929 resultados para Human skeleton -- Disorders


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Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been classically used for dissecting various human complex disorders using candidate gene studies. During the last decade, large scale SNP analysis i.e. genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided an agnostic approach to identify possible genetic loci associated with heterogeneous disease such as cancer susceptibility, prognosis of survival or drug response. Further, the advent of new technologies, including microarray based genotyping as well as high throughput next generation sequencing has opened new avenues for SNPs to be used in clinical practice. It is speculated that the utility of SNPs to understand the mechanisms, biology of variable drug response and ultimately treatment individualization based on the individual’s genome composition will be indispensable in the near future. In the current review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the clinical utility of genetic variants in disease risk-prediction, prognosis, clinical outcome and pharmacogenomics. The lessons and challenges for the utility of SNP based biomarkers are also discussed, including the need for additional functional validation studies.

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Recognition of a specific DNA sequence by a protein is probably the best example of macromolecular interactions leading to various events. It is a prerequisite to understanding the basis of protein-DNA interactions to obtain a better insight into fundamental processes such as transcription, replication, repair, and recombination. DNA methyltransferases with varying sequence specificities provide an excellent model system for understanding the molecular mechanism of specific DNA recognition. Sequence comparison of cloned genes, along with mutational analyses and recent crystallographic studies, have clearly defined the functions of various conserved motifs. These enzymes access their target base in an elegant manner by flipping it out of the DNA double helix. The drastic protein-induced DNA distortion, first reported for HhaI DNA methyltransferase, appears to be a common mechanism employed by various proteins that need to act on bases. A remarkable feature of the catalytic mechanism of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases is the ability of these enzymes to induce deamination of the target cytosine in the absence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine or its analogs. The enzyme-catalyzed deamination reaction is postulated to be the major cause of mutational hotspots at CpG islands responsible for various human genetic disorders. Methylation of adenine residues in Escherichia coli is known to regulate various processes such as transcription, replication, repair, recombination, transposition, and phage packaging.

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Germline mutations in many of the genes that are involved in homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR) are associated with various human genetic disorders and cancer. RAD51 and RAD51 paralogs are important for HR and in the maintenance of genome stability. Despite the identification of five RAD51 paralogs over a decade ago, the molecular mechanism(s) by which RAD51 paralogs regulate HR and genome maintenance remains obscure. In addition to the known roles of RAD51C in early and late stages of HR, it also contributes to activation of the checkpoint kinase CHK2. One recent study identifies biallelic mutation in RAD51C leading to Fanconi anemia-like disorder. Whereas a second study reports monoallelic mutation in RAD51C associated with increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. These reports show RAD51C is a cancer susceptibility gene. In this review, we focus on describing the functions of RAD51C in HR, DNA damage signaling and as a tumor suppressor with an emphasis on the new roles of RAD51C unveiled by these reports.

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Action recognition plays an important role in various applications, including smart homes and personal assistive robotics. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for recognizing human actions using motion capture action data. Motion capture data provides accurate three dimensional positions of joints which constitute the human skeleton. We model the movement of the skeletal joints temporally in order to classify the action. The skeleton in each frame of an action sequence is represented as a 129 dimensional vector, of which each component is a 31) angle made by each joint with a fixed point on the skeleton. Finally, the video is represented as a histogram over a codebook obtained from all action sequences. Along with this, the temporal variance of the skeletal joints is used as additional feature. The actions are classified using Meta-Cognitive Radial Basis Function Network (McRBFN) and its Projection Based Learning (PBL) algorithm. We achieve over 97% recognition accuracy on the widely used Berkeley Multimodal Human Action Database (MHAD).

