Sublingual ketorolac and sublingual piroxicam are equally effective for postoperative pain, trismus, and swelling management in lower third molar removal

Objective. Lower third molar removal provides a clinical model for studying analgesic drugs. The present study's aim was to compare the clinical efficacy of sublingual ketorolac and sublingual piroxicam in managing pain, trismus and swelling after lower third molar extraction in adult volunteers. Study Design. In this double-blinded, randomized, crossover investigation, 47 volunteers received for 4 days ketorolac sublingually (10 mg 4 times daily) and piroxicam sublingually (20 mg once daily) during 2 separate appointments after lower third molar extraction of symmetrically positioned lower third molars. A surgeon evaluated objective parameters (surgery duration, mouth opening, rescue analgesic medication, and facial swelling) and volunteers documented subjective parameters (postoperative pain and global evaluation), comparing postoperative results for a total of 7 days after surgery. The means of the objective and subjective parameters were compared for statistical significance (P < .05). Results. Volunteers reported low pain scores during the postoperative period when treated with either sublingual ketorolac or piroxicam. Also, volunteers ingested similar amounts of analgesic rescue medication (paracetamol) when they received either drug sublingually (P > .05). Additionally, values for mouth openings measured just before surgery and immediately after suture removal 7 days later were similar among volunteers (P > .05), and the type of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) used in this study showed no significant differences between swellings on the second or seventh days after surgery (P > .05). Conclusions. Pain, trismus, and swelling after lower third molar extraction, independent of surgical difficulty, were successfully controlled by sublingual ketorolac (10 mg 4 times daily) or sublingual piroxicam (20 mg once daily), and no significant differences were observed between the NSAIDs evaluated. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;114:27-34)

High fever following postpartum administration of sublingual misoprostol

Gynuity

Treatment of post-partum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women not exposed to oxytocin during labour: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial

Gynuity

Molécula HLA-G y su importancia en la inmunorregulación de la unidad feto-materna. Aplicaciones en inmunoterapia celular

OBJETIVOS El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral consiste en determinar la presencia de la proteína HLA-G en la superficie celular de células madre CD34/CD133, células dendríticas mieloides y plasmacitoides, células dendríticas derivadas de células CD34/CD133 y derivadas de monocitos de sangre de cordón umbilical y sangre periférica materna, por técnicas de citometría de flujo y la expresión de la proteína HLA-G soluble en plasma de sangre de cordón umbilical por técnicas de ELISA. MATERIALES Y METODOS Se obtuvo un total de 35 unidades de sangre de cordón umbilical y 35 muestras de sangre periférica de gestantes a término que acudieron al Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos con cesáreas programadas, según aprobación de Comité Ético. Se realizaron técnicas de cultivo celular, citometría de flujo, Elisa y anticuerpos monoclonales, según protocolo, para la obtención de las células madre CD34+, células dendríticas mieloides y plasmacitoides del cordón umbilical y células dendríticas derivadas de células madre CD34+, y determinación de la molécula HLA-G, isoformas, nuevos alelos y polimorfismos...

Hematoma sublingual espontáneo secundario a terapia anticoagulante con warfarina

Abstract Hemorrhagic complications in oral anticoagulant therapy are frequent. Spontaneous sublingual hematomas secondary to anticoagulants are an extremely unusual complication that is potentially lethal. The study reports a case of a patient on anticoagulation therapy with warfarine who develops a massive, spontaneous sublingual hematoma with obstruction of the high airway and cardiac arrest, where emergency transtracheal catheter ventilation was used.

