The incidents of housing policies in the process of nesting the urban space (Buenos Aires, 1870-1999)

This article describes the housing policies displayed historically in B.A. that affected the processes of configuration and of giving hierarchy to the urban space. Since the process of modernization of B.A., at the end of the XIXth century, housing measures, urbanistic projects and political decisions have influenced the building of the city and the space distribution of their inhabitants: in this way, they have integrated some people and excluded others. No wonder, that, historically, popular sectors have established themselves in the South of the city (and in outskirt villages). These zones have been disregarded by the state, which has invested less in these areas. We will see how the connection between state housing policies and the population redistribution in the city, confirms the persistence of a strong process of urban and residential segregation that tends to expel the inhabitants of popular sectors and to attract the ones of the middle-class and high class sectors.

Advances and limitations in the attention to the problems of housing and urban land in Mexico. An approach from the legal-institutional frame

In this work we analyze the reforms carried out by the Mexican state in the nineties of the 20th century, in the items concerning the policies of housing and urban land, based on an exhaustive review of the main actions, programs and changes in the legal and institutional frame that applies for each of these fields. The nineties represent a "breaking point" in the way the State considers the satisfaction of the right to the housing and attends the offer of urbanized land for a tidy and sustainable urban development. In this period of time, the approach of direct intervention in developing and financing housing and creation of land reserves has changed into another one, ruled by the logic of the market. The balance to the first decade of the 21st century is ambiguous, as neither the housing policy has solved the housing shortage for low-income population, nor the land policy has eliminated the illegal urban growth.

Informal access to urban land. Housing policies devoted to vulnerable sectors implemented in Cordoba-Argentina

The urban growth in Latino American cities, in a neoliberal context, has led to several population groups to having no possibilities to the access to urban land. Informal and irregular urban settlements increase, requiring attention from local governments, with actions and strategies in order to achieve both the regularization of such situation and further prevention. In the city of Córdoba different informal and irregular operations have taken place promoted by different actors. Furthermore, policies focused on regularization which have been promoted, have few intervention mechanisms, a fact that becomes critical, especially for the urban problems it causes. The main aim of this article is to present a classification over different modes of urban land acquirement taking place out of both urban and civil legislations. Afterwards, different informal settlement typologies are described, as well as the policies focused on them, together with their respective effects and impacts.

The avatars of housing in Latin American urban and regional research (1990-2012)

The review of the terms used as keywords in three journals (published in Mexico and Chile) and the Brazilian meetings of regional and urban research are used to analyze the trends in housing research. Their dynamics are interpreted in the light of the general changes identified for urban and regional  research, synthesized by other authors as the emergence of new research topics and agents of urban change (civil society, participation, environment, gender) and the process of globalization (in its facets  of productive restructuration, job flexibility, social exclusion) as a general framework of analysis. It is found that the central themes of research in housing relate primarily to government action in  housing. New concerns, such as citizen participation, the environment or gender are linked to these actions as normative elements to the evaluation of programs or policies, but not as autonomous fields of study of the housing.In addition to this central concern, a significant growth of academic  production and  ome indication of the internationalization of research are mentioned

Regulation and innovation: Rethinking 'inclusive' housing design

The Lifetime Homes (LTH) concept initiated in 1989 by the Helen Hamlyn Trust, and subsequently promoted by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, emerged at a point when there was growing awareness of the decline of both private and public sector housing quality, especially in relation to floorspace standards (Karn & Sheridan, 1994). LTH were intended to offset the concerns of first, the house buying public of the appearance and affordability of homes suitable for successive generations, second, the private house building industry of the cost and marketability of incorporating 'inclusive' design features, and third, Registered Social Landlords (RSLs), who had to balance cost constraints with addressing the needs of a growing number of households with older and/or disabled people. Approved Document Part M of the building regulations was extended in 1999, from public buildings to private dwellings, and currently requires that all new housing meet minimal 'visitability' criteria. Indeed, although the signs are that Part M will be incrementally extended to comprise LTH principles, the paper argues that in their existing form they are insufficient to act as a key component of the government's 'new agenda for British housing'. This paper therefore explores how they might usefully be expanded from an approach, largely based on compromise, to one that inspires innovative, flexible and inclusive house forms, which also challenge design conventions.

