Emotion perception and talker discrimination in pediatric hearing aid users

The primary goal of this study is to examine the ability of pediatric hearing-aid listeners, with mild to moderately-severe hearing loss, to perceive emotion and to discriminate talkers. These listeners’ performance is compared to that of similarly-aged listeners with normal hearing and who use cochlear implants.

Hearing in the mind's ear: A PET investigation of musical imagery and perception

Neuropsychological studies have suggested that imagery processes may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms similar to those used in perception. To test this hypothesis, and to explore the neural basis for song imagery, 12 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) during the performance of three tasks. In the control condition subjects saw pairs of words on each trial and judged which word was longer. In the perceptual condition subjects also viewed pairs of words, this time drawn from a familiar song; simultaneously they heard the corresponding song, and their task was to judge the change in pitch of the two cued words within the song. In the imagery condition, subjects performed precisely the same judgment as in the perceptual condition, but with no auditory input. Thus, to perform the imagery task correctly an internal auditory representation must be accessed. Paired-image subtraction of the resulting pattern of CBF, together with matched MRI for anatomical localization, revealed that both perceptual and imagery. tasks produced similar patterns of CBF changes, as compared to the control condition, in keeping with the hypothesis. More specifically, both perceiving and imagining songs are associated with bilateral neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortices, suggesting that processes within these regions underlie the phenomenological impression of imagined sounds. Other CBF foci elicited in both tasks include areas in the left and right frontal lobes and in the left parietal lobe, as well as the supplementary motor area. This latter region implicates covert vocalization as one component of musical imagery. Direct comparison of imagery and perceptual tasks revealed CBF increases in the inferior frontal polar cortex and right thalamus. We speculate that this network of regions may be specifically associated with retrieval and/or generation of auditory information from memory.

Speech perception benefits of internet versus conventional telephony for hearing-impaired individuals

Telephone communication is a challenge for many hearing-impaired individuals. One important technical reason for this difficulty is the restricted frequency range (0.3-3.4 kHz) of conventional landline telephones. Internet telephony (voice over Internet protocol [VoIP]) is transmitted with a larger frequency range (0.1-8 kHz) and therefore includes more frequencies relevant to speech perception. According to a recently published, laboratory-based study, the theoretical advantage of ideal VoIP conditions over conventional telephone quality has translated into improved speech perception by hearing-impaired individuals. However, the speech perception benefits of nonideal VoIP network conditions, which may occur in daily life, have not been explored. VoIP use cannot be recommended to hearing-impaired individuals before its potential under more realistic conditions has been examined.

Comparison of music perception in bilateral and unilateral cochlear implant users and normal-hearing subjects

Music plays an important role in the daily life of cochlear implant (CI) users, but electrical hearing and speech processing pose challenges for enjoying music. Studies of unilateral CI (UCI) users' music perception have found that these subjects have little difficulty recognizing tempo and rhythm but great difficulty with pitch, interval and melody. The present study is an initial step towards understanding music perception in bilateral CI (BCI) users. The Munich Music Questionnaire was used to investigate music listening habits and enjoyment in 23 BCI users compared to 2 control groups: 23 UCI users and 23 normal-hearing (NH) listeners. Bilateral users appeared to have a number of advantages over unilateral users, though their enjoyment of music did not reach the level of NH listeners.

Effects of noise and hearing acuity upon visual depth perception and safety among humans /

Bibliography: p. 29-31.

Hearing impairment affects older people’s ability to drive in the presence of distracters

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of hearing impairment and distractibility on older people's driving ability, assessed under real-world conditions. DESIGN: Experimental cross-sectional study. SETTING: University laboratory setting and an on-road driving test. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seven community-living adults aged 62 to 88. Fifty-five percent had normal hearing, 26% had a mild hearing impairment, and 19% had a moderate or greater impairment. ---------- MEASUREMENTS: Hearing was assessed using objective impairment measures (pure-tone audiometry, speech perception testing) and a self-report measure (Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly). Driving was assessed on a closed road circuit under three conditions: no distracters, auditory distracters, and visual distracters. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction between hearing impairment and distracters, such that people with moderate to severe hearing impairment had significantly poorer driving performance in the presence of distracters than those with normal or mild hearing impairment. CONCLUSION: Older adults with poor hearing have greater difficulty with driving in the presence of distracters than older adults with good hearing.