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions are associated with various mitochondrial disorders. The deletions identified in humans are flanked by short, directly repeated mitochondrial DNA sequences; however, the mechanism of such DNA rearrangements has yet to be elucidated. In contrast to nuclear DNA (nDNA), mtDNA is more exposed to oxidative damage, which may result in double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although DSB repair in nDNA is well studied, repair mechanisms in mitochondria are not characterized. In the present study, we investigate the mechanisms of DSB repair in mitochondria using in vitro and ex vivo assays. Whereas classical NHEJ (C-NHEJ) is undetectable, microhomology-mediated alternative NHEJ efficiently repairs DSBs in mitochondria. Of interest, robust microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) was observed with DNA substrates bearing 5-, 8-, 10-, 13-, 16-, 19-, and 22-nt microhomology. Furthermore, MMEJ efficiency was enhanced with an increase in the length of homology. Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and protein inhibition assays suggest the involvement of CtIP, FEN1, MRE11, and PARP1 in mitochondrial MMEJ. Knock-down studies, in conjunction with other experiments, demonstrated that DNA ligase III, but not ligase IV or ligase I, is primarily responsible for the final sealing of DSBs during mitochondrial MMEJ. These observations highlight the central role of MMEJ in maintenance of mammalian mitochondrial genome integrity and is likely relevant for deletions observed in many human mitochondrial disorders.

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Background: It has been shown that mutations in at least four myotubularin family genes (MTM1, MTMR1, 2 and 13) are causative for human neuromuscular disorders. However, the pathway and regulative mechanism remain unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we reported a new role for Mtmr8 in neuromuscular development of zebrafish. Firstly, we cloned and characterized zebrafish Mtmr8, and revealed the expression pattern predominantly in the eye field and somites during early somitogenesis. Using morpholino knockdown, then, we observed that loss-of-function of Mtmr8 led to defects in somitogenesis. Subsequently, the possible underlying mechanism and signal pathway were examined. We first checked the Akt phosphorylation, and observed an increase of Akt phosphorylation in the morphant embryos. Furthermore, we studied the PH/G domain function within Mtmr8. Although the PH/G domain deletion by itself did not result in embryonic defect, addition of PI3K inhibitor LY294002 did give a defective phenotype in the PH/G deletion morphants, indicating that the PH/G domain was essential for Mtmr8's function. Moreover, we investigated the cooperation of Mtmr8 with PI3K in actin filament modeling and muscle development, and found that both Mtmr8-MO1 and Mtmr8-MO2+LY294002 led to the disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, we revealed a possible participation of Mtmr8 in the Hedgehog pathway, and cell transplantation experiments showed that Mtmr8 worked in a non-cell autonomous manner in actin modeling. Conclusion/Significance: The above data indicate that a conserved functional cooperation of Mtmr8 with PI3K regulates actin filament modeling and muscle development in zebrafish, and reveal a possible participation of Mtmr8 in the Hedgehog pathway. Therefore, this work provides a new clue to study the physiological function of MTM family members.

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The identification of genes involved in signaling and regulatory pathways, and matrix formation is paramount to the better understanding of the complex mechanisms of bone formation and mineralization, and critical to the successful development of therapies for human skeletal disorders. To achieve this objective, in vitro cell systems derived from skeletal tissues and able to mineralize their extracellular matrix have been used to identify genes differentially expressed during mineralization and possibly new markers of bone and cartilage homeostasis. Using cell systems of fish origin and techniques such as suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray hybridization, three genes never associated with mechanisms of calcification were identified: the calcium binding protein S100-like, the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase sdr-like and the betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase bhmt3. Analysis of the spatial-temporal expression of these 3 genes by qPCR and in situ hybridization revealed: (1) the up-regulation of sdr-like transcript during in vitro mineralization of gilthead seabream cell lines and its specificity for calcified tissues and differentiating osteoblasts; (2) the up-regulation of S100-like and the down-regulation of bhmt3 during in vitro mineralization and the central role of both genes in cartilaginous tissues undergoing endo/perichondral mineralization in juvenile fish. While expression of S100-like and bhmt3 was restricted to calcified tissues, sdr-like transcript was also detected in soft tissues, in particular in tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. Functional analysis of gene promoters revealed the transcriptional regulation of the 3 genes by known regulators of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation/mineralization: RUNX2 and RAR (sdr-like), ETS1 (s100-like; bhmt3), SP1 and MEF2c (bhmt3). The evolutionary relationship of the different orthologs and paralogs identified within the scope of this work was also inferred from taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses and revealed novel protein subfamilies (S100-like and Sdr-like) and the explosive diversity of Bhmt family in particular fish groups (Neoteleostei). Altogether our results contribute with new data on SDR, S100 and BHMT proteins, evidencing for the first time the role for these three proteins in mechanisms of mineralization in fish and emphasized their potential as markers of mineralizing cartilage and bone in developing fish.