Inmunoterapia autóloga con células dendríticas en modelos caninos con tumor venéreo transmisible

La inmunoterapia autóloga utiliza células del mismo cuerpo para estimular y restaurar las defensas naturales del sistema inmunológico. Algunas de las células que han sido utilizado en años recientes son: linfocitos infiltrantes de tumor, linfocitos T citotóxicos, células asesinas activadas por linfocinas y células dendríticas (CD). Las CD son células especializadas y su función es el capturar, procesar y presentar antígenos a los linfocitos para iniciar una respuesta inmune. El tumor venéreo transmisible (TVT), también conocido como sarcoma infeccioso o tumor de Sticker, es un cáncer transmisible en perros que afecta mayormente los genitales externos y se transmite durante el coito. En este trabajo se implementó por primera vez un modelo de TVT en el órgano genital (vagina) de los pacientes y se les administró la inmunoterapia autóloga con CD específicas contra el tumor. Para estudiar esta terapia se utilizaron tres grupos experimentales: el tumor sin tratamiento, el tumor tratado con sangre completa autóloga, y el tumor tratado con CD autólogas específicas para el TVT. Por último se evaluó la capacidad inmunológica del extracto tumoral total (ETT) del tumor como método de prevención in vivo. Para el tratamiento autólogo con las CD, se esperó que el tumor midiese 3cm, se realizó un cultivo primario de las células de TVT y se les extrajo el 4% de su peso corporal de sangre a los pacientes para realizar una diferenciación de los monocitos a CD. Para evaluar el efecto de la inmunoterapia autóloga con CD se observaron los efectos secundarios, el tamaño tumoral, las poblaciones de linfocitos, los niveles de IFN-γ en sangre y los linfocitos infiltrantes de tumor por histopatología. Los monocitos se diferenciaron a CD y se les realizó un análisis fenotípico mediante citometría de flujo. Los monocitos mostraron una expresión de CD14+ de 80.1%, CD80+ de 15.6%, CD83+ de 0.4% y un DLA II de1.8%. En las CD se obtuvo una expresión de 8.7% para CD14+, 80.3% para CD80+, 76.4% para CD83+ y 86.5% para DLA II y 62% en la prueba de fagocitosis. La terapia no mostró ningún efecto secundario en nuestro grupo experimental y hubo una regresión tumoral del 100% para la semana doce. Se encontró un aumento de expresión celular en sangre de CD4+ de 29%, de CD8+ de 34% y de IFN-γ de 120 pg/mL. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la inmunoterapia autóloga con CD específicas inducen una regresión del TVT en caninos.

Drugs and neurotransmitters

This eChapter has an introduction to pharmacology and drug nomenclature followed by a detailed discussion of routes of administration starting with oral administration (with absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, and first pass liver metabolism. This is followed by a discussion of rectal, sublingual and injection routes of administration(intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal and epidural). Then the topical, pulmonary and intraosseus routes of administration are considered.

The development of an effective vaccine against Chlamydia : utilisation of a non-toxic mucosal adjuvant to generate a protective mucosal response

Chlamydia is responsible for a wide range of diseases with enormous global economic and health burden. As the majority of chlamydial infections are asymptomatic, a vaccine has greatest potential to reduce infection and disease prevalence. Protective immunity against Chlamydia requires the induction of a mucosal immune response, ideally, at the multiple sites in the body where an infection can be established. Mucosal immunity is most effectively stimulated by targeting vaccination to the epithelium, which is best accomplished by direct vaccine application to mucosal surfaces rather than by injection. The efficacy of needle-free vaccines however is reliant on a powerful adjuvant to overcome mucosal tolerance. As very few adjuvants have proven able to elicit mucosal immunity without harmful side effects, there is a need to develop non-toxic adjuvants or safer ways to administered pre-existing toxic adjuvants. In the present study we investigated the novel non-toxic mucosal adjuvant CTA1-DD. The immunogenicity of CTA1-DD was compared to our "gold-standard" mucosal adjuvant combination of cholera toxin (CT) and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN). We also utilised different needle-free immunisation routes, intranasal (IN), sublingual (SL) and transcutaneous (TC), to stimulate the induction of immunity at multiple mucosal surfaces in the body where Chlamydia are known to infect. Moreover, administering each adjuvant by different routes may also limit the toxicity of the CT/CpG adjuvant, currently restricted from use in humans. Mice were immunised with either adjuvant together with the chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) to evaluate vaccine safety and quantify the induction of antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. The level of protection against infection and disease was also assessed in vaccinated animals following a live genital or respiratory tract infectious challenge. The non-toxic CTA1-DD was found to be safe and immunogenic when delivered via the IN route in mice, inducing a comparable mucosal response and level of protective immunity against chlamydial challenge to its toxic CT/CpG counterpart administered by the same route. The utilisation of different routes of immunisation strongly influenced the distribution of antigen-specific responses to distant mucosal surfaces and also abrogated the toxicity of CT/CpG. The CT/CpG-adjuvanted vaccine was safe when administered by the SL and TC routes and conferred partial immunity against infection and pathology in both challenge models. This protection was attributed to the induction of antigen-specific pro-inflammatory cellular responses in the lymph nodes regional to the site of infection and rather than in the spleen. Development of non-toxic adjuvants and effective ways to reduce the side effects of toxic adjuvants has profound implications for vaccine development, particularly against mucosal pathogens like Chlamydia. Interestingly, we also identified two contrasting vaccines in both infection models capable of preventing infection or pathology exclusively. This indicated that the development of pathology following an infection of vaccinated animals was independent of bacterial load and was instead the result of immunopathology, potentially driven by the adaptive immune response generated following immunisation. While both vaccines expressed high levels of interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines, the pathology protected group displayed significantly reduced expression of corresponding IL-17 receptors and hence an inhibition of signalling. This indicated that the balance of IL-17-mediated responses defines the degree of protection against infection and tissue damage generated following vaccination. This study has enabled us to better understand the immune basis of pathology and protection, necessary to design more effective vaccines.

