Post-resistance exercise hypotension in spontaneously hypertensive rats is mediated by nitric oxide

1. Postexercise hypotension (PEH) plays an important role in the non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension. It is characterized by a decrease in blood pressure (BP) after a single bout of exercise in relation to pre-exercise levels. 2. The present study investigated the effect of a single session of resistance exercise, as well as the effect of nitric oxide (NO) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), in PEH in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). 3. Catheters were inserted into the left carotid artery and left jugular vein of male SHR (n = 37) for the purpose of measuring BP or heart rate (HR) and drug or vehicle administration, respectively. Haemodynamic measurements were made before and after acute resistance exercise. The roles of NO and the ANS were investigated by using N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 15 mg/kg, i.v.) and hexamethonium (20 mg/kg, i.v.) after a session of acute resistance exercise. 4. Acute resistance exercise promoted a pronounced reduction in systolic and diastolic BP (-37 +/- 1 and -8 +/- 1 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05), which was suppressed after treatment with L-NAME. The reduction in systolic BP caused by exercise (-37 +/- 1 mmHg) was not altered by the administration of hexamethonium (-38 +/- 2 mmHg; P > 0.05). After exercise, the decrease in diastolic BP was greater with hexamethonium (-26 +/- 1 mmHg; P < 0.05) compared with the decrease caused by exercise alone. 5. The results suggest that acute resistance exercise has an important hypotensive effect on SHR and that NO plays a crucial role in this response.

Short-term and long-term cardiovascular actions of different doses of perindopril in the rabbit

Short-term (one week) and chronic (six week) cardiovascular effects of orally administered perindopril were examined in the rabbit to demonstrate if short-term results can predict chronic outcomes. In short-term treatment, five doses of perindopril were examined in random order separated by a one week recovery period in each of six rabbits. Two doses of perindopril which resulted in a moderate hypotensive effect (-14 mmHg) and no hypotensive effect, respectively, were then selected for long-term treatment. Each rabbit in the short-term study received perindopril in doses of 0.01, 0.06, 0.32, 1.8 and 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for a week at a time. Rabbits on long-term treatment received either 0.3 or 0.01 mg kg(-1) day(-1) perindopril for six weeks. All rabbits had their mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate recorded throughout treatment. Plasma angiotensin I (AngI), perindoprilat, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition were also assayed. Perindopril treatment for one week produced a dose-dependent hypotensive effect with the threshold dose, 0.06 mg kg(-1) day(-1), producing a 6.5+/-1.8 mmHg fall in MAP. The highest dose (10.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) produced a large fall in blood pressure of -29.6+/-4.2 mmHg. The 0.01 and 0.06 mg kg(-1) day(-1) doses of perindopril produced an average 2.65 fold increase in plasma AngI levels compared to the initial control. The three higher doses (0.32-10.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) of perindopril produced an equivalent 5.7 fold increase in plasma AngI levels compared to the initial controls. However, over six weeks 0.01 mg kg(-1) day(-1) perindopril induced a similar decrease in MAP as the 30 fold higher dose (-9.3 mmHg compared to -11.7 mmHg,). This was in spite of a 3 fold difference in plasma perindoprilat concentrations between the high and low dose perindopril groups. Plasma ACE inhibition was >80% with both doses of perindopril. The results indicate that while perindopril decreases MAP in a dose-dependent manner in short-term (one week) periods, over longer treatment times (six weeks) low concentrations of perindopril, non-hypotensive with shortterm treatment, may be as anti-hypertensive as considerably higher doses. (C) 1996 The Italian Pharmacological Society.