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OBJECTIVE: A distinct subset of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells that produce interleukin-17 was recently identified. These cells are implicated in different autoimmune disease models, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis, but their involvement in human autoimmune disease has not yet been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and functional properties of Th17 cells in healthy donors and in patients with different autoimmune diseases. METHODS: Peripheral blood was obtained from 10 psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 10 ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 10 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 5 vitiligo patients, as well as from 25 healthy donors. Synovial tissue samples from a separate group of patients were also evaluated (obtained as paraffin-embedded sections). Peripheral blood cells were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine production was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular cytokine staining using specific monoclonal antibodies. Synovial tissue was examined for infiltrating T cells by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: We found increased numbers of circulating Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with seronegative spondylarthritides (PsA and AS), but not in patients with RA or vitiligo. In addition, Th17 cells from the spondylarthritis patients showed advanced differentiation and were polyfunctional in terms of T cell receptor-driven cytokine production. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest a role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of certain human autoimmune disorders, in particular the seronegative spondylarthritides.

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Les WNTs sont des glycoprotéines sécrétées impliquées dans plusieurs processus tels que la spécification cellulaire, la prolifération, la différenciation, et beaucoup d’autres. Pour transmettre leur signal, les WNTs se lient aux récepteurs Frizzled (FZD) et au co-récepteur « Low-density-lipoprotein receptor Related Protein » (LRP) 6 ou 5, activant ainsi l’une des trois principales voies de signalisation: la voie de signalisation WNT/β-caténine (voie canonique), la voie « Planar Cell Polarity » (PCP) et la voie WNT/Ca2+ (voies non-canoniques). Des antagonistes de cette voie, les « Secreted Frizzled Related Protein » (SFRPs), peuvent aussi se lier aux WNTs pour empêcher leur liaison aux récepteurs FZDs. Bien que des rôles importants aient été associés à plusieurs composants de la voie des WNTs lors de la régulation de l’ovaire adulte, le fonctionnement exact de cette signalisation reste nébuleux. L’objectif global de cette thèse visait donc à mieux comprendre la voie de signalisation des WNTs au niveau de l’ovaire adulte de souris, par la caractérisation de deux autres composants de cette voie, FZD1 et SFRP4. La création et l’analyse de souris Fzd1 et Sfrp4 KO ont démontré que FZD1 est nécessaire pour la régulation des gènes associés à l’expansion du cumulus, dans le complexe ovocyte-cumulus (COC). Nous avons aussi constaté que SFRP4 avait un rôle à jouer lors de la régulation des gènes associés à l’expansion du cumulus mais cette fois, au niveau des cellules de la granulosa. Finalement, les résultats in vivo et in vitro de cette étude ont suggéré que la voie PCP, contrairement à la voie canonique, pourrait être modulée dans les cellules de la granulosa des souris Sfrp4 KO, possiblement grâce au signal induit par WNT4 et WNT5a. Ces données ont permis de créer un modèle hypothétique représentant la régulation de la signalisation ovarienne par les WNTs. Ce modèle servira de base pour l’élaboration de futurs projets de recherche visant à comprendre davantage la signalisation ovarienne et les possibles effets de sa dérégulation lors de processus pathologiques. Ces connaissances pourront ensuite être appliquées chez l’humain afin de traiter plusieurs maladies ou dérèglements ovariens.

