Low-level laser therapy in collagenase-induced Achilles tendinitis in rats: Analyses of biochemical and biomechanical aspects

NSAIDs are widely prescribed and used over the years to treat tendon injuries despite its well-known long-term side effects. In the last years several animal and human trials have shown that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) presents modulatory effects on inflammatory markers, however the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of LLLT or sodium diclofenac treatments on biochemical markers and biomechanical properties of inflamed Achilles tendons. Wistar rats Achilles tendons (n?=?6/group) were injected with saline (control) or collagenase at peritendinous area of Achilles tendons. After 1?h animals were treated with two different doses of LLLT (810?nm, 1 and 3?J) at the sites of the injections, or with intramuscular sodium diclofenac. Regarding biochemical analyses, LLLT significantly decreased (p?<?0.05) COX-2, TNF-a, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 gene expression, as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production when compared to collagenase group. Interestingly, diclofenac treatment only decreased PGE2 levels. Biomechanical properties were preserved in the laser-treated groups when compared to collagenase and diclofenac groups. We conclude that LLLT was able to reduce tendon inflammation and to preserve tendon resistance and elasticity. (c) 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:19451951, 2012

Comparative effects of teriparatide and ibandronate on spine bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitecture (TBS) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a 2-year open-label study

UNLABELLED Treatment effects over 2 years of teriparatide vs. ibandronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were compared using lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS). Teriparatide induced larger increases in BMD and TBS compared to ibandronate, suggesting a more pronounced effect on bone microarchitecture of the bone anabolic drug. INTRODUCTION The trabecular bone score (TBS) is an index of bone microarchitecture, independent of bone mineral density (BMD), calculated from anteroposterior spine dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. The potential role of TBS for monitoring treatment response with bone-active substances is not established. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of recombinant human 1-34 parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) and the bisphosphonate ibandronate (IBN), on lumbar spine (LS) BMD and TBS in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. METHODS Two patient groups with matched age, body mass index (BMI), and baseline LS BMD, treated with either daily subcutaneous teriparatide (N = 65) or quarterly intravenous IBN (N = 122) during 2 years and with available LS BMD measurements at baseline and 2 years after treatment initiation were compared. RESULTS Baseline characteristics (overall mean ± SD) were similar between groups in terms of age 67.9 ± 7.4 years, body mass index 23.8 ± 3.8 kg/m(2), BMD L1-L4 0.741 ± 0.100 g/cm(2), and TBS 1.208 ± 0.100. Over 24 months, teriparatide induced a significantly larger increase in LS BMD and TBS than IBN (+7.6 % ± 6.3 vs. +2.9 % ± 3.3 and +4.3 % ± 6.6 vs. +0.3 % ± 4.1, respectively; P < 0.0001 for both). LS BMD and TBS were only weakly correlated at baseline (r (2) = 0.04) with no correlation between the changes in BMD and TBS over 24 months. CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, a 2-year treatment with teriparatide led to a significantly larger increase in LS BMD and TBS than IBN, suggesting that teriparatide had more pronounced effects on bone microarchitecture than IBN.

Ricerche di morfologia.

Publication suspended 1945-1951.

Hermes.

Editors: 1866-81, Emil Hübner; 1882-1901, Georg Kaibel, Karl Robert; 1902-13, Friedrich Leo, Karl Robert; 1914- Karl Robert, Georg Wissowa.

Birds of the Southern California deserts.

Mode of access: Internet.

Pharmacokinetic Profile of Liposome-Encapsulated Ropivacaine after Maxillary Infiltration Anaesthesia

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of liposomal ropivacaine after dental anesthesia in 14 healthy volunteers. In this randomized, double-blind and crossover study, the volunteers received maxillary infiltration of liposome-encapsulated 0.5% ropivacaine and, 0.5% ropivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in two different sessions. Blood samples were collected before and after (from 15 to 1440 min) the administration of either ropivacaine formulation. HPLC with UV detection was used to quantify plasma ropivacaine concentrations. The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0-24) (area under the plasma concentration x time curve from baseline to 24 h), AUC(0-infinity) (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from baseline to infinity), C-max (maximum drug concentration), CL (renal clearance), T-max (maximum drug concentration time), t(1/2) (elimination half-life) and Vd (volume of distribution) were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed between both formulations for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters evaluated and plasma ropivacaine concentrations, considering each period of time. Both formulations showed similar pharmacokinetic profiles, indicating that the liposomal formulation could be a safer option for use of this local anesthetic, due to the absence of a vasoconstrictor.

