PPAR gamma activation attenuates cold-induced upregulation of thyroid status and brown adipose tissue PGC-1 alpha and D2

Festuccia WT, Blanchard PG, Oliveira TB, Magdalon J, Paschoal VA, Richard D, Deshaies Y. PPAR gamma activation attenuates cold-induced upregulation of thyroid status and brown adipose tissue PGC-1 alpha and D2. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 303: R1277-R1285, 2012. First published October 24, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00299.2012.-Here, we investigated whether pharmacological PPAR gamma activation modulates key early events in brown adipose tissue (BAT) recruitment induced by acute cold exposure with the aim of unraveling the interrelationships between sympathetic and PPAR gamma signaling. Sprague-Dawley rats treated or not with the PPAR gamma ligand rosiglitazone (15 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), 7 days) were kept at 23 degrees C or exposed to cold (5 degrees C) for 24 h and evaluated for BAT gene expression, sympathetic activity, thyroid status, and adrenergic signaling. Rosiglitazone did not affect the reduction in body weight gain and the increase in feed efficiency, VO2, and BAT sympathetic activity induced by 24-h cold exposure. Rosiglitazone strongly attenuated the increase in serum total and free T4 and T3 levels and BAT iodothyronine deiodinase type 2 (D2) and PGC-1 alpha mRNA levels and potentiated the reduction in BAT thyroid hormone receptor (THR) beta mRNA levels induced by cold. Administration of T3 to rosiglitazone-treated rats exacerbated the cold-induced increase in energy expenditure but did not restore a proper activation of D2 and PGC-1 alpha, nor further increased uncoupling protein 1 expression. Regarding adrenergic signaling, rosiglitazone did not affect the changes in BAT cAMP content and PKA activity induced by cold. Rosiglitazone alone or in combination with cold increased CREB binding to DNA, but it markedly reduced the expression of one of its major coactivators, CREB binding protein. In conclusion, pharmacological PPAR gamma activation impairs short-term cold elicitation of BAT adrenergic and thyroid signaling, which may result in abnormal tissue recruitment and thermogenic activity.

Use of combined liothyronine and thyroxine therapy for consumptive hypothyroidism associated with hepatic haemangiomas in infancy

Hepatic haemiangiomas in infancy are rare. An association with hypothyroidism has been previously reported and is believed to be secondary to the conversion of thyroxine (fT4) to biologically inactive reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3). We report a case that responded well to the combined use of liothyronine and thyroxine therapy.

Regioselective Deiodination of Iodothyronamines, Endogenous Thyroid Hormone Derivatives, by Deiodinase Mimics

Iodothyronine deiodinases (IDs) are mammalian selenoenzymes that play an important role in the activation and inactivation pound of thyroid hormones. It is known that iodothyronamines (TnAMs), produced by the decarboxylation of thyroid hormones, act as substrates for deiodinases. To understand whether decarboxylation alters the rate and/or regioselectivity of deiodination by using synthetic deiodinase mimics, we studied the deiodination of different iodothyronamines. The triiodo derivative 3,3',5-triiodothyronamine (T3AM) is deiodinated at the inner ring by naphthyl-based deiodinase mimics, which is similar to the deiodination of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3). However, T3AM under-goes much slower deiodination than T3. Detailed experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that T3AM forms a weaker halogen bond with selenium donors than T3. Kinetic studies and single-crystal X-ray structures of T3 and T3AM reveal that intermolecular I center dot center dot center dot I interactions may play an important role in deiodination. The formation of hydrogen- and halogen-bonding assemblies, which leads to the formation of a dimeric species of T3 in solution, facilitates the interactions between the selenium and iodine atoms. In contrast, T3AM, which does not have I center dot center dot I interactions, undergoes much slower deiodination.

