Patterns in fish radiation are compatible with Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria and 14 600 year history for its cichlid species flock

Geophysical data are currently being interpreted as evidence for a late Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria and its refilling 14 600 years ago. This implies that between 500 and 1000 endemic cichlid fish species must have evolved in 14 600 years, the fastest large-scale species radiation known. A recent review concludes that biological evidence clearly rejects the postulated Pleistocene desiccation of the lake: a 14 600 year history would imply exceptionally high speciation rates across a range of unrelated fish taxa. To test this suggestion, I calculated speciation rates for all 41 phylogenetic lineages of fish in the lake. Except for one cichlid lineage, accepting a 14 600 year history does not require any speciation rates that fall outside the range observed in fishes in other young lakes around the world. The exceptional taxon is a lineage of haplochromine cichlids that is also known for its rapid speciation elsewhere. Moreover, since it is unknown how many founding species it has, it is not certain that its speciation rates are really outside the range observed in fishes in other young lakes. Fish speciation rates are generally faster in younger than in older lakes, and those in Lake Victoria, by far the largest of the young lakes of the world, are no exception. From the speciation rates and from biogeographical observations that Lake Victoria endemics, which lack close relatives within the lake basin, have such relatives in adjacent drainage systems that may have had Holocene connections to Lake Victoria, I conclude that the composition of the fish assemblage does not provide biological evidence against Pleistocene desiccation. It supports a hypothesis of recent colonization from outside the lake basin rather than survival of a diverse assemblage within the basin.

Natural history of Victoria. Prodromus of the zoology of Victoria; or, Figures and descriptions of the living species of all classes of the Victorian indigenous animals... By Frederick McCoy...

Decade 11-15

Natural history of Victoria. Prodromus of the zoology of Victoria; or, Figures and descriptions of the living species of all classes of the Victorian indigenous animals... By Frederick McCoy...

Decade 6-10

Natural history of Victoria. Prodromus of the zoology of Victoria; or, Figures and descriptions of the living species of all classes of the Victorian indigenous animals... By Frederick McCoy...

Decade 16-20

The Victoria history of the county of Surrey.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Victoria history of Shropshire;

Mode of access: Internet.

The history of England, from the accession of George III, 1760,to the accession of Queen Victoria, 1837.

Mode of access: Internet.

A history of our own times from the accession of Queen Victoria to the Berlin congress.

Vol. 2 has title: A history of our own times from the accession of Queen Victoria to the general election of 1880.

A short history of our own times, from the accession of Queen Victoria to the general election of 1880.

Mode of access: Internet.

A history of the colony of Victoria from its discovery to its absorption into the commonwealth of Australia...

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A history of our own times from the accession of Queen Victoria to the general election of 1880,

In 1897 a supplementary volume was issued covering 1880-1897.

The Victoria history of the county of Somerset /

"Text of the Somerset Domesday": v. 1, p. 434-526.

A popular history of England, from the earliest times to the accession of Victoria.

Issued in 40 parts.

Monasticon anglicanum; a history of the abbies and other monasteries, hospitals, frieries, and cathedral and collegiate churches, with their dependencies, in England and Wales; also of all such Scotch, Irish and French monasteries, as were in any manner connected with religious houses in England. Together with a particular account of their respective foundations, grants, and donations, and a full statement of their possessions, as well temporal as spiritual.

"The index has been compiled by Mr. Richard Taylor."--T.p. iii.

A manual for the park : or, A botanical arrangement and description of the trees and shrubs in the Royal Victoria Park, Bath, combining its history with much additional, interesting, useful, and appropriate matter /

Mode of access: Internet.