High precision and selectivity for quantitation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in five chicken tissues using solid phase extraction and ESI LC-MS/MS for application in monitoring residues

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of nest site on the behaviour of laying hens

Low rates of nest acceptance by laying hens are a major problem in commercial poultry farming operations with aviary systems, leading to costly manual collection and cleaning of mislaid eggs. To gain knowledge about factors affecting nest use, laying hens' preferences for different nest locations were tested. Nests are normally installed at one of two sites: against a wall of the hen house or integrated into one tier of the aviary rack The preferences of laying hens for different nest sites have never been examined under commercial conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate whether behavioural differences can be detected between the different nest sites. The study consists of two consecutive trials involving 5027 Lohmann Selected Leghorn hens (LSL) and 601 layer hybrids selected for extensive housing conditions (EXT). The hens were randomly assigned to eight compartments per trial in groups of 355-360 LSL or 300 EXT in a laying hen house. Four compartments were equipped with a Volito Voletage (R) aviary system (VV), and four were equipped with a Rihs Bolegell (R) aviary system (RB), both of which contained either integrated or wall-placed nests when the experiments started. A strongly balanced crossover design with four periods was used. At 36, 44 and 52 weeks of age, the nest site in four out of the eight compartments was switched. Before each change, the fronts of half of the nests were videotaped during the light period, and the behaviour throughout the main laying period was analysed. Furthermore, the numbers of nest eggs and mislaid eggs in each compartment were recorded every day. No differences in the number of mislaid eggs between the two nest sites could be detected, except at the age of 20/21 weeks when hens in VV aviaries mislaid more eggs when nests were integrated (P = 0.0012). More hens stood simultaneously in front of the integrated nests than in front of wall-placed nests (P = 0.015). Activity of the laying hens increased (P = 0.0073), and stationary behavioural patterns declined (P = 0.0093), when the nests were placed by the wall. Hens inspected integrated nests for a longer duration than wall-placed nests, but wall-placed nests were visited more frequently. In addition to the nest site, the width of the platform in front of the nest influenced laying hen behaviour. Compared with narrower platforms, balance movements decreased on wider ones. Additionally, the platform design had to be taken into account as well, given that hens could not stand or walk as securely on wooden slats as on a grid floor. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Implicancias territoriales de los nuevos usos del suelo agrario en el partido de Monte

Los territorios rurales muestran importantes transformaciones en las últimas décadas, en el marco del modelo de desarrollo implementado en el país. Los espacios rurales próximos a las ciudades se van integrando al ámbito urbano a través de nuevos hábitos de vida y consumo. Los territorios son cada vez más interdependientes pero también cada vez más diversificados, lo que da lugar a distintas formas de apropiación, situación que muchas veces genera conflictos debido a la coexistencia de diversas lógicas productivas y sociales. En este contexto, el trabajo analiza los cambios territoriales que se manifiestanen las áreas rurales y los conflictos que surgen a raíz de las distintas formas de utilizar el territorio. Centramos nuestra atención en el partido de Monte, provincia de Buenos Aires, y en las implicancias territoriales generadasentre la avicultura y la expansión de actividades no agroproductivas. El análisis realizado permite visualizar la situación de los actores intervinientes, los intereses en juego y sus consecuencias en el uso y apropiación del territorio.

Implicancias territoriales de los nuevos usos del suelo agrario en el partido de Monte

Los territorios rurales muestran importantes transformaciones en las últimas décadas, en el marco del modelo de desarrollo implementado en el país. Los espacios rurales próximos a las ciudades se van integrando al ámbito urbano a través de nuevos hábitos de vida y consumo. Los territorios son cada vez más interdependientes pero también cada vez más diversificados, lo que da lugar a distintas formas de apropiación, situación que muchas veces genera conflictos debido a la coexistencia de diversas lógicas productivas y sociales. En este contexto, el trabajo analiza los cambios territoriales que se manifiestanen las áreas rurales y los conflictos que surgen a raíz de las distintas formas de utilizar el territorio. Centramos nuestra atención en el partido de Monte, provincia de Buenos Aires, y en las implicancias territoriales generadasentre la avicultura y la expansión de actividades no agroproductivas. El análisis realizado permite visualizar la situación de los actores intervinientes, los intereses en juego y sus consecuencias en el uso y apropiación del territorio.

