Indoor air quality at a waste incineration plant in Finland

Waste has been incinerated for energy utilization for more than a hundred years, but the harmful emissions emitted from the incineration plants did not begin to cause concern until the 1980s. Many plants were shutdown and the waste incineration plant in Kyläsaari Helsinki was one of them. In later years, new landfill regulations have increased the interest in waste incineration. During the last year, four new plants were taken into operation in Finland, Westenergy in Vaasa among them. The presence of dust has been observed indoors at Westenergy waste incineration plant. Dust is defined as particles with a diameter above 10 μm, while fine particles have a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm, ultrafine under 0.1 μm and nanoparticles under 0.05 μm. In recent years, the focus of particle health research has been changed to investigate smaller particles. Ultrafine particles have been found to be more detrimental to health than larger particles. Limit values regulating the concentrations of ultrafine particles have not been determined yet. The objective of this thesis was to investigate dust and particles present inside the Westenergy waste incineration facility. The task was to investigate the potential pollutant sources and to give recommendations of how to minimize the presence of dust and particles in the power plant. The total particle number concentrations and size distributions where measured at 15 points inside the plant with an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) Spectrometer. The measured particles were mainly in the ultrafine size range. Dust was only visually investigated, since the main purpose was to follow the dust accumulation. The measurement points inside the incineration plant were chosen according to investigate exposure to visitors and workers. At some points probable leakage of emissions were investigated. The measurements were carried out during approximately one month in March–April 2013. The results of the measurements showed that elevated levels of dust and particles are present in the indoor air at the waste incineration plant. The cleanest air was found in the control room, warehouse and office. The most polluted air was near the sources that were investigated due to possible leakage and in the bottom ash hall. However, the concentrations were near measured background concentrations in European cities and no leakage could be detected. The high concentrations were assumed to be a result of a lot of dust and particles present on surfaces that had not been cleaned in a while. The main source of the dust and particles present inside the waste incineration plant was thought to be particles and dust from the outside air. Other activities in the area around the waste incineration facility are ground work activities, stone crushing and traffic, which probably are sources of particle formation. Filtration of the outside air prior entering the facility would probably save personnel and visitors from nuisance and save in cleaning and maintenance costs.

Cemetery Committee Reports, Welland County, 1946

In 1946 the cemetery committee reported at least twice to the Welland County council. The reports included the state of cemeteries within the county boundaries and recommendations for grants to be made for their maintenance. The committee consisted of George F. Broadley, Chairman, and Herbert T. Guess, Irvin Edward Michener and Ellis P. Morningstar.

Notice of Location of Grave - Wailly Orchard Cemetery

Two notices from the Director of Graves Registration and Enquiries, London, England noting the location of the grave as Wailly Orchard Cemetery near Arras. One of the certificates incorrectly notes the name as S.G. Woodruff while the other correctly has S. D. Woodruff. The number listed for Lieut. S. D. Woodruff's grave site photograph is CCM/9/4433.

Indenture St. Catharines Cemetery

Indenture with the letterhead “St. Catharines Cemetery” (this is a photocopy) between the rector and church wardens of St. George’s Church, St. Catharines and Ann S. Sanderson of St. Catharines. The deed is for 208 square feet commencing at a lot purchased by S.D. Woodruff in part of section P – cemetery deed no. is 134, Jan. 23, 1861.

Indenture St. Catharines Cemetery

Indenture with the letterhead “St. Catharines Cemetery” between the rector and church wardens of St. George’s Church, St. Catharines and Henry C. Woodruff of the Township of Niagara. The deed is for 538 square feet in Lots 1 and 2 in division no. 13 in section M of the St. Catharines Cemetery. The cemetery deed no. is 530, July 7, 1869.

Indenture St. Catharines Cemetery

Indenture with the letterhead “St. Catharines Cemetery” between the Town Council of St. Catharines and Joel Phelps of St. Catharines. The deed is for 108 square feet for Lot no.3 in division 3 in section P of the St. Catharines Cemetery. The deed no. is 847, June 11, 1874.

Indenture between St. Catharines Cemetery of the Corporation of the City of St. Catharines and Samuel D. Woodruff

Indenture between St. Catharines Cemetery of the Corporation of the City of St. Catharines and Samuel D. Woodruff, cemetery deed no. 1253, May 18, 1883.

Indenture between Victoria Lawn Cemetery of the Corporation of the City of St. Catharines and Samuel D. Woodruff

Indenture between Victoria Lawn Cemetery of the Corporation of the City of St. Catharines and Samuel D. Woodruff for 112 sq.ft. known as part of section P. This is deed no. 1905, Oct. 21, 1901.

Indenture between Victoria Lawn Cemetery of the Corporation of the City of St. Catharines and Hamilton K. Woodruff

Indenture between Victoria Lawn Cemetery of the Corporation of the City of St. Catharines and Hamilton K. Woodruff for 216 square feet, Lot no.2 in division 9, section G of the Victoria Lawn Cemetery. This is a handwritten copy. The deed no. is 1937, Jan. 6, 1903.

Indenture between Victoria Lawn Cemetery, St. Catharines and H.K. Woodruff

Indenture between Victoria Lawn Cemetery, St. Catharines and H.K. Woodruff for Lot no. 1 in the north part in section L which included 108 feet. This is cemetery deed no. 261, March 8, 1910.

Indenture Park Lawn Cemetery Co. Ltd.

Indenture between Park Lawn Cemetery Co. Ltd. of Toronto, deed no.2905 for Lot 91 in section H for 156 feet for burial ground paid by Percy C. Bands [Band], Feb. 24, 1926.

Indenture between St. Catharines Victoria Lawn Cemetery and Mrs. H.K. Woodruff

Indenture between St. Catharines Victoria Lawn Cemetery and Mrs. H.K. Woodruff for a perpetual care fund and $67.20 into a general care and improvement fund in respect to the southerly portion of Lot no.9 in section P of the St. Catharines Victoria Lawn Cemetery. The deed no. is 859. This is the S.D. Woodruff plot, Nov. 4, 1932.

Cemetery Sketches

Crudely drawn sketches including: Samuel D. Woodruff’s grave; a sketch which includes the inside of the [St. George’s] church; Lot no. 4 and Woodruff and Milton graves. One of the maps was dated Dec. 31, 1871, n.d.

Receipts from Park Lawn Cemetery Co. Ltd.

Receipts from the Park Lawn Cemetery Co. Ltd., Bloor St. West, Toronto. Receipt no. 851 for payment in full for a Lot no.91 in section H received from Percy C. Bands [Band]. Receipt no. 852 for payment for corner stones for Lot no.91 in section H received from Percy C. Bands [Band]. The unnumbered receipt is for opening an adult grave for Sarah Lawrence. Payment was received from Percy C. Bands [Band], Feb. 23, 1926.

Map of Park lawn Cemetery

Map of Park Lawn Cemetery (which is off Bloor St. in Toronto). (This is a photocopy): Notes which have been penciled in are: “Sarah 1926”; “Eliza Lawrence, 1929” and “Eliza’s stone touching one of the big trees”, n.d.