Associations between perception of wellness and health-related quality of life, comorbidities, modifiable lifestyle factors and demographics in older Australians

Aim: The associations between perceived wellness and health-related quality of life, comorbidities and modifiable lifestyle factors in older adults were explored. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires including the Perceived Wellness Survey and the 36-Item Short Form of the Medical Outcomes Study version two were distributed to 328 community-living adults aged 65 years and over. Results: Results showed positive associations between perception of wellness and health-related quality of life. General health (r(249) = 0.66, P < 0.01), vitality (r(249) = 0.59, P < 0.01) and mental health (r(249) = 0.52, P < 0.01) had the strongest association; and social functioning (r(249) = 0.3, P < 0.01) and pain (r(249) = 0.36, P < 0.01) the lowest. Perceived wellness was influenced by hearing, mobility, memory, chronic disease, exercise, gambling and single status. Conclusion: The study identified that perceived wellness in older adults is a multidimensional construct.

Seeing and hearing speech, sounds, and signs: functional magnetic resonance studies on fluent and dyslexic readers

Speech has both auditory and visual components (heard speech sounds and seen articulatory gestures). During all perception, selective attention facilitates efficient information processing and enables concentration on high-priority stimuli. Auditory and visual sensory systems interact at multiple processing levels during speech perception and, further, the classical motor speech regions seem also to participate in speech perception. Auditory, visual, and motor-articulatory processes may thus work in parallel during speech perception, their use possibly depending on the information available and the individual characteristics of the observer. Because of their subtle speech perception difficulties possibly stemming from disturbances at elemental levels of sensory processing, dyslexic readers may rely more on motor-articulatory speech perception strategies than do fluent readers. This thesis aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms of speech perception and selective attention in fluent and dyslexic readers. We conducted four functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments, during which subjects perceived articulatory gestures, speech sounds, and other auditory and visual stimuli. Gradient echo-planar images depicting blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast were acquired during stimulus presentation to indirectly measure brain hemodynamic activation. Lip-reading activated the primary auditory cortex, and selective attention to visual speech gestures enhanced activity within the left secondary auditory cortex. Attention to non-speech sounds enhanced auditory cortex activity bilaterally; this effect showed modulation by sound presentation rate. A comparison between fluent and dyslexic readers' brain hemodynamic activity during audiovisual speech perception revealed stronger activation of predominantly motor speech areas in dyslexic readers during a contrast test that allowed exploration of the processing of phonetic features extracted from auditory and visual speech. The results show that visual speech perception modulates hemodynamic activity within auditory cortex areas once considered unimodal, and suggest that the left secondary auditory cortex specifically participates in extracting the linguistic content of seen articulatory gestures. They are strong evidence for the importance of attention as a modulator of auditory cortex function during both sound processing and visual speech perception, and point out the nature of attention as an interactive process (influenced by stimulus-driven effects). Further, they suggest heightened reliance on motor-articulatory and visual speech perception strategies among dyslexic readers, possibly compensating for their auditory speech perception difficulties.

Acquisition of focus by normal hearing and Cochlear implanted children

Two experiments investigated the perception of compound vs. phrasal stress and narrow focus in normally hearing children and children with Cochlear Implants (CI). Additionally, we investigated whether musical experience would predict children’s performance in these tasks. The results showed no difference between CI and normal-hearing (NH) children in either experiment. However, whereas we found no clear effect of age in the children’s stress detection, there was a clear age related trajectory in the ability to recognise (narrow) focus. Moreover, this trend was similar to what has been found previously for English children. Importantly, prior music experience was significantly linked to CI children’s perception of focus.

One sound or two? Object-related negativity indexes echo perception.