Implicancias territoriales de los nuevos usos del suelo agrario en el partido de Monte

Los territorios rurales muestran importantes transformaciones en las últimas décadas, en el marco del modelo de desarrollo implementado en el país. Los espacios rurales próximos a las ciudades se van integrando al ámbito urbano a través de nuevos hábitos de vida y consumo. Los territorios son cada vez más interdependientes pero también cada vez más diversificados, lo que da lugar a distintas formas de apropiación, situación que muchas veces genera conflictos debido a la coexistencia de diversas lógicas productivas y sociales. En este contexto, el trabajo analiza los cambios territoriales que se manifiestanen las áreas rurales y los conflictos que surgen a raíz de las distintas formas de utilizar el territorio. Centramos nuestra atención en el partido de Monte, provincia de Buenos Aires, y en las implicancias territoriales generadasentre la avicultura y la expansión de actividades no agroproductivas. El análisis realizado permite visualizar la situación de los actores intervinientes, los intereses en juego y sus consecuencias en el uso y apropiación del territorio.

Farm nitrogen balances in six European landscapes as an indicator for nitrogen losses and basis for improved management.

Improved management of nitrogen (N) in agriculture is necessary to achieve a sustainable balance between the production of food and other biomass, and the unwanted effects of N on water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity deterioration and human health. To analyse farm N-losses and the complex interactions within farming systems, efficient methods for identifying emissions hotspots and evaluating mitigation measures are therefore needed. The present paper aims to fill this gap at the farm and landscape scales. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm N balances, N surpluses and for evaluating uncertainty for the 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland included in the study. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. All landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with large-scale landless poultry farming. Overall, the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep and cattle grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but was similar to the N surplus of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry farming was included. We found farm N balances to be a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate concentrations in soils and groundwater, measured during the period of N management data collection in the landscapes from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. No significant correlation was found with N measured in surface waters, probably because of spatial and temporal variations in groundwater buffering and biogeochemical reactions affecting N flows from farm to surface waters. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22% reduction related to measures targeted at N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences in N surplus between average N management farms and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that additional N-surplus reductions of 25–50%, as compared to the present level, were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective for comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options. It is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N source and N sink hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.

Heterogeneity of atmosfpheric ammonia at the landscape scale and consequences for environmental impact assessment.

We examined the consequences of the spatial heterogeneity of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) by measuring and modelling NH3 concentrations and deposition at 25 m grid resolution for a rural landscape containing intensive poultry farming, agricultural grassland, woodland and moorland. The emission pattern gave rise to a high spatial variability of modelled mean annual NH3 concentrations and dry deposition. Largest impacts were predicted for woodland patches located within the agricultural area, while larger moorland areas were at low risk, due to atmospheric dispersion, prevailing wind direction and low NH3 background. These high resolution spatial details are lost in national scale estimates at 1 km resolution due to less detailed emission input maps. The results demonstrate how the spatial arrangement of sources and sinks is critical to defining the NH3 risk to semi-natural ecosystems. These spatial relationships provide the foundation for local spatial planning approaches to reduce environmental impacts of atmospheric NH3.

Agriculture /

Vol. 1. Soils, formation, physical and chemical characteristics and methods of improvement, including tillage, drainage & irrigation -- v. 2. Manures, fertilizers & farm crops, including green manuring and crop rotation -- v. 3. Animal husbandry, including the breeds of live stock, the general principles of breeding, feeding animals; including discussion of ensilage, dairy management on the farm and poultry farming.

Husbandry and trade of indigenous chickens in Myanmar - results of a participatory rural appraisal in the Yangon and the Mandalay divisions

There is a variety of professions working with village chickens in developing countries, including farmers, veterinarians and chicken traders. People from all these occupations were involved in a participatory rural appraisal to investigate husbandry practices and trade of village chickens in Myanmar. Data were collected in two climatically different regions of the country, in the Yangon and in the Mandalay divisions. The breeding and training of fighting cocks was practised only in the Mandalay division, with well-trained birds sold for very high prices. Apart from this, chickens were raised in both regions mainly for small disposable income and were generally sold when money was needed, in particular during religious festivals. Chicken traders on bicycles, often called 'middle men', usually purchase birds from farmers in about 10 villages per day. Several 'middle men' supply birds to wealthier chicken merchants, who sell these birds at larger chicken markets. There is in general limited knowledge among farmers about the prevention of Newcastle disease via vaccination. Commercial indigenous chicken production is practised in Myanmar, but family poultry farming dominates indigenous chicken production in the country.