The impact of buy to let residential investment on local housing markets: evidence from Glasgow, Scotland

The advent of the 'buy to let' (BTL) phenomenon in the UK. apart from producing a new wave of individualized rental market investment, has been widely judged to be a speculative and destabilizing force in the housing market. This paper provides a detailed empirical investigation of new residential investment in one city (Glasgow) where BTL has made a relatively large impact. In seeking to overcome data problems, the study employed qualitative (expert interviews and a landlord survey) and quantitative methods (census, the Register of Sasines, standardized house price information and modelling thereof) in order to assess the nature and scale of BTL, the motivations of investors and its impact on the private housing market. The evidence suggests that white Glasgow is in many re.spects different to rental markets elsewhere in the UK and although the investment has thus far largely occurred in a benign environment, the context for future investment, on balance, looks sustainable (i.e.favourable changes to pension planning law and the maturing market for BTL}. Long-term market impact is an empirical question that depends on the specific interactions of market niches or segments (i.e. the first-time buyer market for apartments} with potential buy to let investment. Our conclusion, to borrow a Scottish legal term, is that BTL induced volatility is 'not proven'.

Bank integration and co-movements across housing markets

This paper investigates whether bank integration measured by cross-border bank flows can capture the co-movements across housing markets in developed countries by using a spatial dynamic panel model. The transmission can occur through a global banking channel in which global banks intermediate wholesale funding to local banks. Changes in financial conditions are passed across borders through the banks’ balance-sheet exposure to credit, currency, maturity, and funding risks resulting in house price spillovers. While controlling for country-level and global factors, we find significant co-movement across housing markets of countries with proportionally high bank integration. Bank integration can better capture house price co-movements than other measures of economic integration. Once we account for bank exposure, other spatial linkages traditionally used to account for return co-movements across region – such as trade, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, geographic proximity, etc. – become insignificant. Moreover, we find that the co-movement across housing markets decreases for countries with less developed mortgage markets characterized by fixed mortgage rate contracts, low limits of loan-to-value ratios and no mortgage equity withdrawal.

Load balance algorithms for anycast

Increasingly, replicated anycast servers are being used to deliver network applications and service ever increasing user requests. Therefore, the strategies used to guarantee network bandwidth prerequisites and perform load balancing across the nodes of an anycast group are critical to the performance of online applications. In this paper, we model user requests, network congestion and latency, and server load using a combination of hydro-dynamics and queuing theory to develop an efficient job distribution strategy. Current, anycast research does not explicitly consider the system load of nodes within an anycast groups when distributing requests. Therefore, the performance of a heavily loaded anycast system can quickly become congested and uneven as jobs are routed to closely linked nodes which are already saturated with requests. In comparison, the nodes of further away systems remain relatively unused because of other issues such as network bandwidth and latency during these times. Our system redirects requests from busy systems to the idle, remotely linked nodes, to process requests faster in spite of slower network access. Using an empirical study, we show this technique can improve request performance, and throughput with minimal network probing overhead.

The degree of job satisfaction experienced by site-based construction professionals

The construction industry worldwide is having problems attracting and retaining skilled workers. This study analyses a series of factors affecting job satisfaction of site-based construction professionals employed in medium to large scale metropolitan construction firms in Melbourne, Australia. The industry survey carried out identified salary as the strongest determinant of job satisfaction. However, many respondents reported being dissatisfied with pay levels when compared to other industries and the number of work hours expected. The greatest causes of dissatisfaction were related to difficulties in maintaining a work-life balance. The indicator "Variety, interest and challenge" was the most frequently cited positive aspect of a career in construction. Given the shortage of skilled construction workers in Australia, it is important for companies to maximise the retention of site-based construction professionals and ensure that key job satisfaction indicators are met.

Housing service officers : agents of the state or customer service officers?

Staff employed in the Victorian Office of Housing are invariably required to exercise discretion in their day-to-day work managing housing assets and providing services to public housing tenants. Policies specify processes but they never cover all situations and do not provide guidance on competing objectives. For example, preparing a property for reletting is a process with protocols and budget constraints. However, staff can make procedural variations that compy with policy. These variations, generally learnt from peers on the job, often result in budget over runs, but do result in improved properties for new tenants. Discretion is being exercised in balancing housing asset, budget control and tenant service objectives. A housing officer sums up the enduring tension in balancing objectives in the question and statement:’ Am I an agent of the state or a customer service officer? Because I can’t be both’. Organisationally these tensions are spoken about as ‘management issues’, ‘policy reengineering’ and ‘unrealistic understandings’. Using data from an ethnographic study in the Victorian Office of Housing, the paper addresses the question: ‘What do we know about the way in which front line housing officers manage competing objectives in their daily work and how might this knowledge be usefully used in the development of operational policy?’ The paper will explore the way in which complex administrative rules are used as a device to align staff to the Office of Housing objectives and limit the exercise of discretion by frontline staff. Against the background of this analysis the paper will consider the limitations of rule making and the extent to which other organisational strategies might be important for improvements in service provision in a context of constrained resources and limited resources.

