998 resultados para Instituto de Química


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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Studies show that the disciplines of differential and integral calculus have high failure rates in all schools where they are present and, although this problem has been accentuated in recent years, it is not a local phenomenon. It's observed since 1970s in various Institutions of higher education in Brazil. These studies seek to understand the causes of failures and proposals for teaching methodology that aims to help reduce these rates. However, there is a large contingent of students who are successful at the first time that they perform these disciplines. And these cases, although they have not been studied, can contribute greatly to the understanding the aspects that are related to learning of them. And this understanding can lead to attitudes and learning and teaching methodologies that promote the expansion of this success. The fact that these subjects also have high failure rates in the Degree in Chemistry of this Institute, this study aimed to investigate the factors that were relevant to the cases for approval of the students performed for the first time. For this we constructed a questionnaire containing objective questions and open answers. The objective sought to diagnose the profile of these students with regard to age, gender, basic education (elementary and middle school), study habits, concurrent activities, among others. These questions were analyzed using simple statistics. The open-ended questions asked students to indicate that they attribute the success obtained in the disciplines and to suggest modes of study. These questions were analyzed using thematic categorization, a method of content analysis. This questionnaire was completed, voluntarily and without identification, by students who have passed the first time attended the courses Calculus I and/ or Calculus II and had never started another college prior to this. The results indicate that the most relevant factors in this process were dedication and correct habits...

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The Casearia genus (Salicaceae) is well known because of the medicinal use of its species. Among them, a noteworthy one is the C. sylvestris specie because it already has studies concerning its antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic activity in tumor cells. Furthermore, this specie is popularly used against snake bites, in gastric ulcers treatment and as anti-inflammatory. As well as this, there are other species from this same genus which have been poorly studied, such as the following species: C. decandra, C. grandiflora, C. javitensis, C. arborea, C. lasiophylla and C. ulmifolia. However, several biological activities have been reported for them. In this context, the aim of this project, besides of contributing to the Casearia genus studies, is to study those six species through the analysis and documentation of their leaves' chemical composition (aqueous, ethanolic and hexanic extracts), using analytical separation techniques coupled with spectroscopic techniques, such as UHPLC-DAD, GC-MS and NMR 1H, which will assist the identification of new secondary metabolites in this genus. Moreover, another goal of this present work is aiming the bioprospection of substances with medicinal and economical potential and finally promote the systematic study of some biological activities, such as antimicrobial and cytotoxicity bioassays. A wide variety of metabolites was identified in those three types of extracts, being most of them detected for the first time in Casearia genus, highlighting C. lasiophylla and C. decandra for featuring antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

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The Casearia genus (Salicaceae) is well known because of the medicinal use of its species. Among them, a noteworthy one is the C. sylvestris specie because it already has studies concerning its antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic activity in tumor cells. Furthermore, this specie is popularly used against snake bites, in gastric ulcers treatment and as anti-inflammatory. As well as this, there are other species from this same genus which have been poorly studied, such as the following species: C. decandra, C. grandiflora, C. javitensis, C. arborea, C. lasiophylla and C. ulmifolia. However, several biological activities have been reported for them. In this context, the aim of this project, besides of contributing to the Casearia genus studies, is to study those six species through the analysis and documentation of their leaves' chemical composition (aqueous, ethanolic and hexanic extracts), using analytical separation techniques coupled with spectroscopic techniques, such as UHPLC-DAD, GC-MS and NMR 1H, which will assist the identification of new secondary metabolites in this genus. Moreover, another goal of this present work is aiming the bioprospection of substances with medicinal and economical potential and finally promote the systematic study of some biological activities, such as antimicrobial and cytotoxicity bioassays. A wide variety of metabolites was identified in those three types of extracts, being most of them detected for the first time in Casearia genus, highlighting C. lasiophylla and C. decandra for featuring antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

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Desenvolvimento de metodologia para a determinação de aflatoxinas em amostras de amendoim usando espectrofluorimetria e análise dos fatores paralelos (PARAFAC). 2012. 92 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Química) - Instituto de Química, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, 2012. Neste trabalho de pesquisa são descritos dois estudos de caso que se baseiam na determinação de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 em amostras de amendoim, utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de fluorescência molecular. O primeiro estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a metodologia empregada para a quantificação de aflatoxinas totais em amendoins, utilizando o método clássico de validação fazendo-se o uso da calibração univariada. Os principais parâmetros de desempenho foram avaliados visando certificar a possibilidade de implementação desta metodologia em laboratórios. O segundo estudo está focado na separação e quantificação destas aflatoxinas com a aplicação combinada da espectrofluorimetria e de um método quimiométrico de segunda ordem (PARAFAC) utilizando a calibração multivariada. Esta técnica pode ser empregada como uma alternativa viável para a determinação de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 isoladamente, tradicionalmente é feito por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de fluorescência. Porém, como estes analitos apresentam uma larga faixa de sobreposição espectral e as aflatoxinas (B1 e G1) possuem intensidade de sinal de fluorescência bem abaixo das demais, a separação e quantificação das quatro aflatoxinas foi inviável. O estudo foi retomado com a utilização das aflatoxinas B2 e G2 e os resultados alcançados foram satisfatórios. O método utilizado para a quantificação de aflatoxinas totais apresentou bons resultados, mostrando-se como uma importante ferramenta para a determinação destes analitos. Alem disso, comtempla perfeitamente o que é requerido pela legislação brasileira para a análise de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2, que tem como exigência em laudos finais de análise a declaração do somatório, em g/kg, destas aflatoxinas, ou seja, sem a necessidade de quantifica-las separadamente