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L’analyse de la marche a émergé comme l’un des domaines médicaux le plus im- portants récemment. Les systèmes à base de marqueurs sont les méthodes les plus fa- vorisées par l’évaluation du mouvement humain et l’analyse de la marche, cependant, ces systèmes nécessitent des équipements et de l’expertise spécifiques et sont lourds, coûteux et difficiles à utiliser. De nombreuses approches récentes basées sur la vision par ordinateur ont été développées pour réduire le coût des systèmes de capture de mou- vement tout en assurant un résultat de haute précision. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons notre nouveau système d’analyse de la démarche à faible coût, qui est composé de deux caméras vidéo monoculaire placées sur le côté gauche et droit d’un tapis roulant. Chaque modèle 2D de la moitié du squelette humain est reconstruit à partir de chaque vue sur la base de la segmentation dynamique de la couleur, l’analyse de la marche est alors effectuée sur ces deux modèles. La validation avec l’état de l’art basée sur la vision du système de capture de mouvement (en utilisant le Microsoft Kinect) et la réalité du ter- rain (avec des marqueurs) a été faite pour démontrer la robustesse et l’efficacité de notre système. L’erreur moyenne de l’estimation du modèle de squelette humain par rapport à la réalité du terrain entre notre méthode vs Kinect est très prometteur: les joints des angles de cuisses (6,29◦ contre 9,68◦), jambes (7,68◦ contre 11,47◦), pieds (6,14◦ contre 13,63◦), la longueur de la foulée (6.14cm rapport de 13.63cm) sont meilleurs et plus stables que ceux de la Kinect, alors que le système peut maintenir une précision assez proche de la Kinect pour les bras (7,29◦ contre 6,12◦), les bras inférieurs (8,33◦ contre 8,04◦), et le torse (8,69◦contre 6,47◦). Basé sur le modèle de squelette obtenu par chaque méthode, nous avons réalisé une étude de symétrie sur différentes articulations (coude, genou et cheville) en utilisant chaque méthode sur trois sujets différents pour voir quelle méthode permet de distinguer plus efficacement la caractéristique symétrie / asymétrie de la marche. Dans notre test, notre système a un angle de genou au maximum de 8,97◦ et 13,86◦ pour des promenades normale et asymétrique respectivement, tandis que la Kinect a donné 10,58◦et 11,94◦. Par rapport à la réalité de terrain, 7,64◦et 14,34◦, notre système a montré une plus grande précision et pouvoir discriminant entre les deux cas.

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En tant que population majoritairement immigrante, les protestants inhumés au cimetière Saint-Matthew, ville de Québec (1771-1860) ont dû s'adapter à un nouvel environnement à leur arrivée au Québec, et donc à de nouvelles ressources. Parallèlement, les 18e et 19e siècles sont marqués par un contexte socio-économique en pleine mutation avec l'arrivée graduelle de la période industrielle, et la ville de Québec, avec son contexte portuaire, a ainsi été au coeur de ces changements. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'évaluer si la géochimie des isotopes stables appliquée à plusieurs matériaux du squelette humain (collagène et apatite de l'os, collagène de la dentine, et carbonate de l'émail) permet de mieux comprendre comment les comportements alimentaires des individus analysés provenant de ce cimetière cosmopolite (n=40) ont évolué en cours de vie. L'alimentation étant influencée par des conditions socio-économiques, culturelles et environnementales, cela peut nous informer indirectement sur les processus d'adaptation et l'identité d'un individu. C'est dans cette perspective d'écologie culturelle que nous avons interprété les données recueillies lors de ce projet, en complément aux analyses effectuées précédemment par Morland (2009) et Caron (2013). Nos résultats corroborent les tendances déjà observées, soit des pratiques alimentaires semblables à celles que l'on retrouve en Europe, et des immigrants provenant majoritairement des Îles Britanniques. Ils démontrent également une légère augmentation de la consommation de ressources C4, comme le maïs et la canne à sucre, à l'âge adulte pour 90% des individus analysés, de même qu'une baisse du niveau de protéines. Par ailleurs, les individus étudiés ont généralement eu tendance à conserver le même niveau alimentaire les uns par rapport aux autres tout au cours de leur vie, même si les pratiques étaient moins diversifiés à l'âge adulte. Finalement, on constate des similarités de comportements avec les populations irlandaises et britanniques plus pauvres durant l'enfance, alors qu'ils ressemblent davantage à ceux visibles dans la vallée laurentienne en fin de vie, notamment en ce qui concerne l'apport en protéines. Nos résultats suggèrent donc des changements alimentaires significatifs, fort possiblement liés aux processus de migration et à une adaptation constante à un nouvel environnement de la part des individus étudiés.