ANALISANDO A RELAÇÃO DOS VOLUMES DE EXPORTAÇÃO E DE IMPORTAÇÃO, PIB, TAXAS DE CÂMBIO E INFLAÇÃO NO PERÍODO DE 2004 A 2014.

Esta dissertação visa deslumbrar uma análise macroeconômica do Brasil, especialmente no que se refere à relação dos índices mensais dos volumes das exportações e das importações com os volumes mensais do PIB, da Taxa SELIC e as Taxas de Câmbio, conforme dados coletados no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2014, através de pesquisa literária referente aos históricos sobre cada conceito envolvido no âmbito da macroeconomia das varáveis estudadas. Foi realizado um estudo de caso embasado em dados de sites governamentais, no período delimitado, empregando-se o método de regressão linear, com base na Teoria da correlação de Pearson, demonstrando os resultados obtidos no período do estudo para as varáveis estudadas. Desta maneira, conseguiu-se estudar e analisar como as variáveis dependentes (resposta): volume das exportações e volume das importações estão relacionadas com as varáveis independentes (explicativas): PIB, Taxa Selic e taxa de Câmbio. Os resultados apurados no presente estudo permitem identificar que existe correlação moderada e negativa, quando analisadas a Taxa Selic e a Taxa de Câmbio com os volumes das exportações e das importações, enquanto o PIB apresenta correlação forte e positiva na análise com os volumes das exportações e das importações

Communism and Public Opinion in Queensland, 1939-1951 : An Explanation of Queensland's Vote in the 1951 Anti-Communist Referendum

The starting point of this thesis was a desire to explain the rapid demise in the popularity which the Communist Party enjoyed in Queensland during the second world war. Wartime Queensland gave the Australian Communist Party its highest state vote and six years later Queensland again gave the Communist Party its highest state vote - this time however, to ban the Party. From this I was led into exploring the changing policies, beliefs and strategies of the Party, as well as the many sub-groups on its periphery, and the shifts in public response to these. In 1939 Townsville elected Australia's first Communist alderman. Five years later, Bowen elected not only Australia's first but also the British Empire's first, Communist state government member. Of the five electorates the Australian Communist Party contested in the 1944 Queensland State elections, in none did the Party's candidate receive less than twenty per-cent of the formal vote. Not only was the Party seemingly enjoying considerable popular support but this was occurring in a State which, but for the Depression years (May 1929 - June 1932) had elected a Labor State Government at every state election since 1915. In the September 1951 Constitution Alteration Referendum, 'Powers To Deal With Communists and Communism', Queensland regist¬ered the nation's highest "Yes" majority - 55.76% of the valid vote. Only two other states registered a majority in favour of the referendum's proposals, Western Australia and Tasmania. As this research was undertaken it became evident that while various trends exhibited at the time, anti-Communism, the work of the Industrial Groups, Labor opportunism, local area feelings, ideological shifts of the Party, tactics of Communist-led unions, etc., were present throughout the entire period, they were best seen when divided into three chronological phases of the Party's history and popularity. The first period covers the consolidation of the Party's post-Depression popularity during the war years as it benefited from the Soviet Union's colossal contribution to the Allied war efforts, and this support continued for some six months or so after the war. Throughout the period Communist strength within the trade union movement greatly increased as did total Party membership. The second period was marked by a rapid series of events starting in March 1946, with Winston Churchill's "Official Opening" of the Cold War by his sweeping attack on Communism and Russia, at Fulton. Several days later the first of a series of long and bitter strikes in Communist-led unions occurred, as the Party mobil¬ized for what it believed would be a series of attacks on the working class from a ruling class, defending a capitalist system on the verge of an economic collapse. It was a period when the Party believed this ruling class was using Labor reformism as a last desperate 'carrot' to get workers to accept their lot within a capitalist economic framework. Out of the Meat Strike emerged the Industrial Groups, who waged not only a determined war against Communist trade union leadership but also encouraged the A.W.U.-influenced State Labor apparatus to even greater anti-Communist antagonisms. The Communist Party's increasing militancy and Labor's resistance to it, ended finally in the collapse of the Chifley Labor government. Characteristically the third period opens with the Communist Party making an another about-face, desperately trying to form an alliance with the Labor Party and curbing its former adventurist industrial policy, as it prepared for Menzies' direct assault. The Communist Party's activities were greatly reduced, a function of both a declining member-ship and, furthermore, a membership reluctant to confront an increasingly hostile society. In examining the changing policies, beliefs and strategies of the Party and the shifts in public response to these, I have tried to distinguish between general trends occurring within Australia and the national party, and trends peculiar to Queensland and the Queensland branch of the Party, The Communist Party suffered a decline in support and membership right across Australia throughout this period as a result of the national policies of the Party, and the changing nature of world politics. There were particular features of this decline that were peculiar to Queensland. I have, however, singled out three features of particular importance throughout the period for a short but more specifically detailed analysis, than would be possible in a purely chronological study: i.e. the Party's structure, the Party's ideological subservience to Moscow, and the general effect upon it of the Cold War.