Expressão das iodotironinas desiodases tipos I e II em diferentes tecidos de camundongos normais e com deficiência inata para a desiodase tipo I

Duas enzimas, as iodotironinas desiodases tipos I e II (D1 e D2), catalizam a reação de 5’ desiodação do T4 promovendo a formação do hormônio tireoidiano ativo, T3. A D1, principal fonte de T3 circulante no plasma, esta presente no fígado, rim e tireóide. Até recentemente, acreditava-se que a expressão da D2 estivesse restrita a tecidos nos quais a concentração intracelular de T3 desempenha um papel crítico como na hipófise, sistema nervoso central e tecido adiposo marrom (TAM). Estes conceitos foram estabelecidos com base em estudos de atividade enzimática em homogenados de tecidos de ratos. A recente clonagem dos cDNAs da D1 e D2, de ratos e humanos, forneceu novos meios para a avaliação da distribuição tecidual e dos mecanismos que regulam a expressão dos genes destas enzimas. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que altos níveis de mRNA da D2 são encontrados na tireóide e músculos cardíaco e esquelético em humanos, entretanto este mesmo padrão não foi observado em ratos. Os hormônios tireoidianos tem um efeito direto sobre as desiodases, regulando a ação dessas enzimas de maneira tecido-específica. Estudos prévios demonstraram que elevados níveis de T4 reduzem à metade a atividade da D2 no cérebro e hipófise dos camundongos C3H/HeJ (C3H), linhagem de camundongos que apresenta uma deficiência inata da D1 compensada com o aumento dos níveis séricos de T4 que, nestes animais, são aproximadamente o dobro daqueles observados nos camundongos normais, C57BL/6J (C57). No presente trabalho, utilizamos a técnica da PCR a partir da transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para determinar o padrão de expressão do mRNA da D1 e D2 em diferentes tecidos de camundongos e avaliar sua regulação pelos hormônios tireoidianos. Investigamos, também, os níveis de mRNA da D2 em diferentes tecidos de camundongos normais e com deficiência inata da D1 para avaliarmos o mecanismo pelo qual o T4 regula a atividade da D2 nos animais deficientes. Nossos resultados demonstraram, como esperado, que altos níveis de mRNA da D1 estão presentes no fígado e rim e em menores quantidades no testículo e hipófise. Detectamos mRNA da D2, predominantemente, no TAM, cérebro, cerebelo, hipófise e testículo. Níveis mais baixos de expressão foram detectados, também, no coração. O tratamento com T3 reduziu, significativamente, a expressão da D2 no TAM e coração, mas não no cérebro e testículo. Por outro lado, os níveis de mRNA da D2 aumentaram, significativamente, no testículo de camundongos hipotireoideos. Transcritos da D2 foram identificados no cérebro, cerebelo, hipófise, TAM, testículo e, em menores quantidades, no coração em ambas as linhagems de camundongos, C57 e C3H. Entretanto, ao contrário da atividade, nenhuma alteração significativa nos níveis basais de expressão do mRNA da D2 foi detectada nos tecidos dos camundongos deficientes. O tratamento com T3 reduziu de forma similar, os níveis de mRNA da D2 no TAM e coração em ambos os grupos de animais. Em conclusão, nossos resultados demonstraram que o mRNA da D2 se expressa de forma ampla em diferentes tecidos de camundongos, apresentando um padrão de expressão similar ao descrito em ratos. A co-expressão da D1 e D2 no testículo sugere um papel importante dessas enzimas no controle homeostático do hormônio tireoidiano neste órgão. Demonstramos, também, que a deficiência da D1 não altera os níveis basais de expressão do mRNA da D2 nos camundongos C3H, confirmando que o T4 atua ao nível pós-transcricional na regulação da atividade da D2 nestes animais. Além disso, o T3 age de forma tecido-específica e tem efeito similar sobre a regulação pré-transcricional do gene da D2 em ambas as linhagens de camundongos.

i-Cobb - An innovative technique in spinal radiographic measurement

The measurement of Cobb angles from radiographs is routine practice in spinal clinics. The technique relies on the use and availability of specialist equipment such as a goniometer, cobbometer or protractor. The aim of this study was to validate the use of i-Phone (Apple Inc) combined with Tilt Meter Pro software as compared to a protractor in the measurement of Cobb angles. Between November 2008 and December 2008 20 patients were selected at random from the Paediatric Spine Research Groups Database. A power calculation was performed which indicated if n=240 measurements the study had a 96% chance of detecting a 5 degree difference between groups. All patients had idiopathic scoliosis with a range of curve types and severities. The study found the i-Phone combined with Tilt Meter Pro software offers a faster alternative to the traditional method of Cobb angle measurement. The use of i-Phone offers a more convenient way of measuring Cobb angles in the outpatient setting. The intra-observer repeatability of the iPhone is equivalent to the protractor in the measurement of Cobb angles.