Immunity against a Chlamydia infection and disease may be determined by a balance of IL-17 signaling

Most vaccines developed against Chlamydia using animal models provide partial protection against a genital tract infection. However, protection against the oviduct pathology associated with infertility is highly variable and often has no defining immunological correlate. When comparing two adjuvants (CTA1-DD and a combination of Cholera toxin plus CpG- oligodeoxynucleotide–CT/CpG) combined with the chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) antigen and delivered via the intranasal (IN), sublingual (SL) or transcutaneous (TC) routes, we identified two vaccine groups with contrasting outcomes following infection. SL immunization with MOMP/CTA1-DD induced a 70% reduction in the incidence of oviduct pathology, without significantly altering the course of infection. Conversely, IN immunization with MOMP/CT/CpG prevented an ascending infection, but not the oviduct pathology. This anomaly presented a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms by which vaccines can prevent oviduct pathology, other than by controlling the infection. The IL-17 signaling in the oviducts was found to associate with both the enhancement of immunity to infection and the development of oviduct pathology. This conflicting role of IL-17 may provide some explanation for the discordance in protection between infection and disease and suggests that controlling immunopathology, as opposed to the rapid eradication of the infection, may be essential for an effective human chlamydial vaccine that prevents infertility.

Immunization with a MOMP-based vaccine protects mice against a Pulmonary Chlamydia challenge and identifies a disconnection between infection and pathology

Chlamydia pneumoniae is responsible for up to 20% of community acquired pneumonia and can exacerbate chronic inflammatory diseases. As the majority of infections are either mild or asymptomatic, a vaccine is recognized to have the greatest potential to reduce infection and disease prevalence. Using the C. muridarum mouse model of infection, we immunized animals via the intranasal (IN), sublingual (SL) or transcutaneous (TC) routes, with recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) combined with adjuvants CTA1-DD or a combination of cholera toxin/CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CT/CpG). Vaccinated animals were challenged IN with C. muridarum and protection against infection and pathology was assessed. SL and TC immunization with MOMP and CT/CpG was the most protective, significantly reducing chlamydial burden in the lungs and preventing weight loss, which was similar to the protection induced by a previous live infection. Unlike a previous infection however, these vaccinations also provided almost complete protection against fibrotic scarring in the lungs. Protection against infection was associated with antigen-specific production of IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17 by splenocytes, however, protection against both infection and pathology required the induction of a similar pro-inflammatory response in the respiratory tract draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, we also identified two contrasting vaccinations capable of preventing infection or pathology individually. Animals IN immunized with MOMP and either adjuvant were protected from infection, but not the pathology. Conversely, animals TC immunized with MOMP and CTA1-DD were protected from pathology, even though the chlamydial burden in this group was equivalent to the unimmunized controls. This suggests that the development of pathology following an IN infection of vaccinated animals was independent of bacterial load and may have been driven instead by the adaptive immune response generated following immunization. This identifies a disconnection between the control of infection and the development of pathology, which may influence the design of future vaccines.