Farming and processing stategies for improving poultry meat quality

The purpose of the PhD research was the identification of new strategies of farming and processing, with the aim to improve the nutritional and technological characteristics of poultry meat. Part of the PhD research was focused on evaluation of alternative farming systems, with the aim to increase animal welfare and to improve the meat quality and sensorial characteristics in broiler chickens. It was also assessed the use of innovative ingredients for marination of poultry meat (sodium bicarbonate and natural antioxidants) The research was developed by studying the following aspects: - Meat quality characteristics, oxidative stability and sensorial traits of chicken meat obtained from two different farming systems: free range vs conventional; - Meat quality traits of frozen chicken breast pre-salted using increasing concentrations of sodium chloride; - Use of sodium bicarbonate in comparison with sodium trypolyphosphate for marination of broiler breast meat and phase; - Marination with thyme and orange essential oils mixture to improve chicken meat quality traits, susceptibility to lipid oxidation and sensory traits. The following meat quality traits analyseswere performed: Colour, pH, water holding capacity by conventional (gravimetric methods, pressure application, centrifugation and cooking) and innovative methods (low-field NMR and DSC analysis) ability to absorb marinade soloutions, texture (shear force using different probes and texture profile analysis), proximate analysis (moisture, proteins, lipids, ash content, collagen, fatty acid), susceptibility to lipid oxidation (determinations of reactive substances with thiobarbituric acid and peroxide value), sensorial analysis (triangle test and consumer test).

Farming and processing factors for improving quality properties of poultry and rabbit meat

Recently, global meat market is facing several dramatic changes due to shifting in diet and life style, consumer demands, and economical considerations. Firstly, there was a tremendous increase in the poultry meat demand. Furthermore, current forecast and projection studies pointed out that the expansion of the poultry market will continue in future. In response to this demand, there was a great success to increase growth rate of meat-type chickens in the last few decades in order to optimize the production of poultry meat. Accordingly, the increase of growth rate induced the appearance of several muscle abnormalities such as pale-soft-exudative (PSE) syndrome and deep-pectoral-myopathy (DPM) and more recently white striping and wooden breast. Currently, there is growing interest in meat industry to understand how much the magnitude of the effect of these abnormalities on different quality traits for raw and processed meat. Therefore, the major part of the research activities during the PhD project was dedicated to evaluate the different implications of recent muscle abnormalities such as white striping and wooden breast on meat quality traits and their incidence under commercial conditions. Generally, our results showed that the incidence of these muscle abnormalities was very high under commercial conditions and had great adverse impact on meat quality traits. Secondly, there is growing market share of convenient, healthy, and functional processed meat products. Accordingly, the remaining part of research activities of the PhD project was dedicated to evaluate the possibility to formulate processed meat products with higher perceived healthy profile such as phosphate free-marinated chicken meat and low sodium-marinated rabbit meat products. Overall all findings showed that sodium bicarbonate can be considered as promising component to replace phosphates in meat products, while potassium chloride under certain conditions was successfully used to produce low marinated rabbit meat products.

The International dry-farming congress, containing: the official call of the seventh international session, and exposition, at Lethbridge, Alberta, October 19-26, 1912. The dry-farming congress--its history, its sims, its successes. The province of Alberta ... its resources, its development, its possibilities, and the agricultural and industrial districts of southern Alberta. Pub. by the Department of agriculture of the province of Alberta, and the Board of control, of the seventh International dry-farming congress.

Edited by Charles S. Hotchkiss.

Egg farming; a practical reliable manual upon producing eggs and poultry for market as a profitable business enterprise.

"Reprinted with corrections Oct. 1938."

Egg farming; a practical reliable manual upon producing eggs and poultry for market as a profitable business enterprise,

"Reprinted with corrections April, 1942."

Joint municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in rural communities : simulation analysis with poultry processing plants /

Issued Mar. 1980.