A organização científica do trabalho em Portugal após a II Guerra Mundial 1945-1974

As preocupações com a introdução de melhorias na eficiência do trabalho e do trabalhador têm, desde sempre, estado presentes no mundo do trabalho. Porém, a utilização de métodos científicos no seu estudo, planificação e organização surge apenas nos anos iniciais do século XX tendo como objectivo o aumento do rendimento mediante a supressão de desperdícios de tempo, esforço e materiais. Por norma, habituámo-nos a conotar de imediato o tema com as realidades de países como os Estados Unidos da América, a França, a Alemanha ou o Japão. No entanto, na verdade, estes princípios difundiram-se praticamente por todo o mundo industrializado ou em vias de industrialização, tendo sido desenvolvidas experiências interessantes também na América do Sul, na Europa Oriental ou nos países periféricos da Europa do Sul, entre os quais Portugal. De facto, em Portugal, os primeiros indícios de reflexão em torno destes princípios surgem ainda no período da I República, por via de pequenos artigos publicados em alguns periódicos da época. No entanto, é após a II Guerra Mundial que o aprofundamento dos estudos e da aplicação dos métodos de organização científica do trabalho tem a sua época de maior desenvolvimento. É, de facto, neste período que se dá início ao que podemos considerar como a «época de ouro» da organização científica do trabalho no País, durante a qual são criados organismos privados e estatais que têm por objectivo difundir estes princípios não só a nível industrial, mas também agrícola e administrativo. As lógicas da época não são alheias a esta realidade, encontrando-se a mesma enredada nas dinâmicas da assistência técnica norte-americana, da inserção de Portugal nos organismos de cooperação económica e sendo influenciada por outros impactos internacionais, bem como pela forma como todos estes elementos se relacionam com os desafios que Portugal enfrentava na época, com a procura da produtividade e com a tomada de consciência sobre a necessidade de ultrapassar as debilidades que haviam sido reveladas pela II Guerra Mundial e pelos estudos preparatórios dos Planos de Fomento. Na verdade, traçar a história da organização científica do trabalho em Portugal é traçar uma narrativa em dois planos, nos quais os impulsos externos são evidentes mas cujas dinâmicas são assumidas por uma plataforma de apoio que, no País, apostou na importância da melhoria da eficácia da indústria e da Administração Pública através da aplicação destes princípios. Encontramo-nos, assim, perante um Estado que, também por esta via, se internacionaliza e moderniza, que cresce em funções e funcionários; que é impelido a enfrentar novos desafios; que se envolve e recebe impactos de movimentos, correntes e organismos internacionais, num mundo que se torna cada vez mais interligado. São os ventos da época que sopram em Portugal pela porta deixada aberta pela decisão de «não ficar de fora». O estudo que seguidamente se apresenta irá, assim, identificar os veículos que conduziram à introdução da organização científica do trabalho no País e as dinâmicas que os enredaram e definiram a nível nacional e internacional, sem esquecer os actores, objectivos e resistências em presença.

