Production networks in the Asia-Pacific region : facts and policy implications

Production networks have been extensively developed in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper employs two micro-level approaches, case studies and econometric analysis, using JETRO's firm surveys which investigate Japanese affiliates operating in Southeast Asia. These two approaches found that production networks have extended, involving suppliers, across various nations in the Asia-Pacific region, and that production bases in host and home countries have different roles. A home country serves as a headquarters with services such as R&D, international marketing, and financing. A high tariff policy in a host country may foster domestic industries through the expansion of procurement from domestic suppliers, either indigenous or foreign, but it may discourage a country from becoming an export platform.

In the most high and palmy state of Queensland

Peter Beattie's efforts to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians needs support.

Moving and removing: relocation threatens people's wellbeing

The implications of relocation on Indigenous Australians

The effects of agglomeration economies on the productivity of manufacturing local units in Ireland

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of agglomeration economies on the productivity of manufacturing local units in Ireland. Four types of agglomeration economies are considered in this study. These are internal economies of scale, localization economies, related variety and urbanization economies. This study makes a number of contributions to the literature. Firstly, this is the first study to conduct an investigation of the effects of agglomeration economies on the productivity of manufacturing local units operating in Ireland. Secondly, this study distinguishes between indigenous and foreign-owned local units which is important given the dual nature of the Irish economy (Krugman, 1997). Thirdly, in addition to considering the effects of agglomeration economies, this study examines the impact of spurious agglomeration on the productivity of foreign-owned local units. Using data from the Census of Industrial Local Units and a series of IV GMM estimators to control for endogeneity, the results of the analysis conducted in Chapter 6 reveal that there are differences in the effects of agglomeration economies on the productivity of indigenous and foreign-owned local units. In Chapter 7 the Census of Industrial Local Units is supplemented by additional data sources and more in-depth measures are generated to capture the features of each of the external agglomeration economies considered in this analysis. There is some evidence to suggest that the availability of local inputs has a negative and significant impact on productivity. The NACE based measures of related variety reveal that the availability of local inputs and knowledge spillovers for related sectors have a negative and significant impact on productivity. There is clear evidence to suggest that urbanization economies are important for increasing the productivity of indigenous local units. The findings reveal that a 1% increase in population density in the NUTS 3 region leads to an increase in the productivity of indigenous local units of approximately 0.07% to 0.08%. The results also reveal that there is a significant difference in the effects of agglomeration economies on the productivity of low-tech and medium/high-tech indigenous local units. The more in-depth measures of agglomeration economies used in Chapter 7 are also used in Chapter 8. A series of IV GMM regressions are estimated in order to identify the impact of agglomeration economies and spurious agglomeration on the productivity of foreign-owned local units operating in Ireland. There is some evidence found to suggest that the availability of a pool of skilled labour has a positive and significant on productivity of foreign-owned local units. There is also evidence to suggest that localization knowledge spillovers have a negative impact on the productivity of foreign-owned local units. There is strong evidence to suggest that the availability of local inputs has a negative impact on the productivity. The negative impact is not confined to the NACE 4-digit sector but also extends into related sectors as determined by Porter’s (2003) cluster classification. The cluster based skills measure of related variety has a positive and significant impact on the productivity of foreign-owned local units. Similar to Chapter 7, there is clear evidence to suggest that urbanization economies are important for increasing the productivity of foreign-owned local units. Both the summary measure and each of the more in-depth measures of agglomeration economies have a positive and significant impact on productivity. Spurious agglomeration has a positive and significant impact on the productivity of foreign-owned local units. The results indicate that the more foreign-owned local units of the same nationality in the country the greater the levels of productivity for the local unit. From a policy perspective, urbanization economies are clearly important for increasing the productivity of both indigenous and foreign-owned local units. Furthermore, the availability of a pool of skilled labour appears to be important for increasing the productivity of foreign-owned local units. Another policy implication that arises from these results relates to the differences observed between indigenous local units and foreign-owned local units and also between low-tech and medium/high-tech indigenous local units. These findings indicate that ‘one-size-fits-all’ type policies are not appropriate for increasing the productivity of local units operating in Ireland. Policies should be tailored to the needs of either indigenous or foreign-owned local units and also to specific sectors. This positive finding for own country spurious agglomeration is important from a policy perspective and is one that IDA Ireland should take on board.

Representaciones sobre lo indígena y su vínculo con tendencias culturales globalizadas

En este artículo se analizan representaciones sobre lo indígena manifiestas en un sector de la población no indígena de Colombia, donde el chamanismo es un tema recurrente y donde las culturas indígenas son representadas como poseedoras de una sabiduría espiritual, alternativa y benéfica para la sociedad occidental. El análisis de este tipo de ideas permite advertir similitudes con los discursos utilizados en diferentes latitudes para representar otras alteridades étnicas, lo cual no se debe a semejanzas objetivas entre los grupos étnicos, sino a similitudes socioculturales existentes entre las personas que se representan así lo étnico. Los resultados llevan a concluir que este indigenismo es la manifestación local de una ideología globalizada, centrada en los ideales y necesidades del yo moderno.