Terapia homeopatica con Nosode en el control de mastitis bovina en Finca Santa Ana, municipio de Paiwas de la RAAS, Nicaragua

El presente trabajo se realizó en la finca Santa Ana Ana ubicada en las coordenadas de latitud Norte de 12º 47’longitud Oeste de 85º 07’y una altitud aproximada de 145.88 msnm en el Municipio de Paiwas, Departamento de la RAAS. Con el objetivo de evaluar un tratamiento homeopático (nosode de leche–mastitis-CH 7)contra mastitis bovina la cual es normalmente atendida por antibióticos, durante el trabajo de investigación se aplicaron tres tratamientos: I aplicación pliegue ano caudal, II aplicación sublingual y III tratamiento testigo con masticilina. Se seleccionaron 30 vacas con mastitis dividiéndolos en tres grupos de 10 cada uno donde las hembras se encontraban entre dos y tres meses de lactancia. Se encontró diferencia altamente significativa (P<0.01) para las variables fecha y vacas, y significativa (P<0.05), para las variables tratamiento y cuartos afectados. En los tratamientos el que controló mejor las afecciones en menos tiempo fue el químico, seguido del nosode de aplicación ano caudal, y el de menor control el nosode de aplicación sublingual, aunque este no difirió significativamente del nosode de aplicación ano caudal El cuarto que presentó la mayor afectación fue el cuarto trasero derecho (64%) seguido del cuarto delantero derecho (61%), el delantero izquierdo presentó la menor afectación con 49%, y el trasero izquierdo un porcentaje de afectación intermedia de 53%.

Influência do chá verde sobre a reatividade vascular em mulheres obesas

O Chá Verde, derivado das folhas da planta Camellia sinensis, rico em flavonóides, cuja maior concentração é de Epigalocatequina gallato (EGCG), possui efeito termogênico, além de promover a oxidação da gordura corporal, tendo potencial interesse para o tratamento da obesidade, que atinge prevalência alarmante em diversos países no mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos e investigação da função endotelial em mulheres com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) entre 30kg/m2 e 40kg/m2, na faixa de 30 e 50 anos, antes e após 03 meses de consumo de chá verde (600mL/dia, equivalente a 114,42mg de EGCG). Todas as 60 pacientes voluntárias foram submetidas à análise das medidas antropométricas (Peso, Altura, Índice de Massa Corporal, Circunferência de Cintura, Circunferência de Quadril, Relação Cintura-Quadril, Pressão Arterial, à análise da bioquímica de rotina (Glicemia e Insulina de jejum, Triglicerídeos, Colesterol Total, HDL-Colesterol, LDL-Colesterol, Teste Oral de Tolerância à Glicose, Hemograma Completo, Proteína C-Reativa), à análise da bioquímica específica para estresse oxidativo e inflamação (Interleucinas 1 e 6, Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa, LDL-Oxidado, VCAM Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule, ICAM Intercellular Adhesion Molecule, e E-Selectina) e à Pletismografia de Oclusão Venosa (variação de fluxo médio máximo durante a Hiperemia Reativa/Fluxo Basal 1 (VQ Hiper) e fluxo após administração de 0,4mg de Nitroglicerina Sublingual/Fluxo Basal 2 (VQ Nitro)). Após os 3 meses (3M) de tratamento houve redução no peso corporal (86,35[83,00-94,25] vs 3M = 86,00[81,50-92,00] Kg, P < 0,05); no IMC (34,02[32,05-35,62] vs 3M = 33,13[32,28-35,05] kg/m2, P < 0,05); na circunferência de cintura (99[93-107] vs 3M = 98[91-105]cm, P < 0,001); na circunferência de quadril (115[110-119] vs 3M = 114[110-117] cm, P < 0,001); na relação cintura-quadril (0,89[0,84-0,93] vs 3M = 0,88[0,83-0,93], P < 0,001); e, na pressão arterial diastólica (75[73-82] vs 3M = 69[67-72] mmHg, P < 0,001); e, melhora significativa no fluxo sanguíneo da VQ Hiper (4,57[3,54-5,01] vs 3M = 5,83[4,46-6,56], P < 0,001); e da VQ Nitro (1,26[1,13-1,38] vs 3M = 1,41[1,25-1,50], P < 0,001). Com o uso do chá verde, 600mL/dia, contendo 114,42mg de EGCG, durante 3 meses observamos a redução de 3% no IMC e a redução da circunferência de cintura e de circunferência de quadril em 1cm; a não modificação do padrão bioquímico, incluindo os marcadores de inflamação e de estresse oxidativo; e, o aumento das vasodilatações endotélio-dependente e endotélio-independente, visualizadas por Pletismografia de Oclusão Venosa Não-Invasiva.