Efeito hipotensivo de uma sessão de exercício aeróbio em idosos hipertensos

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares, entre elas, a hipertensão arterial constituem um dos problemas de saúde de maior prevalência, principalmente na população idosa. Alguns estudos têm apontado o exercício físico aeróbio como uma medida não farmacológica, eficaz, para a prevenção/controlo da hipertensão arterial. Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito agudo hipotensivo de uma sessão isolada de exercício físico aeróbio num grupo de idosos hipertensos. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por 20 idosos, de ambos os géneros, hipertensos, pertencentes a três centros de convívio distintos. Os indivíduos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, o grupo que fez a sessão de exercício (n=10, idade 81,2 ± 4,71 anos) e o grupo de controlo (n=10, idade 81,2 ± 3,12 anos). O grupo de exercício participou numa sessão de exercício físico aeróbio que teve 35 minutos de duração, sendo constituída por 5 minutos de aquecimento seguidos por duas frações de marcha a uma intensidade de 40-60% da frequência cardíaca (FC) de reserva, cada uma delas com a duração de 10 minutos, separadas por um intervalo de recuperação de 5 minutos, terminando com 5 minutos de retorno à calma. O grupo controlo permaneceu 35 minutos em repouso sentado. Todos indivíduos foram sujeitos à avaliação da pressão arterial (PA) e FC, antes, no intervalo, no término, 20 e 40 minutos após a sessão de exercício/35 minutos de repouso. Resultados: Observou-se que no grupo que fez o exercício físico a PA sistólica medida aos 40 minutos (123,04 ± 23,07 mmHg) após a sessão de exercício foi significativamente inferior aos restantes momentos de avaliação, incluindo o valor observado em repouso (135,57 ± 19,43 mmHg). A PA diastólica medida também aos 40 minutos (61,94 ± 7,49 mmHg) após a sessão foi inferior à obtida ao intervalo da sessão (72,40 ± 8,51 mmHg). A FC foi significativamente superior ao intervalo e no término da sessão comparativamente a todos os outros momentos de avaliação. Quanto ao grupo controlo não se verificaram diferenças significativas em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: Uma sessão isolada de exercício aeróbio de curta promove a ocorrência do fenómeno hipotensão pós-exercício em idosos hipertensos.

Brazilian multicenter study on efficacy and tolerability of trandolapril in mild-to-moderate essential arterial hypertension. EMBATHE substudy with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

OBJECTIVE: A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study involving 34 centers from different Brazilian regions was performed to evaluate the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of trandolapril, an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor, in the treatment of mild-to-moderate systemic arterial hypertension. METHODS: Of 262 patients enrolled in this study, 127 were treated with trandolapril 2 mg/day for 8 consecutive weeks, and the remaining 135 patients received placebo for the same period of time. Reduction in blood pressure (BP) and the occurrence of adverse events during this period were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: Significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic pressures were observed in patients treated with trandolapril when compared with those on placebo. Antihypertensive efficacy was achieved in 57.5% of the patients on trandolapril and in 42% of these normal values of BP were obtained. The efficacy of trandolapril was similar in all centers, regardless of the area of the country. In a subset of 30 patients who underwent ABPM, responders showed a significant hypotensive effect to trandolapril throughout the 24 hour day. The adverse event profile was similar in both trandolapril and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate, for the first time in a large group of hypertensive patients from different regions in Brazil, good efficacy and tolerability of trandolapril during treatment of mild-to-moderate essential systemic hypertension.

Blood Pressure and Hemodynamic Adaptations after a Training Program in Young Individuals with Down Syndrome

Background:Cardiovascular diseases affect people worldwide. Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) have an up to sixteen-time greater risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases.Objective:To evaluate the effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on blood pressure and hemodynamic variables of young individuals with DS.Methods:A total of 29 young individuals with DS participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: aerobic training (AT) (n = 14), and resistance training (TR) (n = 15). Their mean age was 15.7 ± 2.82 years. The training program lasted 12 weeks, and had a frequency of three times a week for AT and twice a week for RT. AT was performed in treadmill/ bicycle ergometer, at an intensity between 50%-70% of the HR reserve. RT comprised nine exercises with three sets of 12 repetition-maximum. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and hemodynamic variables were assessed beat-to-beat using the Finometer device before/after the training program. Descriptive analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test to check the normality of data, and the two-way ANOVA for repeated measures were used to compare pre- and post-training variables. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to correlate hemodynamic variables. The SPSS version 18.0 was used with the significance level set at p < 0.05.Results:After twelve weeks of aerobic and/or resistance training, significant reductions in variables SBP, DBP and MBP were observed.Conclusion:This study suggests a chronic hypotensive effect of moderate aerobic and resistance exercises on young individuals with DS.