The ability to isolate a single sound source among concurrent sources and reverberant energy is necessary for understanding the auditory world. The precedence effect describes a related experimental finding, that when presented with identical sounds from two locations with a short onset asynchrony (on the order of milliseconds), listeners report a single source with a location dominated by the lead sound. Single-cell recordings in multiple animal models have indicated that there are low-level mechanisms that may contribute to the precedence effect, yet psychophysical studies in humans have provided evidence that top-down cognitive processes have a great deal of influence on the perception of simulated echoes. In the present study, event-related potentials evoked by click pairs at and around listeners' echo thresholds indicate that perception of the lead and lag sound as individual sources elicits a negativity between 100 and 250 msec, previously termed the object-related negativity (ORN). Even for physically identical stimuli, the ORN is evident when listeners report hearing, as compared with not hearing, a second sound source. These results define a neural mechanism related to the conscious perception of multiple auditory objects.

Problèmes de perception de la parole dans le bruit chez les enfants présentant un trouble de traitement auditif

Il est bien connu que les enfants qui présentent un trouble de traitement auditif (TTA) ont de la difficulté à percevoir la parole en présence de bruit de fond. Cependant, il n’existe aucun consensus quant à l’origine de ces difficultés d’écoute. Ce programme de recherche est consacré à l’étude des incapacités sous-jacentes aux problèmes de perception de la parole dans le bruit chez les enfants présentant un TTA. Le Test de Phrases dans le Bruit (TPB) a été développé afin d’examiner si les difficultés de perception de la parole dans le bruit d’enfants ayant un TTA relèvent d’incapacités auditives, d’incapacités cognitivo-linguistiques ou des deux à la fois. Il comprend cinq listes de 40 phrases, composées de 20 phrases hautement prévisibles (HP) et de 20 phrases faiblement prévisibles (FP), de même qu’un bruit de verbiage. Le niveau de connaissance du mot clé (mot final) de chaque phrase a été vérifié auprès d’un groupe d’enfants âgés entre 5 et 7 ans. De plus, le degré d’intelligibilité des phrases dans le bruit et le niveau de prévisibilité ont été mesurées auprès d’adultes pour assurer l’équivalence entre les listes. Enfin, le TPB a été testé auprès d’un groupe de 15 adultes et d’un groupe de 69 enfants sans trouble auditif avant de l’administrer à des enfants ayant un TTA. Pour répondre à l’objectif général du programme de recherche, dix enfants présentant un TTA (groupe TTA) et dix enfants jumelés selon le genre et l’âge sans difficulté auditive (groupe témoin) ont été soumis aux listes de phrases du TPB selon différentes conditions sonores. Le groupe TTA a obtenu des performances significativement plus faibles comparativement au groupe témoin à la tâche de reconnaissance du mot final des phrases présentées en même temps qu’un bruit de verbiage compétitif, aux rapports signal-sur-bruit de 0, +3 et +4 dB. La moyenne de la différence des scores obtenue entre les phrases HP et FP à chaque condition expérimentale de bruit était similaire entre les deux groupes. Ces résultats suggèrent que les enfants ayant un TTA ne se distinguent pas des enfants du groupe témoin au plan de la compétence cognitivo-linguistique. L’origine des difficultés d’écoute de la parole dans le bruit dans le cas de TTA serait de nature auditive. Toutefois, les résultats des analyses de groupe diffèrent de ceux des analyses individuelles. Les divers profils de difficultés d’écoute identifiés auprès de cette cohorte appuient l’importance de continuer les investigations afin de mieux comprendre l’origine des problèmes de perception de la parole dans le bruit dans le cas de TTA. En connaissant mieux la nature de ces difficultés, il sera possible d’identifier les stratégies d’intervention de réadaptation spécifiques et efficaces.

Emotion perception in pre-kindergarten school children at Central Institute for the Deaf

This paper studies the ability of pre-kindergarten students with both normal hearing and impaired hearing to identify emotions in speech through audition only. In addition, the study assesses whether a listener's familiarity with a speaker's voice has an effect on his/her ability to identify the emotion of the speaker.

Emotion perception in speech: Discrimination, identification, and the effects of talker and sentence variability

The primary goal of this project is to study the ability of adult cochlear implant users to perceive emotion through speech alone. A secondary goal of this project is to study the development of emotion perception in normal hearing children to serve as a baseline for comparing emotion perception abilities in similarly-aged children with impaired hearing.