The Bali Aga housing : minimalist and functionalist architecture

Nusantara (Indonesia Archipelago) Architecture is a significant heritage which has been inherited to descendants. Nusantara Architecture is rooted from the existence of culture that spread over the Indonesia archipelago. The culture in each region related to their traditional customs and religions that binding the culture and physic as well as socio-culture of its society. It cannot be denied that the traditional architecture is closed to realm and tactful definitely to interact to the environment. Likewise the Balinese traditional architecture is a substantial treasure which has been inherited and maintained currently. Culture and tradition are adhered in the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, which shows how Balinese balance to their Gods, natures and fellow creatures. The concept implies in the architecture of housing as product of culture. The housing pattern of the Bali Aga villages in Bali Province which has hut forms with linear or compound pattern, it lies naturally from headwater of the mountain to downstream of the sea. The existence of Bali Aga housing stills abide and maintain that defined as reflection of minimalist and functional architecture. Example for this is some observations in the indigenous villages' i.e Pinggan Village, Buahan Village, Julah Village etc. Those housing pattern shows the minimalist concept for living facility and its functions. The discourse of traditional architecture aims to preserve Nusantara architecture which is facing nowadays as a dilemma to be abandoned.

Job satisfaction and response to incentives among China's urban workforce

This article examines job satisfaction and incentive structures among China's urban workforce. The main determinants of job satisfaction are found to be age, education, occupation and personal income. The criteria that Chinese urban employees considered most important when choosing a job were job stability, a high income and professional development. Employees who considered job stability, high income, professional development opportunities, work/life balance and provision of social insurance as being important when selecting a job were more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Burnout and work engagement among teachers: an application of the job demands-resources model

The present dissertation focuses on burnout and work engagement among teachers, with especial focus on the Job-Demands Resources Model: Chapter 1 focuses on teacher burnout. It aims to investigate the role of efficacy beliefs using negatively worded inefficacy items instead of positive ones and to establish whether depersonalization and cynism can be considered two different dimensions of the teacher burnout syndrome. Chapter 2 investigates the factorial validity of the instruments used to measure work engagement (i.e. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, UWES-17 and UWES-9). Moreover, because the current study is partly longitudinal in nature, also the stability across time of engagement can be investigated. Finally, based on cluster-analyses, two groups that differ in levels of engagement are compared as far as their job- and personal resources (i.e. possibilities for personal development, work-life balance, and self-efficacy), positive organizational attitudes and behaviours (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour) and perceived health are concerned. Chapter 3 tests the JD-R model in a longitudinal way, by integrating also the role of personal resources (i.e. self-efficacy). This chapter seeks answers to questions on what are the most important job demands, job and personal resources contributing to discriminate burned-out teachers from non-burned-out teachers, as well as engaged teachers from non-engaged teachers. Chapter 4 uses a diary study to extend knowledge about the dynamic nature of the JD-R model by considering between- and within-person variations with regard to both motivational and health impairment processes.

Estudio de una metodología de software para la predicción y análisis del balance paramétrico de buques para su aplicación en los criterios de estabilidad de segunda generación

