservable events. Continuous signals produce into the system virtual events, when this crosses the bound limits. If this event is deterministic, they can be projected. It is necessary to determine the controllability of this event, in order to assign this to the corresponding set, , controllable, uncontrollable, observable and unobservable set of events. Find optimal trajectories in order to minimise some cost function is the goal of the modelling procedure. Mathematical model for the system allows the user to apply mathematical techniques over this expression. These possibilities are, to minimise a specific cost function, to obtain optimal controllers and to approximate a specific trajectory. The combination of the Dynamic Programming with Bellman Principle of optimality, give us the procedure to solve the minimum time trajectory for Hybrid systems. The problem is greater when there exists interaction between adjacent states. In Hybrid systems the problem is to determine the partial set points to be applied at the local models. Optimal controller can be implemented in each local model in order to assure the minimisation of the local costs. The solution of this problem needs to give us the trajectory to follow the system. Trajectory marked by a set of set points to force the system to passing over them. Several ways are possible to drive the system from the Starting point Xi to the End point Xf. Different ways are interesting in: dynamic sense, minimum states, approximation at set points, etc. These ways need to be safe and viable and RchW. And only one of them must to be applied, normally the best, which minimises the proposed cost function. A Reachable Way, this means the controllable way and safe, will be evaluated in order to obtain which one minimises the cost function. Contribution of this work is a complete framework to work with the majority Hybrid systems, the procedures to model, control and supervise are defined and explained and its use is demonstrated. Also explained is the procedure to model the systems to be analysed for automatic verification. Great improvements were obtained by using this methodology in comparison to using other piecewise linear approximations. It is demonstrated in particular cases this methodology can provide best approximation. The most important contribution of this work, is the Alpha approximation for non-linear systems with high dynamics While this kind of process is not typical, but in this case the Alpha approximation is the best linear approximation to use, and give a compact representation.

Blind equalization of nonminimum phase channels: higher order cumulant based algorithm

Higher order cumulant analysis is applied to the blind equalization of linear time-invariant (LTI) nonminimum-phase channels. The channel model is moving-average based. To identify the moving average parameters of channels, a higher-order cumulant fitting approach is adopted in which a novel relay algorithm is proposed to obtain the global solution. In addition, the technique incorporates model order determination. The transmitted data are considered as independently identically distributed random variables over some discrete finite set (e.g., set {±1, ±3}). A transformation scheme is suggested so that third-order cumulant analysis can be applied to this type of data. Simulation examples verify the feasibility and potential of the algorithm. Performance is compared with that of the noncumulant-based Sato scheme in terms of the steady state MSE and convergence rate.

Blind equalisation of multilevel PAM data for nonminimum phase channels via second- and fourth-order cumulants

This paper introduces a new blind equalisation algorithm for the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) data transmitted through nonminimum phase (NMP) channels. The algorithm itself is based on a noncausal AR model of communication channels and the second- and fourth-order cumulants of the received data series, where only the diagonal slices of cumulants are used. The AR parameters are adjusted at each sample by using a successive over-relaxation (SOR) scheme, a variety of the ordinary LMS scheme, but with a faster convergence rate and a greater robustness to the selection of the ‘step-size’ in iterations. Computer simulations are implemented for both linear time-invariant (LTI) and linear time-variant (LTV) NMP channels, and the results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper has a fast convergence rate and a potential capability to track the LTV NMP channels.

Temporal coupling between stimulus-evoked neural activity and hemodynamic responses from individual cortical columns

Using previously published data from the whisker barrel cortex of anesthetized rodents (Berwick et al 2008 J. Neurophysiol. 99 787–98) we investigated whether highly spatially localized stimulus-evoked cortical hemodynamics responses displayed a linear time-invariant (LTI) relationship with neural activity. Presentation of stimuli to individual whiskers of 2 s and 16 s durations produced hemodynamics and neural activity spatially localized to individual cortical columns. Two-dimensional optical imaging spectroscopy (2D-OIS) measured hemoglobin responses, while multi-laminar electrophysiology recorded neural activity. Hemoglobin responses to 2 s stimuli were deconvolved with underlying evoked neural activity to estimate impulse response functions which were then convolved with neural activity evoked by 16 s stimuli to generate predictions of hemodynamic responses. An LTI system more adequately described the temporal neuro-hemodynamics coupling relationship for these spatially localized sensory stimuli than in previous studies that activated the entire whisker cortex. An inability to predict the magnitude of an initial 'peak' in the total and oxy- hemoglobin responses was alleviated when excluding responses influenced by overlying arterial components. However, this did not improve estimation of the hemodynamic responses return to baseline post-stimulus cessation.

