Democracia: a polissemia de um conceito político fundamental

O presente artigo pretende sublinhar a necessidade de se atentar para a historicidade do conceito de democracia. Para tanto, após indicar o fato de que tal conceito recobre significados díspares e, por vezes, contraditórios, contrasta-se as perspectivas de Norberto Bobbio e de Jacques Rancière para ilustrar essa equivocidade. Diante disso, é feita uma breve incursão pela história conceitual de Reinhart Koselleck para indicar que a equivocidade do conceito de democracia decorre da sedimentação que nele há de múltiplas experiências históricas. Finalmente, após essa incursão pela história conceitual são mobilizadas algumas análises atuais acerca do conceito de democracia para ressaltar sua indeterminação e complexidade.

L'invention de l'Orthodoxie. Religion et Modernité dans le discours nationaliste roumain du XIX-ème et du XX-ème siècles

Our thesis entitled The Invention of Orthodoxy. Religion and Modernity in Romanian nationalist discourse from the XIXth to the XXth century is intended to be a history of the idea of “Romanianess” which brings together, in a structural as well as in a conceptual dimension, three major themes: Romanian Orthodoxy, Modernity and the Political. Having as premise for the study of the Romanian case the simultaneous genesis of the religious and political communities, from the Middle Ages to Modernity, the purpose of our inquiry is to formulate a theologico-political definition of ‘’Romanian Orthodoxy’’. Thus, within a main theoretical framework that values the contributions of Carl Schmitt, Michel Foucault and Reinhart Koselleck, our analysis of selected texts that go from the 1860’s to the 1940’s tries to answer the question regarding the relationship between Romanian Orthodoxy and Modernity, as well as its reflection upon the political identity and organisation of the Romanian society. Considering the political context of the events that underline our conceptual focus, we consider that the proper answer to our investigation lies within the logic of multiplicity; namely, we refer to a plural Romania which is divided, at the beginning of the XXth century, between Traditionalism and Modernity, between a massive rural, agrarian society and an urban minority elite, striving to single out, in an phenomenological approach, the “Romanian way”. Secondly, we refer to a plural Modernity, which is at the same time social, cultural, religious and political. Thirdly, the logic of multiplicity applies as well in the interpretation of the fractures present within the religious nationalist discourse; namely, the rejection of Orthodoxy during the XIXth century, as it was considered an impediment in Romania’s path to adopting western modernity and later on, starting with the 1930, the restoration of the “Orthodox ethos” as a source of cultural and political values of the Romanian nation.

Het kasteel Rozenlust of De familie Reinhart.

Mode of access: Internet.

Éloge de M. le comte Reinhart, prononcé à l'Académie des science morales et politiques dans la séance du 3 mars 1838.

With inscription presumably by Talleyrand's secretary, on cover:-"À Monsieur Naudet de la part de M. de Talleyrand."

Reinhart Fuchs.

The Middle High German poem "Îsengrines nôt" of Heinrich der Glichesaere, revised by an unknown author of the 13th century. The few fragments of the original poem are given in the foot-notes.

Medborgarmönstringen inom högern 1915–1936 : En begreppshistorisk och diskursorienterad undersökning av medborgarbegreppets utbredning, mening och funktion inom Allmänna valmansförbundet

During the 1920s and 1930s, the Swedish right-wing party Allmänna valmansförbundet (AVF) made citizen into a key concept within their political vocabulary and practice. This thesis examines the distribution, meaning and function of the concept of citizen within the AVF between 1915 and 1936. By using theoretical and methodological perspectives from both the English (Skinner) and German (Koselleck) side of conceptual history vis-à-vis Begriffsgeschischte, this study illuminates how a discursive framework took place within the AVF and expanded throughout the organisation. The constitutional reforms 1918/1921 and the organisational strength from opposite parties, stressed the importance for the AVF to assemble the citizens around conservative value laden concepts: responsibility, ansvar, and public participation, offentlighet. This new situation in political and social life, pushed the AVF towards a reorganisation. The aim was to educate the masses, women and youth into conservative citizens. Citizen became the sole tool in (i) upholding the traditional heritage between folk–state, and (ii) enabling the AVF citizen discourse to spread throughout the society. This study shows the multiple meaning and functions of the citizen concept within the AVF.  It provides a new understanding of how collective concepts became an important part of the struggle for power during the democratization process in Swedish political history and must in that respect be seen as an antithesis to the collective concepts of the Social Democratic Party during this period.  