Acute Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analytic Investigation

Abstract Hypertension affects 25% of the world's population and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and other diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the evidence regarding the acute effect of exercise on blood pressure (BP) using meta-analytic measures. Sixty-five studies were compared using effect sizes (ES), and heterogeneity and Z tests to determine whether the ES were different from zero. The mean corrected global ES for exercise conditions were -0.56 (-4.80 mmHg) for systolic BP (sBP) and -0.44 (-3.19 mmHg) for diastolic BP (dBP; z ≠ 0 for all; p < 0.05). The reduction in BP was significant regardless of the participant's initial BP level, gender, physical activity level, antihypertensive drug intake, type of BP measurement, time of day in which the BP was measured, type of exercise performed, and exercise training program (p < 0.05 for all). ANOVA tests revealed that BP reductions were greater if participants were males, not receiving antihypertensive medication, physically active, and if the exercise performed was jogging. A significant inverse correlation was found between age and BP ES, body mass index (BMI) and sBP ES, duration of the exercise's session and sBP ES, and between the number of sets performed in the resistance exercise program and sBP ES (p < 0.05). Regardless of the characteristics of the participants and exercise, there was a reduction in BP in the hours following an exercise session. However, the hypotensive effect was greater when the exercise was performed as a preventive strategy in those physically active and without antihypertensive medication.

The imidazoline receptors and the central regulation of the arterial blood pressure: a minireview

Recently, we proposed the hypothesis according to wich the central hypotensive effect of clonidine and related substances could be related to an action upon specific receptors, requiring the imidazoline or imidazoline-like structures, rather than alpha2-adrenoceptors. Since then, direct evidences have been accumulated to confirm the existence of a population of imidazoline specific binding sites in the brainstem of animals and man, more precisely in the Nucleus Reticularis Lateralis (NRL) region of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), site of the antihypertensive action of clonidine. The purification of the putative endogenous ligand of the imidazoline receptors - named endazoline - is currently being attempted from human brain extracts. This new concept might at last lead to the expected dissociation of the pharmacological mechanisms involved, on the one hand, in the therapeutic antihypertensive effect, and on the other, in their major side-effect, which is sedation. In fact, it has been recently confirmed that hypotension is mediated by the activation of imidazoline preferring receptors (IPR) within the NRL region, while sedation is attributed to the inhibition of alpha2-adrenergic mechanisms in the locus coeruleus, which is involved in the control of the sleep-waking cycle. The IPRmay constitute on interesting target for new drugs in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Finally, dysfunctions of this modulatory system which could be involved in the pathophysiologyof some forms of the hypertensive disease are under investigation.

Haemodynamic consequences of changing bicarbonate and calcium concentrations in haemodialysis fluids.

BACKGROUND: In a previous study we demonstrated that mild metabolic alkalosis resulting from standard bicarbonate haemodialysis induces hypotension. In this study, we have further investigated the changes in systemic haemodynamics induced by bicarbonate and calcium, using non-invasive procedures. METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial with a single-blind, crossover design, we sequentially changed the dialysate bicarbonate and calcium concentrations (between 26 and 35 mmol/l for bicarbonate and either 1.25 or 1.50 mmol/l for calcium). Twenty-one patients were enrolled for a total of 756 dialysis sessions. Systemic haemodynamics was evaluated using pulse wave analysers. Bioimpedance and BNP were used to compare the fluid status pattern. RESULTS: The haemodynamic parameters and the pre-dialysis BNP using either a high calcium or bicarbonate concentration were as follows: systolic blood pressure (+5.6 and -4.7 mmHg; P < 0.05 for both), stroke volume (+12.3 and +5.2 ml; P < 0.05 and ns), peripheral resistances (-190 and -171 dyne s cm(-5); P < 0.05 for both), central augmentation index (+1.1% and -2.9%; ns and P < 0.05) and BNP (-5 and -170 ng/l; ns and P < 0.05). The need of staff intervention was similar in all modalities. CONCLUSIONS: Both high bicarbonate and calcium concentrations in the dialysate improve the haemodynamic pattern during dialysis. Bicarbonate reduces arterial stiffness and ameliorates the heart tolerance for volume overload in the interdialytic phase, whereas calcium directly increases stroke volume. The slight hypotensive effect of alkalaemia should motivate a probative reduction of bicarbonate concentration in dialysis fluid for haemodynamic reasons, only in the event of failure of classical tools to prevent intradialytic hypotension.

Effets extra-rénaux du facteur natriurétique auriculaire [Extrarenal effects of the atrial natriuretic factor]

The synthesis of peptides which have the natriuretic and vasodilator properties of the atrial natriuretic factor has made it possible to study the physiological role of this recently discovered hormonal system. In addition to renal effects, atrial natriuretic peptides exert vascular, hemodynamic and endocrine actions which may participate in the regulation of plasma and interstitial volume as well as arterial blood pressure. Its acute hypotensive effect, which was observed in normal volunteers and in patients with cardiac failure or hypertension, is not entirely explained by its direct vasodilator effect. The complexity of its role is demonstrated by its inhibiting action on the synthesis and/or the activity of other vasoactive hormones. The observed increase in hematocrit suggests that vascular permeability may be enhanced; the resulting consequences, e.g. on blood viscosity, still need to be elucidated. When infusing atrial natriuretic peptides, there exists a clear delay between the moment steady-state plasma levels are achieved and peak effect occurs. This renders the interpretation of the results very difficult. At this moment, the physiological role of atrial natriuretic peptides as well as their potential future use as therapeutic agents cannot yet be fully appreciated.