Respostas periódicas em sistemas lineares e fracamente não lineares não ressonantes e comportamento dinâmico de sistemas rotativos com o uso da base dinâmica

Este trabalho visa realizar o estudo do comportamento dinâmico de um eixo rotor flexível, modelado segundo a teoria de Euler-Bernoulli e caracterizar as respostas periódicas de sistemas LTI (sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo) e sistemas fracamente não lineares de ordem arbitrária. Para tanto, é utilizada a base dinâmica gerada pela resposta impulso ou solução fundamental. O comportamento dinâmico de um eixo rotor flexível foi discutido em termos da função de Green espacial e calculada de maneira não-modal. Foi realizado um estudo do problema de autovalor para o caso de um um eixo rotor biapoiado. As freqüências são obtidas e os modos escritos em termos da base dinâmica e da velocidade de rotação. As respostas periódicas de sistemas LTI, utilizadas nas aproximações com sistemas fracamente não lineares, são obtidas, independentemente da ordem do sistema, como um operador integral onde o núcleo é a função de Green T-periódica. Esta função é caracterizada em termos das propriedades de continuidade, periodicidade e salto da função de Green T-periódica, e da base dinâmica Simulações foram realizadas para sistemas concentrados, matriciais e escalares, com o objetivo de mostrar a validade da metodologia desenvolvida com as propriedades da função de Green T-periódica. Foi abordado um modelo não-linear para uma centrífuga utilizada na indústria textil [Starzinski, 1977].

O processo de formulação das politicas publicas e o sistema de controle das estatais : o caso da ELETROBRAS

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o processo de formulação das políticas do setor elétrico no âmbito da empresa hold~ng do sistema, a Eletrobrás, e analisar a influên cia deste processo no controle a que ela ê submetida. Considera-se o controle como um mecanismo de coordenação e articulação das políticas pGblicas, vendo-o na perspectiva de vários agentes, governamentais ou nao, que participam na formulação e implementação da política do setor elétrico. A p~ lítica pública, por sua vez, e considerada como o produto de um conjunto de decisões inter-relacionadas que sao tomadas por estes agentes. Afirma-se, desta forma, que um sistema de controle não envolve apenas aspectos técnico-gerenciais, pois di mensões de ordem político-institucionais estão presentes, exigindo- se reflexões sobre as relações de poder e do processo decis6rio. Ademais, pela ambigUidade estrutural, lado pGblico ve~~u~ privado. das estatais, a relação governo-empresas e empresas-sociedade apresenta características particulares, que são levadas em conta no trabalho. Usa-se uma forma matricial para representar as interdepe~ dências da Eletrobrás com as organizações julgadas relevantes e define-se a natureza destas relações quanto ao conteGdo das decisões que são tomadas e a sua relação hierárquica. Com o objetivo de melhor situar o leitor no desenvolv:~en to do tema, faz-se inicialmente uma apresentação do modele do setor elétrico quanto a sua configuração, sua situação at~al, sua estrutura organizacional e as atribuições dos seus pri~cipais órgãos. Em seguida apresenta-se os resultados da pesquisa observan do a Eletrobrás em relação às unidades de decisão de acerdo com o seu agrupamento por tipo de política (política macrceco nômica, de financiamento, do setor elétrico, do meio ambi€ate e agentes externos do Governo). Posteriormente, se relaciona a Eletrobrás com as variáveis da pesquisa. Com base nestes dados, procura-se fazer um esboço do ?r~ cesso de formulação e implementação das políticas da Eletrobras, definindo-se para isto um quadro denominado Bases de Dados Estratégicos. Nesta oportunidade, também ê analisado o conteúdo das políticas e o papel da Eletrobras na sua concep;:ao. Finalmente, a Eletrobrás é vista em relação ao sistema de controle das estatais, onde se procura ressaltar os seguintes aspectos: a autonomia das estatais; os tipos de controle Cm! croeconômico e social-político); e a definição de refer~ncils. Ressalta-se o controle como um processo principalmente polít! co e a necessidade de que ele tenha um caráter . ~ . apr 10TI s tlCC' em lugar de servir como mero instrumento de diagnóstico. Por últi mo, apresenta-se as características que a Eletrobrás deve ter e o papel que esta empresa deve assumir em um sistema de C0lltrole das empresas estatais que privilegie a descentralizaç~o, a autonomia, a cobrança de responsabilidades e a participação da sociedade.

H-infinity control design for time-delay linear systems: a rational transfer function based approach

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)