Alonso de Burgos y la fundación y primeros estatutos del colegio de San Gregorio de Valladolid. La regulación de la vida religiosa y académica de los dominicos observantes en la Castilla del siglo XV

En el presente trabajo se analiza primeramente el proceso de fundación, a fines del siglo XV, del colegio de San Gregorio de Valladolid por parte del obispo dominico, consejero y confesor real Alonso de Burgos; el colegio, de patronato real y centrado en los estudios de teología, estaba reservado exclusivamente para frailes predicadores observantes. A continuación, y como parte más amplia y fundamental del estudio, se analizan los primeros estatutos que tuvo el colegio, otorgados por su fundador, ofreciéndose finalmente, en apéndice documental, su transcripción completa.

Status, trends and drivers of kelp forests in Europe: an expert assessment

A comprehensive expert consultation was conducted in order to assess the status, trends and the most important drivers of change in the abundance and geographical distribution of kelp forests in European waters. This consultation included an on-line questionnaire, results from a workshop and data provided by a selected group of experts working on kelp forest mapping and eco-evolutionary research. Differences in status and trends according to geographical areas, species identity and small-scale variations within the same habitat where shown by assembling and mapping kelp distribution and trend data. Significant data gaps for some geographical regions, like the Mediterranean and the southern Iberian Peninsula, were also identified. The data used for this study confirmed a general trend with decreasing abundance of some native kelp species at their southern distributional range limits and increasing abundance in other parts of their distribution (Saccharina latissima and Saccorhiza polyschides). The expansion of the introduced species Undaria pinnatifida was also registered. Drivers of observed changes in kelp forests distribution and abundance were assessed using experts’ opinions. Multiple possible drivers were identified, including global warming, sea urchin grazing, harvesting, pollutionand fishing pressure, and their impact varied between geographical areas. Overall, the results highlight major threats for these ecosystems but also opportunities for conservation. Major requirements to ensure adequate protection of coastal kelp ecosystems along European coastlines are discussed, based on the local to regional gaps detected in the study.

Status, trends and drivers of kelp forests in Europe: an expert assessment

A comprehensive expert consultation was conducted in order to assess the status, trends and the most important drivers of change in the abundance and geographical distribution of kelp forests in European waters. This consultation included an on-line questionnaire, results from a workshop and data provided by a selected group of experts working on kelp forest mapping and eco-evolutionary research. Differences in status and trends according to geographical areas, species identity and small-scale variations within the same habitat where shown by assembling and mapping kelp distribution and trend data. Significant data gaps for some geographical regions, like the Mediterranean and the southern Iberian Peninsula, were also identified. The data used for this study confirmed a general trend with decreasing abundance of some native kelp species at their southern distributional range limits and increasing abundance in other parts of their distribution (Saccharina latissima and Saccorhiza polyschides). The expansion of the introduced species Undaria pinnatifida was also registered. Drivers of observed changes in kelp forests distribution and abundance were assessed using experts’ opinions. Multiple possible drivers were identified, including global warming, sea urchin grazing, harvesting, pollutionand fishing pressure, and their impact varied between geographical areas. Overall, the results highlight major threats for these ecosystems but also opportunities for conservation. Major requirements to ensure adequate protection of coastal kelp ecosystems along European coastlines are discussed, based on the local to regional gaps detected in the study.

Le “brigand lusitanien” reconsidéré. Analyse du problème de la terre chez Appien

L’étude du “brigandage lusitanien” a donné lieu à une importante activité de recherche depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Pour autant, et malgré une inflexion progressive de l’historiographie moderne vers une approche plus nuancée de l’origine du phénomène, le problème de la terre reste encore aujourd’hui au centre des préoccupations de nombre d’historiens et archéologiques. À partir d’une discussion serrée des principaux passages de Tite-Live, Diodore et surtout Appien, relatifs à la relation que d’aucuns ont voulu établir entre manque et/ou pauvreté de la terre et développement du brigandage chez les Lusitaniens, il est proposé une critique de l’interprétation socio-économique.

Au deçà de la Cité de Dieu

La Cité de Dieu a été rédigée dans une perspective polémique vis-à-vis les païens. La prise de Rome, en 410, a entraîné en Afrique du Nord la venue d’une élite cultivée, revivaliste et admirative du vieux polythéisme. Contre cette mouvance nostalgique, tributaire des anciens majoritairement sur le plan intellectuel et livresque, Augustin s’en prend à la bibliothèque des nouveaux arrivants. La Cité de Dieu peut, le cas échéant, être lue par la négative, c’est-à-dire par le biais de la critique qu’élabore Augustin de trois auteurs choisis, Varron, Cicéron et Salluste, qui résument et représentent conjointement l’essence de la culture classique. Tant chez les païens que chez l’évêque d’Hippone – leur détracteur –, Varron incarne la fine pointe de la théologie romano-hellénistique, Salluste est celui qui a mené à sa perfection la discipline de l’histoire, Cicéron a écrit le parachèvement des oeuvres sur la République, et chacun préconise sa structure idéologique propre, les trois domaines formant pourtant un ensemble systémique. Tout en louant ses illustres prédécesseurs, Augustin leur porte une critique générale et c’est à cette critique que seront consacrées nos analyses.