Low-complexity estimation of CFO and frequency independent I/Q mismatch for OFDM systems

CFO and I/Q mismatch could cause significant performance degradation to OFDM systems. Their estimation and compensation are generally difficult as they are entangled in the received signal. In this paper, we propose some low-complexity estimation and compensation schemes in the receiver, which are robust to various CFO and I/Q mismatch values although the performance is slightly degraded for very small CFO. These schemes consist of three steps: forming a cosine estimator free of I/Q mismatch interference, estimating I/Q mismatch using the estimated cosine value, and forming a sine estimator using samples after I/Q mismatch compensation. These estimators are based on the perception that an estimate of cosine serves much better as the basis for I/Q mismatch estimation than the estimate of CFO derived from the cosine function. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes can improve system performance significantly, and they are robust to CFO and I/Q mismatch.

"Well, now I'm upset": Moral and social orders in the playground

There is much still to learn about how young children’s membership with peers shapes their constructions of moral and social obligations within everyday activities in the school playground. This paper investigates how a small group of girls, aged four to six years, account for their everyday social interactions in the playground. They were video-recorded as they participated in a pretend game of school. Several days later, a video-recorded excerpt of the interaction was shown to them and invited to comment on what was happening in the video. This conversation was audio-recorded. Drawing on a conversation analysis approach, this chapter shows that, despite their discontent and complaining about playing the game of school, the girls’ actions showed their continued orientation to the particular codes of the game, of ‘no going away’ and ‘no telling’. By making relevant these codes, jointly constructed by the girls during the interview, they managed each other’s continued participation within two arenas of action: the pretend, as a player in a pretend game of school; and the real, as a classroom member of a peer group. Through inferences to explicit and implicit codes of conduct, moral obligations were invoked as the girls attempted to socially exclude or build alliances with others, and enforce their own social position. As well, a shared history that the girls re-constructed has moral implications for present and future relationships. The girls oriented to the history as an interactional resource for accounting for their actions in the pretend game. This paper uncovers how children both participate in, and shape, their everyday social worlds through talk and interaction and the consequences a taken-for-granted activity such as playing school has for their moral and social positions in the peer group.

Concurrent multi-scale modeling of civil infrastructures for analyses on structural deterioration—Part I : Modeling methodology and strategy

This paper aims to develop the methodology and strategy for concurrent finite element modeling of civil infrastructures at the different scale levels for the purposes of analyses of structural deteriorating. The modeling strategy and method were investigated to develop the concurrent multi-scale model of structural behavior (CMSM-of-SB) in which the global structural behavior and nonlinear damage features of local details in a large complicated structure could be concurrently analyzed in order to meet the needs of structural-state evaluation as well as structural deteriorating. In the proposed method, the “large-scale” modeling is adopted for the global structure with linear responses between stress and strain and the “small-scale” modeling is available for nonlinear damage analyses of the local welded details. A longitudinal truss in steel bridge decks was selected as a case to study how a CMSM-of-SB was developed. The reduced-scale specimen of the longitudinal truss was studied in the laboratory to measure its dynamic and static behavior in global truss and local welded details, while the multi-scale models using constraint equations and substructuring were developed for numerical simulation. The comparison of dynamic and static response between the calculated results by different models indicated that the proposed multi-scale model was found to be the most efficient and accurate. The verification of the model with results from the tested truss under the specific loading showed that, responses at the material scale in the vicinity of local details as well as structural global behaviors could be obtained and fit well with the measured results. The proposed concurrent multi-scale modeling strategy and implementation procedures were applied to Runyang cable-stayed bridge (RYCB) and the CMSM-of-SB of the bridge deck system was accordingly constructed as a practical application.

I-cobb - An innovative technique in spinal radiographic measurement

The measurement of Cobb angles on radiographs of patients with spinal deformities is routine practice in spinal clinics. The technique relies on the use and availability of specialist equipment such as a goniometer, cobbometer or protractor. The aim of this study was to validate the use of i-Phone (Apple Inc) combined with Tilt Meter Pro software as compared to a protractor in the measurement of Cobb angles. The i-Phone combined with Tilt Meter Pro software offers a faster alternative to the traditional method of Cobb angle measurement. The use of i-Phone offers a more convenient way of measuring Cobb angles in the outpatient setting. The intra-observer repeatability of the iPhone is equivalent to the protractor in the measurement of Cobb angles.