Idänkaupan loppu - Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton välinen erityinen kauppasuhde ja Suomen kauppapolitiikan odotushorisontti sen purkautuessa 1988–1991

Suomen kylmän sodan aikaisesta kaupankäynnistä sosialististen maiden kanssa poliittisesti ja taloudellisesti merkittävintä oli kahdenvälinen kauppasuhde Neuvostoliiton kanssa. Tässä tutkielmassa määrittelen idänkaupan Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton väliseksi erityissuhteeksi, jota luonnehti käsitys molempien toisilleen myöntämästä erityisasemasta, kaupan tason poliittinen merkitys, jatkuvuuden korostaminen sekä clearing-järjestelmä. Neuvostoliiton hajotessa vuonna 1991 myös idänkauppa loppui. Tässä tutkielmassa argumentoin kuitenkin, ettei idänkaupan loppuminen ollut suoranaisesti seurausta Neuvostoliiton hajoamisesta. Kehityskulut, jotka johtivat idänkaupan loppumiseen, olivat murtaneet perustan kahdenvälisen kaupan erityissuhteelta jo ennen kuin Neuvostoliitto lopetti olemassaolonsa. Tarkastelen kaupan erityissuhteen purkautumista vuosina 1988–1991. Keskeisiä tapahtumia idänkaupan loppuvaiheessa oli clearing-järjestelmän uudistaminen vuonna 1988, viimeisen clearingpohjaisen runkosopimuksen allekirjoittaminen 1989, clearing-järjestelmän lopettaminen vuonna 1990 sekä Neuvostoliiton hajoaminen 1991. Keskityn kauppapolitiikan valmistelutason toimintaan. Tärkeimmän lähdeaineiston muodostavat ulkoministeriön kauppapoliittisen osaston ja Suomen Pankin idänkaupan osaston arkistoaineisto. Tutkimuskysymys on kaksiosainen. Ensinnäkin tutkin Suomen kauppapolitiikan toimijoiden näkemyksiä idänkaupan tulevaisuudesta. Käsittelen sitä, miltä idänkaupan tulevaisuus näytti silloin, kun se oli loppumassa. Vaikka idänkaupan loppuminen näyttää jälkikäteen suoraviivaiselta, se ei ollut sitä tapahtumahetkellä. Käytän apunani Reinhart Koselleckin käsitteitä odotushorisontista (horizon of expectations) ja kokemusavaruudesta (space of experience). Toiseksi pyrin piirtämään kuvan siitä idänkaupasta, joka loppui. Tarkastelen idänkauppaa sille ominaisten piirteiden kautta selvittääkseni, mitkä idänkaupan ominaisuudet vaikuttivat sen loppumiseen. Tutkielman perusteella Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton välinen kauppasuhteen erityisyyden purkaantuminen johtui ensisijaisesti muutoksista Neuvostoliitossa, mutta myös Suomen ja kansainvälisen ympäristön poliittisilla ja taloudellisilla muutoksilla oli merkitystä. Idänkaupan järjestelmä loppui, koska se ei sopeutunut muuttuvaan maailmaan. Idänkaupan ilmiöön liittyneiden vahvojen epämuodollisten instituutioiden ansiota oli, että erityissuhde jatkui niin pitkään.

Tailoring of dendritic microstructure in solidification processing by crucible vibration

We analyzed the effects of both natural convection and forced flows on solid–liquid interface morphology during upward Bridgman solidification of metallic alloys. Experiments were carried out on Al–3.5wt% Ni alloy, for a cylindrical sample. The influence of natural convection induced by radial thermal gradient on solidified microstructure was first analyzed as a function of the pulling rate. Then, the influence of axial vibration on solidification microstructure was experimentally investigated by varying vibration parameters (frequency and amplitude). Experimental results demonstrated that vibrations could be used to either attenuate fluid flow in the melt and obtain a uniform dendritic pattern or to promote a fragmented dendritic microstructure. However, no marked effect was observed for cellular growth. This pointed out the critical role of the mushy zone in the interaction between fluid flow and solidification microstructure.

"Substituir a revolução dos homens pela revolução do tempo" : uma história do conceito de povo no Brasil ; revolução e historicização da linguagem política (1750-1870)

A tese propõe uma linha de interpretação acerca da história do conceito de povo no debate político luso-brasileiro entre a segunda metade do século XVIII e últimas décadas do século XIX, sob uma perspectiva teórica que busca compreender o processo de historicização das linguagens e conceitos políticos como marca do mundo moderno. Procuramos traçar o processo de abalo e desmantelamento dos significados e usos tradicionais e a incorporação crescente da temporalidade histórica na semântica conceitual, fenômeno ocorrido em meio aos conflitos e debates políticos durante a formação, consolidação e crise do estado imperial brasileiro. Acreditamos que nestes anos houve uma acentuada historicizaçao do conceito de povo, processo que teve como marca seu crescente contingenciamento, isto é, sua maior fundamentação em diagnósticos da situação histórica presente, e também sua maior inserção em visões processuais e futuristas da história.

Full cost accounting for the life cycle of coal.

Each stage in the life cycle of coal-extraction, transport, processing, and combustion-generates a waste stream and carries multiple hazards for health and the environment. These costs are external to the coal industry and are thus often considered "externalities." We estimate that the life cycle effects of coal and the waste stream generated are costing the U.S. public a third to over one-half of a trillion dollars annually. Many of these so-called externalities are, moreover, cumulative. Accounting for the damages conservatively doubles to triples the price of electricity from coal per kWh generated, making wind, solar, and other forms of nonfossil fuel power generation, along with investments in efficiency and electricity conservation methods, economically competitive. We focus on Appalachia, though coal is mined in other regions of the United States and is burned throughout the world.