Efeito da sedação na microcirculação de pacientes em choque séptico

Ao longo dos últimos anos, apesar de todo desenvolvimento e pesquisa, a mortalidade na sepse permanece elevada. Na área de microcirculação foram realizados estudos em modelos experimentais de sepse ao longo das últimas duas décadas, quando se observou, através de técnicas invasivas, alterações como redução expressiva da densidade capilar funcional. A técnica denominada sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging, recentemente desenvolvida, permite a avaliação da microcirculação de forma transcutânea. A utilização desta técnica permitiu evidenciar a redução da densidade capilar funcional em pacientes com sepse grave quando comparado a um indivíduo saudável. Posteriormente, foi demonstrado que alterações persistentes na microcirculação de pacientes sépticos, mesmo com sinais vitais estabilizados, estão associadas com pior prognóstico.Evidentemente, os pacientes com sepse grave ou choque séptico sofrem uma grande quantidade de intervenções terapêuticas, aonde muitas delas alteram a microcirculação. Estudos analisando a microcirculação em pacientes em uso de nitroglicerina, corticóide, recebendo hemotransfusão ou ainda infusão de noradrenalina foram publicados recentemente.Entretanto, até o presente momento, não existem publicações que descrevam a influência dos sedativos na microcirculação de pacientes com choque séptico. As drogas mais comumente utilizadas para sedação de pacientes em ventilação mecânica são o sedativo midazolam e o anestésico propofol. Os objetivos do estudo foram: avaliar o efeito dos principais agentes sedativos utilizados na prática clínica na microcirculação de pacientes com choque séptico utilizando a técnica de sidestream dark field imaging, comparar os efeitos na microcirculação do midazolam com o propofol em pacientes com choque séptico e verificar se existe relação das alterações microcirculatórias provocadas pelos sedativos com as variações de diferentes parâmetros hemodinâmicos, gasométricos ou metabólicos como pressão arterial, índice cardíaco, lactato e saturação venosa central de oxigênio. Foram estudados (estudo prospectivo) 16 pacientes internados no Centro de Terapia Intensiva da Casa de Saúde São José. Os pacientes internados com diagnóstico de choque séptico e que possuíam indicação clínica de ventilação mecânica e de suspensão diária da sedação foram submetidos ao estudo da microcirculação na mucosa sublingual utilizando a técnica de sidestream dark field imaging. Estes pacientes foram sedados conforme orientação do protocolo já existente de sedação, inicialmente com propofol e posteriormente com midazolam. Os principais resultados observados foram:a macrohemodinâmica não diferiu nos 2 momentos do exame, o BIS (bispectral índex of sedation) se manteve na faixa recomendada nos 2 momentos do exame, tendo aumentado quando o paciente acordava, conforme esperado, e a proporção de vasos pequenos perfundidos e o índice de fluxo da microcirculação foram significativamente menores, enquanto o índice de heterogeneidade foi significativamente maior quando os pacientes estavam recebendo infusão de propofol quando comparados com a infusão de midazolam. Concluímos que, em pacientes com choque séptico, a administração de midazolam resulta em uma melhora dos parâmetros microcirculatórios quando comparada com a administração de propofol. Essa diferença não pode ser atribuída a alterações de variáveis hemodinâmicas sistêmicas.