The effects of losartan on renal function in the newborn rabbit.

The low GFR of newborns is maintained by various factors including the renin-angiotensin system. We previously established the importance of angiotensin II in the newborn kidney, using the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindoprilat. The present study was designed to complement these observations by evaluating the role of angiotensin-type 1 (AT(1)) receptors, using losartan, a specific AT(1)-receptor blocker. Increasing doses of losartan were infused into anesthetized, ventilated, newborn rabbits. Renal function and hemodynamic variables were assessed using inulin and para-aminohippuric acid clearances as markers of GFR and renal plasma flow, respectively. Losartan 0.1 mg/kg slightly decreased mean blood pressure (-11%) and increased diuresis (+22%). These changes can be explained by inhibition of the AT(1)-mediated vasoconstrictive and antidiuretic effects of angiotensin, and activation of vasodilating and diuretic AT(2) receptors widely expressed in the neonatal period. GFR and renal blood flow were not modified. Losartan 0.3 mg/kg decreased mean blood pressure significantly (-15%), probably by inhibiting systemic AT(1) receptors. GFR significantly decreased (-25%), whereas renal blood flow remained stable. The decrease in filtration fraction (-21%) indicates predominant efferent vasodilation. At 3 mg/kg, the systemic hypotensive effect of losartan was marked (mean blood pressure, -28%), with decreased GFR and renal blood flow (-57% and -51%, respectively), a stable filtration fraction, and an increase in renal vascular resistance by 124%. The renal response to this dose can be considered as reflex vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles, rather than specific receptor antagonism. We conclude that under physiologic conditions, the renin-angiotensin is critically involved in the maintenance of GFR in the immature kidney.

Effects of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs on the microcirculation of spontaneously hypertensive rats

We investigated the acute effects of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs on the microcirculation of pentobarbital-anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The effects of the sympatho-inhibitory agents clonidine and rilmenidine, known to activate both alpha2-adrenoceptors and nonadrenergic I1-imidazoline binding sites (I1BS) in the central nervous system, were compared to those of dicyclopropylmethyl-(4,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-3H -pyrrol-2-yl)-amine hydrochloride (LNP 509), which selectively binds to the I1BS. Terminal mesenteric arterioles were observed by intravital microscopy. Activation of the central sympathetic system with L-glutamate (125 µg, ic) induced marked vasoconstriction of the mesenteric microcirculation (27 ± 3%; N = 6, P < 0.05). In contrast, the marked hypotensive and bradycardic effects elicited by intracisternal injection of clonidine (1 µg), rilmenidine (7 µg) and LNP 509 (60 µg) were accompanied by significant increases in arteriolar diameter (12 ± 1, 25 ± 10 and 21 ± 4%, respectively; N = 6, P < 0.05). The vasodilating effects of rilmenidine and LNP 509 were two-fold higher than those of clonidine, although they induced an identical hypotensive effect. Central sympathetic inhibition elicited by baclofen (1 µg, ic), a GABA B receptor agonist, also resulted in vasodilation of the SHR microvessels. The acute administration of clonidine, rilmenidine and LNP 509 also induced a significant decrease of cardiac output, whereas a decrease in systemic vascular resistance was observed only after rilmenidine and LNP 509. We conclude that the normalization of blood pressure in SHR induced by centrally acting antihypertensive agents is paralleled by important vasodilation of the mesenteric microcirculation. This effect is more pronounced with substances acting preferentially (rilmenidine) or exclusively (LNP 509) upon I1BS than with those presenting important alpha2-adrenergic activity (clonidine).