CONSTRUCCIÓN DE ESPACIOS DE INFORMACIÓN PARA GARANTIZAR EL ACCESO AL CONOCIMIENTO EN LAS POBLACIONES INDÍGENAS: EL CASO DE COSTA RICA

Esta ponencia se basa en el proyecto CENTRO DE CONOCIMIENTO PARA GRUPOS INDÍGENAS CENTROAMERICANOS (GEIC), coordinado por la Escuela de Bibliotecología, Documentación e Información (EBDI) de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, (UNA), su objetivo es “proponer la construcción de espacios de información para la población indígena, a partir del proyecto CENTRO DE CONOCIMIENTO PARA GRUPOS INDÍGENAS CENTROAMERICANOS y con esta ponencia se pretende presentar las lecciones aprendidas durante 2003-2007, años de recolección y análisis de datos, de establecimiento de relaciones, de coordinar actividades y ejecutar acciones tendientes a garantizar el cumplimiento al derecho de acceso a la información de las poblaciones indígenas costarricenses.El objetivo de GEIC fue crear un Centro de Conocimiento sobre/de Grupos Étnicos Indígenas Centroamericanos que sirviera de eje central para la consolidación del desarrollo de procesos tendientes a fortalecer la temática y el desarrollo de los grupos étnicos indígenas centroamericanos.El proyecto inició en el 2003, pero al no contar con personal permanente, se interrumpe su proceso hasta enero de 2004, con el desarrollo de la primera etapa, que comprende implementar cinco objetivos en Costa Rica. En posteriores etapas se espera integrar a los demás países centroamericanos.La población indígena costarricense corresponde a 63,876 personas, representando el 1.6% de la población nacional; existen ocho grupos socioculturales indígenas distintos, Cabécares, Bribris, Ngäbe, Térrabas, Borucas, Huetares, Malekus y Chorotegas, habitan en 24 territorios y hablan en 6 idiomas indígenas. A ellos se deben sumar poblaciones indígenas migratorias como los Miskitos de Nicaragua y Ngäbes de Panamá que trabajan en la producción agrícola en distintas zonas del país. El Proyecto GEIC, buscó la ejecución de la propuesta de creación de una unidad de información especializada en asuntos indígenas, en Shiroles Talamanca, para esto se realizó una investigación diagnóstica en la zona, determinando los recursos disponibles: tecnológicos, humanos, económicos y educacionales. En la actualidad se está gestionando y buscando financiamiento en instituciones locales, nacionales, e internacionales para cubrir los costos, aspecto que resulta un poco difícil por la falta de valoración de la importancia de la información en las comunidades indígenas.Otra actividad paralela a ésta es la construcción de un portal disponible en la dirección: http://www.una.ac.cr/bibliotecología/proyectogeic, y que fue avalado por las comunidades indígenas, con la participación de los y las protagonistas. En esa oportunidad se les explicó cada sección del mismo y se les solicitó sus observaciones y comentarios al respecto para involucrarlos(as) y se sintieran apropiados(as) de la misma.

The demise of a planned randomised controlled trial in an urban Aboriginal medical service

To fill a gap in knowledge about the effectiveness of brief intervention for hazardous alcohol use among Indigenous Australians, we attempted to implement a randomised controlled trial in an urban Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS) as a joint AMS-university partnership. Because of low numbers of potential participants being screened, the RCT was abandoned in favour of a two-part demonstration project. Only 16 clients were recruited for follow-up in six-months, and the trial was terminated. Clinic, patient, Aboriginal health worker, and GP factors, interacting with study design factors, all contributed to our inability to implement the trial as designed. The key points to emerge from the study are that alcohol misuse is a difficult issue to manage in an Indigenous primary health care setting; RCTs involving inevitably complex study protocols may not be acceptable or sufficiently adaptable to make them viable in busy, Indigenous primary health care settings; and gold-standard RCT-derived evidence for the effectiveness of many public health interventions in Indigenous primary health care settings may never be available, and decisions about appropriate interventions will often have to be based on qualitative assessment of appropriateness and evidence from other populations and other settings.

Categories of indigenous 'homelessness' people and good practice responses to their needs

Mainstream concepts of homelessness do not serve Indigenous people well. Those designing policies or programs for Indigenous homeless people may need to re-think or change their concepts of homeless in order to adequately understand and respond to the needs of this group of people.

Public attitudes to the use of wildlife by Aboriginal Australians: Marketing of wildlife and its conservation

Indigenous Australians have socioeconomic attributes similar to those of residents in some developing countries. Their utilisation of wildlife could add to their economic opportunities. Attitudes of a sample of the Australian public towards the subsistence use of wildlife by Indigenous Australians and whether or not they should be allowed to sell wildlife and wildlife products are examined. Allowing such possibilities could provide economic incentives for nature conservation among local people. We explore whether those sampled believe that Indigenous Australians should do more than other groups and institutions to conserve Australia's tropical species, and whether or not they should be allowed to take common as well as endangered wildlife species for food. Attitudes of the sampled public towards Indigenous Australians earning income from trophy hunting and from the harvesting of northern long-necked turtles for the pet trade are canvassed. The possible conservation consequences of sale of wildlife by Indigenous Australians are discussed.