El objetivo de ésta tesis es estudiar cómo desarrollar una aplicación informática que implemente algoritmos numéricos de evaluación de características hidrodinámicas de modelos geométricos representativos de carenas de buques. Se trata de especificar los requisitos necesarios que debe cumplir un programa para informático orientado a dar solución a un determinado problema hidródinámico, como es simular el comportamiento en balance de un buque sometido a oleaje, de popa o proa. una vez especificada la aplicación se realizará un diseño del programa; se estudiarán alternativas para implementar la aplicación; se explicará el proceso que ha de seguirse para obtener la aplicación en funcionamiento y se contrastarán los resultados obtenidos en la medida que sea posible. Se pretende sistematizar y sintetizar todo el proceso de desarrollo de software, orientado a la simulación del comportamiento hidrodinámico de un buque, en una metodología que se pondrá a disposición de la comunidad académica y científica en la forma que se considere más adecuada. Se trata, por tanto, de proponer una metodología de desarrollo de software para obetener una aplicación que facilite la evaluación de diferentes alternativas de estudio variando parámetros relativos al problema en estudio y que sea capaz de proporcionar resultados para su análisis. Así mismo se incide en cómo ha de conducirse en el proceso para que dicha aplicación pueda crecer, incorporando soluciones existentes no implementadas o nuevas soluciones que aparezcan en este ámbito de conocimiento. Como aplicación concreta de la aplicación se ha elegido implementar los algoritmos necesarios para evaluar la aparición del balance paramétrico en un buque. En el análisis de éste problema se considera de interés la representación geométrica que se hace de la carena del buque. Además de la carena aparecen otros elementos que tienen influencia determinante en éste estudio, como son las situación de mar y las situaciones de carga. Idealmente, el problema sería resuelto si se consiguiera determinar el ángulo de balance que se produce al enfrentar un buque a las diferentes condiciones de mar. Se pretende preparar un programa utilizando el paradigma de la orientación a objetos. Considero que es la más adecuada forma de modularizar el programa para poder utilizar diferentes modelos de una misma carena y así comparar los resultados de la evaluación del balance paramétrico entre sí. En una etapa posterior se podrían comparar los resultados con otros obtenidos empíricamente. Hablo de una nueva metodología porque pretendo indicar cómo se ha de construir una aplicación de software que sea usable y sobre la que se pueda seguir desarrollando. Esto justifica la selección del lenguaje de programación C++. Se seleccionará un núcleo geométrico de software que permita acoplar de forma versátil los distintos componentes de software que van a construir el programa. Este trabajo pretende aplicar el desarrollo de software a un aspecto concreto del área de conocimiento de la hidrodinámica. No se pretende aportar nuevos algoritmos para resolver problemas de hidrodinámica, sino diseñar un conjunto de objetos de software que implementen soluciones existentes a conocidas soluciones numéricas a dichos problemas. Se trata fundamentalmente de un trabajo de software, más que de hidrodinámica. Lo que aporta de novedad es una nueva forma de realizar un programa aplicado a los cálculos hidrodinámicos relativos a la determinación del balance paramétrico, que pueda crecer e incorporar cualquier novedad que pueda surgir más adelante. Esto será posible por la programación modular utilizada y los objetos que representan cada uno de los elementos que intervienen en la determinación del balance paramétrico. La elección de aplicar la metodología a la predicción del balance paramétrico se debe a que este concepto es uno de los elementos que intervienen en la evaluación de criterios de estabilidad de segunda generación que estan en estudio para su futura aplicación en el ámbito de la construcción naval. Es por tanto un estudio que despierta interés por su próxima utilidad. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to study how to develop a computer application implementing numerical algorithms to assess hydrodynamic features of geometrical models of vessels. It is therefore to propose a methodology for software development applied to an hydrodynamic problem, in order to evaluate different study alternatives by varying different parameters related to the problem and to be capable of providing results for analysis. As a concrete application of the program it has been chosen to implement the algorithms necessary for evaluating the appearance of parametric rolling in a vessel. In the analysis of this problem it is considered of interest the geometrical representation of the hull of the ship and other elements which have decisive influence in this phenomena, such as the sea situation and the loading condition. Ideally, the application would determine the roll angle that occurs when a ship is on waves of different characteristics. It aims to prepare a program by using the paradigm of object oriented programming. I think it is the best methodology to modularize the program. My intention is to show how face the global process of developing an application from the initial specification until the final release of the program. The process will keep in mind the spefici objetives of usability and the possibility of growing in the scope of the software. This work intends to apply software development to a particular aspect the area of knowledge of hydrodynamics. It is not intended to provide new algorithms for solving problems of hydrodynamics, but designing a set of software objects that implement existing solutions to these problems. This is essentially a job software rather than hydrodynamic. The novelty of this thesis stands in this work focuses in describing how to apply the whole proccess of software engineering to hydrodinamics problems. The choice of the prediction of parametric balance as the main objetive to be applied to is because this concept is one of the elements involved in the evaluation of the intact stability criteria of second generation. Therefore, I consider this study as relevant usefull for the future application in the field of shipbuilding.