Caractérisation de la pharmacocinétique de formulations sensibles au pH et de formulations destinées au traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses

La préparation de formulations à libération contrôlée est le domaine des sciences pharmaceutiques qui vise à modifier l’environnement immédiat des principes actifs pour en améliorer l’efficacité et l’innocuité. Cet objectif peut être atteint en modifiant la cinétique de circulation dans le sang ou la distribution dans l’organisme. Le but de ce projet de recherche était d’étudier le profil pharmacocinétique (PK) de différentes formulations liposomales. L’analyse PK, généralement employée pour représenter et prédire les concentrations plasmatiques des médicaments et de leurs métabolites, a été utilisée ici pour caractériser in vivo des formulations sensibles au pH servant à modifier la distribution intracellulaire de principes actifs ainsi que des liposomes destinés au traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses. Dans un premier temps, la PK d’un copolymère sensible au pH, à base de N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) et d’acide méthacrylique (MAA) a été étudiée. Ce dernier, le p(NIPAM-co-MAA) est utilisé dans notre laboratoire pour la fabrication de liposomes sensibles au pH. L’étude de PK conduite sur les profils de concentrations sanguines de différents polymères a défini les caractéristiques influençant la circulation des macromolécules dans l’organisme. La taille des molécules, leur point de trouble ainsi que la présence d’un segment hydrophobe à l’extrémité des chaînes se sont avérés déterminants. Le seuil de filtration glomérulaire du polymère a été évalué à 32 000 g/mol. Finalement, l’analyse PK a permis de s’assurer que les complexes formés par la fixation du polymère à la surface des liposomes restaient stables dans le sang, après injection par voie intraveineuse. Ces données ont établi qu’il était possible de synthétiser un polymère pouvant être adéquatement éliminé par filtration rénale et que les liposomes sensibles au pH préparés avec celui-ci demeuraient intacts dans l’organisme. En second lieu, l’analyse PK a été utilisée dans le développement de liposomes possédant un gradient de pH transmembranaire pour le traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses. Une formulation a été développée et optimisée in vitro pour capturer un médicament modèle, le diltiazem (DTZ). La formulation liposomale s’est avérée 40 fois plus performante que les émulsions lipidiques utilisées en clinique. L’analyse PK des liposomes a permis de confirmer la stabilité de la formulation in vivo et d’analyser l’influence des liposomes sur la circulation plasmatique du DTZ et de son principal métabolite, le desacétyldiltiazem (DAD). Il a été démontré que les liposomes étaient capables de capturer et de séquestrer le principe actif dans la circulation sanguine lorsque celui-ci était administré, par la voie intraveineuse. L’injection des liposomes 2 minutes avant l’administration du DTZ augmentait significativement l’aire sous la courbe du DTZ et du DAD tout en diminuant leur clairance plasmatique et leur volume de distribution. L’effet de ces modifications PK sur l’activité pharmacologique du médicament a ensuite été évalué. Les liposomes ont diminué l’effet hypotenseur du principe actif administré en bolus ou en perfusion sur une période d’une heure. Au cours de ces travaux, l’analyse PK a servi à établir la preuve de concept que des liposomes possédant un gradient de pH transmembranaire pouvaient modifier la PK d’un médicament cardiovasculaire et en diminuer l’activité pharmacologique. Ces résultats serviront de base pour le développement de la formulation destinée au traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses. Ce travail souligne la pertinence d’utiliser l’analyse PK dans la mise au point de vecteurs pharmaceutiques destinés à des applications variées. À ce stade de développement, l’aspect prédictif de l’analyse n’a pas été exploité, mais le côté descriptif a permis de comparer adéquatement diverses formulations et de tirer des conclusions pertinentes quant à leur devenir dans l’organisme.

Effet de l’Ocytocine sur les paramètres métaboliques et cardiovasculaires des rats Sprague-Dawley et des rats Spontanément Hypertendus

réalisé avec la codirection de Marek Jankowski

Étude pangénomique de la variabilité dans le nombre de copies liée à l’hypertension artérielle et ses anomalies métaboliques associées