Prizes for modernity in the provinces: The Arts Council’s 1950-1951 regional playwriting competition

As part of its contribution to the 1951 Festival of Britain, the Arts Council ran what can be seen in retrospect to be an important playwriting competition. Disregarding the London stage entirely, it invited regional theatres throughout the UK to put forward nominations for new plays within their repertoire for 1950-1951. Each of the five winning plays would receive, what was then, the substantial sum of £100. Originality and innovation featured highly amongst the selection criteria, with 40 per cent of the judges’ marks being awarded for “interest of subject matter and inventiveness of treatment”. This article will assess some of the surprising outcomes of the competition and argue that it served as an important nexus point in British theatrical historiography between two key moments in post-war Britain: the first being the inauguration of the Festival of Britain in 1951, the other being the debut of John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger in May 1956. The article will also argue that the Arts Council’s play competition was significant for two other reasons. By circumventing the London stage, it provides a useful tool by which to reassess the state of new writing in regional theatre at the beginning of the 1950s and to question how far received views of parochialism and conservatism held true. The paper will also put forward a case for the competition significantly anticipating the work of George Devine at the English Stage Company, which during its early years established a reputation for itself by heavily exploiting the repertoire of new plays originally commissioned by regional theatres. This article forms part of a five year funded Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) project, ‘Giving Voice to the Nation: The Arts Council of Great Britain and the Development of Theatre and Performance in Britain 1945-1994’. Details of the Arts Council’s archvie, which is housed at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London can be found at http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/wid/ead/acgb/acgbf.html Keywords: Arts Council of Great Britain, regional theatre, playwriting, Festival of Britain, English Stage Company (Royal Court) , Yvonne Mitchell

A relação entre o aparato institucional, setor privado e desenvolvimento econômico: o caso do japão

O trabalho apresenta uma nova perspectiva de análise na área da economia do desenvolvimento, representada pela Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e por um de seus mais destacados representantes, Douglass C. North (prêmio Nobel, 1993). Esta corrente enfatiza a relação entre regras formais e informais (leis de comércio, constituição federal, normas culturais) e crescimento econômico no longo prazo, destacando a relevância do ambiente em que as mesmas são criadas e no qual têm sua aplicação garantida, o que inclui o governo e os papéis por ele assumidos. A elaboração de tais regras é ainda afetada pelos modelos mentais dos agentes e por falhas do processo político. O resultado final do aparato institucional será um país com altos ou baixos custos de transação, os quais influenciam a organização dos mercados e o crescimento de longo prazo. Utilizando estes conceitos teóricos, este trabalho analisa a política industrial do Japão no período 1945-1990, defendendo a idéia de que o aparato institucional promoveu a eficiôncia econômica e uma trajetória de longo prazo "favorável ao mercado", mesmo quando o governo praticava medidas protecionistas. Havia uma preocupação central com práticas de mercado e competição, mesmo dentro do aparato governamental. A conclusão a que chega a pesquisa a partir do estudo de caso escolhido é que o governo foi extremamente importante em países de industrialização recente, mas o aparato institucional determinou a trajetória de longo prazo da relação entre setor privado e mercado em cada um deles. Para que possa regular ou interferir no mercado, o governo deve ser severamente limitado

Achsenmächte, Potenze dell'Asse, Sujikukoku na Amazônia: imagens, narrativas e representações da Quinta Coluna no Pará (1939-1945)

O presente trabalho pretende analisar as representações e significados criados sobre os chamados “quinta-colunistas”, no Pará. Este termo nasce durante a Guerra Civil espanhola, quando, naquele momento, o exército de quatro colunas lideradas pelo general Francisco Franco aproximava-se de Madri marchando contra o governo legalista de Azaña. A Quinta-Coluna se referiria a um grupo de espiões que passariam informações acerca de estratégias, organização e ações do grupo governista para o inimigo. Tal termo se disseminou pelo mundo sendo apropriado no período da Segunda Guerra Mundial designando aqueles que serviriam como espiões de Alemanha, Itália e Japão que ficaram conhecidos, naquele momento, como “Súditos do Eixo”. Estes foram constantemente alvos de hostilidades seja através das letras impressas dos jornais, como também, dos programas de rádio, dos filmes nos cinemas, da literatura ou ainda, do teatro. As fontes utilizadas para o trabalho foram principalmente os jornais Folha do Norte, Folha Vespertina, O Estado do Pará e A Vanguarda. Também foi utilizada a Legislação Federal e o Folheto de Cordel O Brasil rompeu com eles, de Zé Vicente.