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La réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) permet l'élimination des lésions provoquant une distorsion de la double hélice de l’ADN. Ces lésions sont induites par plusieurs agents environnementaux comme les rayons UV, ainsi que par certaines drogues chimio- thérapeutiques tel que le cisplatine. Des défauts dans la NER conduisent à de rares maladies autosomiques héréditaires : La xérodermie pigmentaire (XP), le syndrome de Cockayne (CS), le syndrome de sensibilité aux UVSS et la trichothiodystrophie (TTD). Ces maladies sont associées soit à une prédisposition élevée au cancer de la peau et / ou à de graves anomalies du développement neurologique. Le groupe de patients XP-A représente le deuxième groupe (XP) le plus fréquent, et possède la forme la plus sévère combinant cancer de la peau avec un haut risque de dégénérescence neurologique. À date, aucune explication n`a été proposée pour les symptômes neurologiques observés chez ces patients. Nous avions suggéré ainsi que la protéine XPA possède d`autres fonctions dans d`autres processus cellulaires, ceci en interagissant avec des partenaires protéiques différents de ceux déjà connus. Afin de confirmer cette hypothèse nous avions réalisé une étude protéomique à grande échelle en combinant la spectrométrie de masse à une immunoprécipitation en Tandem d`affinité (TAP), afin d`identifier de nouvelles protéines interagissant directement avec XPA. Nous avions montré que XPA peut interagir avec MRE11, la protéine clé de la réparation par recombinaison homologue. Des études additionnelles sont requises pour confirmer cette interaction et comprendre sa fonction

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El presente trabajo monográfico fue desarrollado a través de un abordaje conceptual que pretendía aportar proposiciones teóricas desde diferentes perspectivas científicas al campo de las neurociencias del lenguaje y por ende al área de rehabilitación de desordenes de la comunicación humana. Este documento de trabajo contiene una revisión sistemática de tópicos novedosos relacionados con modelos explicativos en neurociencias, principios neurobiológicos del lenguaje, aportes en neuroplasticidad, abordaje de un método terapéutico innovador en la recuperación de afasia denominado Terapia de Restricción Inducida en Afasia (TRIA) y un ejercicio aplicado.

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As tetraciclinas são compostos antibacterianos utilizados em bovinos de leite para tratamento de doenças infecciosas, como a mastite, mas também como aditivos em ração animal. O uso das tetraciclinas pode conduzir à presença de resíduos destes fármacos no leite, principalmente se não forem utilizados de acordo com as indicações, nem respeitado o período mínimo de eliminação dos antibióticos pelo leite. A presença de resíduos de antibióticos no leite interfere no processo industrial dos seus derivados, podendo inviabilizar a produção destes e, consequentemente, causar igualmente prejuízos económicos, como por exemplo, pela inibição de fermentos lácticos que são culturas de microorganismos utilizados na produção de iogurtes, queijos e outros produtos lácteos. Os resíduos de antibióticos no leite de consumo podem representar riscos à saúde humana, podendo causar reacções alérgicas em indivíduos sensíveis ou ter um efeito adverso na flora intestinal humana, prejudicando a sua acção protectora local, além de propiciar a selecção de populações bacterianas resistentes.(Denobile & Nascimento, 2004)

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Background: Serine proteases are a major component of viper venoms and are thought to disrupt several distinct elements of the blood coagulation system of envenomed victims. A detailed understanding of the functions of these enzymes is important both for acquiring a fuller understanding of the pathology of envenoming and because these venom proteins have shown potential in treating blood coagulation disorders. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study a novel, highly abundant serine protease, which we have named rhinocerase, has been isolated and characterised from the venom of Bitis gabonica rhinoceros using liquid phase isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. Like many viper venom serine proteases, this enzyme is glycosylated; the estimated molecular mass of the native enzyme is approximately 36kDa, which reduces to 31kDa after deglycosylation. The partial amino acid sequence shows similarity to other viper venom serine proteases, but is clearly distinct from the sequence of the only other sequenced serine protease from Bitis gabonica. Other viper venom serine proteases have been shown to exert distinct biological effects, and our preliminary functional characterization of rhinocerase suggest it to be multifunctional. It is capable of degrading α and β chains of fibrinogen, dissolving plasma clots and of hydrolysing a kallikrein substrate. Conclusions/Significance: A novel multifunctional viper venom serine protease has been isolated and characterised. The activities of the enzyme are consistent with the known in vivo effects of Bitis gabonica envenoming, including bleeding disorders, clotting disorders and hypotension. This study will form the basis for future research to understand the mechanisms of serine protease action, and examine the potential for rhinocerase to be used clinically to reduce the risk of human haemostatic disorders such as heart attacks and strokes.