L’hypertension artérielle essentielle (HTA) est une pathologie complexe, multifactorielle et à forte composante génétique. L’impact de la variabilité dans le nombre de copies sur l’HTA est encore peu connu. Nous envisagions que des variants dans le nombre de copies (CNVs) communs pourraient augmenter ou diminuer le risque pour l’HTA. Nous avons exploré cette hypothèse en réalisant des associations pangénomiques de CNVs avec l’HTA et avec l’HTA et le diabète de type 2 (DT2), chez 21 familles du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (SLSJ) caractérisées par un développement précoce de l’HTA et de la dyslipidémie. Pour la réplication, nous disposions, d’une part, de 3349 sujets diabétiques de la cohorte ADVANCE sélectionnés pour des complications vasculaires. D’autre part, de 187 sujets de la cohorte Tchèque Post-MONICA (CTPM), choisis selon la présence/absence d’albuminurie et/ou de syndrome métabolique. Finalement, 134 sujets de la cohorte CARTaGENE ont été analysés pour la validation fonctionnelle. Nous avons détecté deux nouveaux loci, régions de CNVs (CNVRs) à effets quantitatifs sur 17q21.31, associés à l’hypertension et au DT2 chez les sujets SLSJ et associés à l’hypertension chez les diabétiques ADVANCE. Un modèle statistique incluant les deux variants a permis de souligner le rôle essentiel du locus CNVR1 sur l’insulino-résistance, la précocité et la durée du diabète, ainsi que sur le risque cardiovasculaire. CNVR1 régule l’expression du pseudogène LOC644172 dont le dosage est associé à la prévalence de l’HTA, du DT2 et plus particulièrement au risque cardiovasculaire et à l’âge vasculaire (P<2×10-16). Nos résultats suggèrent que les porteurs de la duplication au locus CNVR1 développent précocement une anomalie de la fonction bêta pancréatique et de l’insulino-résistance, dues à un dosage élevé de LOC644172 qui perturberait, en retour, la régulation du gène paralogue fonctionnel, MAPK8IP1. Nous avons également avons identifié six CNVRs hautement hérités et associés à l'HTA chez les sujets SLSJ. Le score des effets combinés de ces CNVRs est apparu positivement et étroitement relié à la prévalence de l’HTA (P=2×10-10) et à l’âge de diagnostic de l’HTA. Dans la population SLSJ, le score des effets combinés présente une statistique C, pour l’HTA, de 0.71 et apparaît aussi performant que le score de risque Framingham pour la prédiction de l’HTA chez les moins de 25 ans. Un seul nouveau locus de CNVR sur 19q13.12, où la délétion est associée à un risque pour l’HTA, a été confirmé chez les Caucasiens CTPM. Ce CNVR englobe le gène FFAR3. Chez la souris, il a été démontré que l’action hypotensive du propionate est en partie médiée par Ffar3, à travers une interférence entre la flore intestinale et les systèmes cardiovasculaire et rénal. Les CNVRs identifiées dans cette étude, affectent des gènes ou sont localisées dans des QTLs reliés majoritairement aux réponses inflammatoires et immunitaires, au système rénal ainsi qu’aux lésions/réparations rénales ou à la spéciation. Cette étude suggère que l’étiologie de l’HTA ou de l’HTA associée au DT2 est affectée par des effets additifs ou interactifs de CNVRs.

Renal and vascular effects of the natriuretic peptide isolated from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom

Crotalus durissus cascavella is a snake that is usually found in the scrublands of northeast Brazil. The components of its venom may have effects on the vascular and renal systems. Recently, a new bradykinin inhibitory peptide has been identified in the venom of the Crotalinae family. The aim of the present study was to investigate the renal and vascular effects of the natriuretic peptide isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus cascavella (NP2_Casca). The chromatographic profile showed the fractionation of substances identified as convulxin, gyroxin, crotoxin and crotamine, as well as fractions V and VI. The electrophoretic profile of fraction V consisted of several bands ranging from approximately 6 kDa to 13 kDa, while fraction VI showed only two main electrophoretic bands with molecular weights of approximately 6 and 14 kDa. Reverse-phase chromatography showed that NP2_Casca corresponds to about 18% of fraction VI and that this fraction is the main natriuretic peptide. NP2_Casca was compared to other natriuretic peptides from other sources of snake venom. All amino acid sequences that were compared showed a consensus region of XGCFGX, XLDRIX and XSGLGCX. The group treated with NP2-Casca showed an increase in perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow and glomerular filtration rate. The percent of total and proximal tubular transport of sodium was reduced significantly after administration of the peptide. The mean arterial pressure showed a dose-dependent decrease after infusion of NP2_Casca, and an increase in nitrite production. In the aortic ring assay, NP2_Casca caused a relaxant effect in endothelium-intact thoracic aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine in the presence and absence of isatin. NP2_Casca failed to relax the aortic rings precontracted with an isosmotic potassium Krebs-Henseleit solution. In conclusion, the natriuretic peptide isolated from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom produced renal and vascular effects. NP2_Casca reduced total and proximal sodium tubular transport, leading to an increase in sodium excretion, thereby demonstrating a diuretic action. A hypotensive effect was displayed in an arterial pressure assay, with an increase in nitrite production, suggesting a possible vasoactive action. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.