De Indo-Europeiska sprakens forhallande till de Semitiska.

Mode of access: Internet.

Grimm's law: a study, or hints towards an explanation of the so-called "lautverschiebung"; to which are added some remarks on the primitive Indo-European k and several appendices.

Mode of access: Internet.

Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der indo-germanischen Sprachen, unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Hauptformen, Sanskrit; Zend-Persisch; Griechisch-Lateinisch; Littauisch-Slawisch; Germanisch und Keltisch,

"2. Th. 2. Abth." to "5. Bd." have added t.-p.: Wurzel-Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen ...; "6. Bd.": Wurzel-, Wort-, Namen- und Sach-Register zu den fünf Bänden ... von Dr. Heinr. Ernst Bindseil.

Nollapersoonalause suomessa ja virossa. Tutkimus kirjoitetun kielen aineistosta

The present study focuses on the zero person constructions both in Finnish and Estonian. In the zero person construction, there is no overt subject and the verb is in the 3rd person singular form: Fin. Tammikuussa voi hiihtää Etelä-Suomessakin. Est. Jaanuaris saab suusatada ka Lõuna-Soomes ‘In January one can ski even in South-Finland’. The meaning of the zero construction is usually considered generic and open. However, the zero may be interpreted as indexically open so that the reference can be construed from the context. This study demonstrates how the zero may be interpreted as referring to the speaker, the addressee, or anybody. The zero person construction in Finnish has been contrasted to the generic pronoun constructions in Indo-European languages. For example, the zero person is translated in English as you or one; in Swedish and German as man. The grammar and semantics of the Finnish zero person construction have been studied earlier to some extent. However, the differences and similarities between Finnish and Estonian, two closely related languages, have not been thoroughly studied before. The present doctoral thesis sheds light on the zero person construction, its use, functions, and interpretation both in Finnish and Estonian. The approach taken is contrastive. The data comes from magazine articles published in Finnish and translated into Estonian. The data consists of Finnish sentences with the zero person and their Estonian translations. In addition, the data includes literary fiction, and non-translated Estonian corpora texts as well. Estonian and Finnish are closely related and in principle the personal system of the two languages is almost identical, nevertheless, there are interesting differences. The present study shows that the zero person construction is not as common in Estonian as it is in Finnish. In my data, a typical sentence with the zero person in both languages is a generic statement which tells us what can or cannot be done. When making generic statements the two languages are relatively similar, especially when the zero person is used together with a modal verb. The modal verbs (eg. Fin. voida ‘can’, saada ‘may’, täytyä ‘must’; Est. võima ‘may’, saama ‘can’, tulema ’must’) are the most common verbs in both Finnish and Estonian zero person constructions. Significant differences appear when a non-modal verb is used. Overall, non-modal verbs are used less frequently in both languages. Verbs with relatively low agentivity or intentionality, such as perception verb nähdä in Finnish and nägema in Estonian, are used in the zero person clauses in both languages to certain extent. Verbs with more agentive and intentional properties are not used in the Estonian zero person clauses; in Finnish their use is restricted to specific context. The if–then-frame provides a suitable context for the zero person in Finnish, and the Finnish zero person may occur together with any kind of verb in conditional if-clause. Estonian if-clauses are not suitable contexts for zero person. There is usually a da-infinitive, a generic 2nd person singular or a passive form instead of the zero person in Estonian counterparts for Finnish if-clauses with zero person. The aim of this study was to analyze motivations for choosing the zero person in certain contexts. In Estonian, the use of the zero person constructions is more limited than in Finnish, and some of the constraints are grammatical. On the other hand, some of the constraints are motivated by the differences in actual language use. Contrasting the two languages reveals interesting differences and similarities between these two languages and shows how these languages may use similar means differently.

Em defesa da categoria de voz média no português

A voz média representa uma categoria flexional das línguas clássicas indo-européias com a função de expressar estados de coisas que afetam o sujeito do verbo ou seus interesses. O português dispõe de um conjunto de predicados, formalmente identificados pelo uso anafórico e não-correferencial do pronome 'se', em que se sustenta a noção de diátese medial. Este trabalho pretende fornecer evidências formais, semânticas e tipológicas para postular uma distinção entre construções médias e reflexivo-recíprocas.

The Semantics and Typology of Yes/No Particles (A Cross-Linguistic Study)

Taking the three basic systems of Yes/No particles the group looked at the relative deep and surface structures, and asked what types of systems are present in the Georgian, Polish and Armenian languages. The choice of languages was of particular interest as the Caucasian and Indo-European languages usually have different question-answering systems, but Georgian (Caucasian) and Polish (Indo-European) in fact share the same system. The Armenian language is Indo-European, but the country is situated in the southern Caucasus, on Georgia's southern border, making it worth analysing Armenian in comparison with Georgian (from the point of view of language interference) and with Polish (as two relative languages). The group identified two different deep structures, tracing the occurrence of these in different languages, and showed that one is more natural in the majority of languages. They found no correspondence between relative languages and their question-answer systems and demonstrated that languages in the same typological class may show different systems, as with Georgian and the North Caucasian languages. It became clear that Georgian, Armenian and Polish all have an agree/disagree question-answering system defined by the same deep structure. From this they conclude that the lingual mentalities of Georgians, Armenians and Poles are more oriented to the communicative act. At the same time the Yes/No system, in which a positive particle stands for a positive answer and a negative particle for a negative answer, also functions in these languages, indicating that the second deep structure identified also functions alongside the first.

The Indoeuropean accent; tripudic, or birhythmic, pyrrhic or bimetric, crescendo-diminuendo quantrum constant of stress and time,

Mode of access: Internet.

Über Wechselbeziehungen der ägyptischen, indoeuropaeischen und semitischen Etymologie /

Mode of access: Internet.

Grundriss der vergleichenden grammatik der indogermanischen sprachen. Kurzgefasste darstellung der geschichte des altindischen, altiranischen (avestischen und altpersischen) altarmenischen, altgriechischen, lateinischen, umbrisch-samnitischen, altirischen, gotischen, althochdeutschen, litanischen und altkirchenslavischen,

Each vol. has both general and special t.-p.

Untersuchungen zu den langen Vokalen in der ĕ Reihe. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre des indogermanischen Ablauts,

Mode of access: Internet.

Einführung in das studium der indogermanischen sprachwissenschaft, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der klassischen und germanischen sprachen,

"Bibliographie" p. 1-19.

Vorlesungen über die vergleichende lautlehre des sanskrit, des griechischen und des lateinischen, gehalten an der Mailänder Wissenschaftlich-litterarischen akademie,

No more published.

Intensiva und Iterativa und ihr Verhältnis zu einander : eine sprachwiszenschaftliche Abhandlung /

Includes index.

Vergleichende Grammatik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Litthauischen, Gothischen und Deutschen,

Mode of access: Internet.

Vergleichende grammatik des sanskrit, send, armenischen, griechischen, lateinischen, litauischen, altslavischen, gothischen und deutschen,

Mode of access: Internet.