946 resultados para Infecções oportunistas relacionadas com a AIDS


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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Cryptococcus neoformans é uma levedura oportunista que pode se alojar no sistema nervoso central causando meningite, meningoencefalite e encefalite principalmente em indivíduos com algum comprometimento do sistema imune. É responsável por 4,5% das infecções oportunistas que acometem pacientes portadores do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV-positivos). Cryptococcus gattii é um patógeno primário responsável por uma alta incidência de criptococomas no pulmão e no cérebro e que apresenta uma alta morbidez neurológica e uma resposta retardada à terapia antifúngica. O diagnóstico da criptococose é, atualmente, baseado na detecção da levedura em amostras clínicas, no cultivo com posterior identificação bioquímica e na pesquisa de antígenos circulantes. A diferenciação entre as espécies C. neoformans e C. gattii, na maioria dos laboratórios, é realizada utilizando o meio de cultura ágar canavanina-glicina-azul de bromotimol (CGB) e demora em torno de sete dias. Neste trabalho foi padronizada uma metodologia de PCR multiplex que pode vir a substituir as provas bioquímicas utilizadas atualmente para a identificação das espécies de Cryptococcus, reduzindo em 6 dias o tempo necessário para a identificação das espécies. A metodologia também se mostrou mais específica na identificação das espécies, concordando com os resultados das sorotipagens em todos os 132 isolados de Cryptococcus testados, enquanto o resultado obtido com o cultivo em ágar CGB foi discordante em 6 dos 132 isolados, sendo 5 falso-positivos e 1 falso negativo. Foi também realizado o primeiro estudo epidemiológico do perfil de pacientes com meningite criptocócica no estado do Rio Grande de Sul notificados no Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública IPB-LACEN/RS no período de 2000 a 2005. A maioria dos pacientes é do sexo masculino (77,12%), branco (83,5%), na faixa etária entre 30 a 39 anos (46,24%) e infectados pelo HIV (95%).

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The shrimp farming industry is the most profitable area of the aquaculture at Rio Grande do Norte (RN) state, which is one of the largest producers in Brazil. However the infections that affect the shrimp cause major economic losses. The infection is a result of the interaction between the shrimp, the environment and pathogen. The change of these factors may lead to a condition of stress and susceptibility to opportunistic infections. One of these infections caused by Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) is widely distributed in several countries and affects a wide range of hosts. To optimize conditions for production of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, the more species cultivated in Brazil, it is necessary to understand the effects of environmental factors in the susceptibility of this species to infections. The aim of this study was to determine the IHHNV prevalence and to investigate the influence of environmental factors as salinity, temperature, stocking density, dissolved oxygen and rainfall in the IHHNV incidence in L. vannamei grown in farms, in the RN state. To determine the IHHNV prevalence were used 1089 samples of L. vannamei collected in seven farms. To perform the study about the influence of environmental factors, 525 samples of L. vannamei shrimp were collected in eight farms located in regions of low (0-1 ), medium (21-30 ) and high (38-57 ) salinity, using extensive (≤15 shrimp/m2 ), semi-intensive (18-33 shrimp/m2) or intensive (>36 shrimp/m2) stocking density systems. The IHHNV infection was determined in pleopod and hemolymph using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The environmental factors were recorded during the collection of animals, using a refractometer to measure the salinity and a multi-parameter meter to measure the temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water. The IHHNV prevalence in RN was 43% (468 infected shrimp out of 1089), varying on different farms. On the seven farms studied, IHHNV prevalence ranged from 18.6% to 54.8%. The infection rates in the shrimp cultured in low, medium and high salinity were respectively 43.10% (125/290), 31.2% (15/48) and 24.6% (46/187) and was significantly higher in shrimp grown in low salinity (P<0.001). The infection rates in ponds of extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems were respectively, 28.7%, 28.28% and 47.84%, and was significantly higher in high stocking densities (P<0.001). This study indicated a high IHHNV prevalence and a significant effect of salinity and stocking density, but not of the temperature, rainfall and dissolved oxygen on the IHHNV infection rate in the L. vannamei shrimp cultured in the northeastern Brazil

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicadas à Farmácia - FCFAR

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Odontologia - FOA

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The use of antimicrobial agents has facilitated the dissemination of multi-resistant microorganisms, compromising dental and medical treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of different opportunistic microbial species in patients who suffered head and neck trauma, under temporary maintenance in nosocomial environment, particularly intensive care units, on the occurrence of such microorganisms in the oral cavity of the patients. It was selected 38 patients subjected to head and neck traumas. After emergency surgical procedures, clinical samples of saliva, sub and supragingival biofilms and mucosal surfaces were collected at two different moments: just after stabilization of the patient and soon after patients’ release from medical units. The presence of opportunistic and superinfecting microorganisms was evaluated by culture on selective and non-selective media, and the presence of the family Enterobacteriaceae, as well as genera Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus was assessed by PCR. It was found that the use of antimicrobials, even for short periods of time was sufficient to facilitate colonization by microorganisms of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae, as well as yeasts and enterococci. These results support the concept that medical and dental teams should make a periodically change of antimicrobials used in treatment protocols in hospital for head and neck trauma patients, in order to minimize dissemination of opportunistic or superinfecting microorganisms.

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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias na especialidade de Sanidade Animal