Uudissanojen semantiikkaa Elina Karjalaisen lastenkirjasarjassa Uppo-Nalle

Tutkielmassani tarkastelen, miten Elina Karjalainen on käyttänyt hyväkseen suomen kielen sananmuodostuksen mahdollisuuksia lastenkirjasarjassaan Uppo-Nalle (1977―1995), joka edustaa lasten fantasiakirjallisuuden lajia. Tutkimusaineistoni koostuu teossarjassa olevista 215 uudismuodosteesta. Tutkin sanojen merkityksiä mutta otan huomioon myös niiden rakenteen. Tutkimukseni perusteella voidaan sanoa, että Uppo-Nalle-kirjasarjan sanaston erityispiirteitä ovat semanttisilla suhteilla leikittely, merkitysten ja rakenteiden yhteensulauttaminen, uusien käsitteiden luominen kirjasarjan fantasiamaailman kuvaamiseksi sekä sanojen ja sanontojen muuntaminen kontekstiin sopivaksi. Monen uudissanan motivaationa on loppusointuisuus. Huomattavaa on myös se, että moni uudissana saa kontekstissa erikoismerkityksen. Elina Karjalaisen uudissanankäytössä voi nähdä tendenssejä. Ensiksikin uudissanan merkitys vahvistetaan tekstissä selittävällä lauseella tai sisällön toistolla. Toiseksi uudissanalla korostetaan kieleen vakiintuneen ilmauksen merkitystä. Kolmanneksi tilojen nimityksissä leikitellään konkreettisen ja abstraktin välillä. Neljänneksi Elina Karjalainen käyttää erilaisia sanontoja leikitellen hyväkseen. Viidenneksi Elina Karjalainen käyttää laajasti sananmuodostuskeinona prefiksinsiirtoa tehostamassa merkitystä.

Lausunto Elina Laamasen väitöskirjatutkimuksesta "Vapaaehtoiset pakkoliitokset"

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Elina, Henry ja Elsi : lapsuuden melankoliaa elokuvallisten maisemien kautta nähtynä

Teemanumero 3/2010: Jotain lainattua : ulkomaiset vaikutteet ja lokalisaatio suomalaisessa mediakulttuurissa.

Maatalousalueiden luonnon monimuotoisuuden, monivaikutteisten kosteikkojen ja suojavyöhykkeiden yleissuunnitelma : Jyväskylä – Puuppola, Kuukanpää, Tikka-Mannila, Palokka, Nyrölä ja Kuikka

Maatalousalueiden luonnon monimuotoisuuden, kosteikkojen ja suojavyöhykkeiden yleissuunnittelussa tavoitteena on kannustaa viljelijöitä maatalousympäristön luonnon hoitoon ja vesiensuojeluun. Tämä suunnitelma sijoittuu Jyväskylään: Puuppola, Kuukanpää, Tikka-Mannila, Palokka, Nyrölä ja Kuikka. Suunnitelmajulkaisussa esitellään seitsemän kosteikon paikkaa ja kolme eroosiosta kärsivää ojaa, joiden luonnontilaa voi parantaa ei-tuotannollisella kosteikkoinvestoinnilla. Suojavyöhykkeitä on pääasiallisesti esitetty vesistöihin rajoittuville pelloille. Luonnon monimuotoisuuskohteita ovat perinnebiotoopit noin 10 ha sekä reunavyöhykkeet ja metsäsaarekkeet joita on 12 ha. Kohteiden hoitaminen ja perustaminen on vapaaehtoista.

VICH, Alberto Ismael J. y GUDIÑO María Elina (2010), Amenazas naturales de origen hídrico en el centro-oeste árido de Argentina. Diagnóstico y estrategia para su mitigación y control en el Gran San Juan y Gran Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, EFU, REUN, San Juan, ZETA, ISBN 9-789879-126998, 434p.

Fil: Insa, Cinthia.

Trichomycterus dali: a new highly troglomorphic catfish (Silurifomes: Trichomycteridae) from Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil

Trichomycterus dali, new species, is described from flooded limestone caves in Serra da Bodoquena karst area, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. The new species is diagnosed by a unique character in the genus, the presence of conspicuous, ridge-like adipose folds lining dorsally throughout the body. Trichomycterus dali can be further distinguished readily from epigean congeners by the reduction of eyes and skin pigmentation (except for T. gorgona), and from remaining congeners (i.e., all hypogean plus T. gorgona) by the total loss of eyes, not visible externally (except for T. sandovali and T. spelaeus). Other diagnostic features includes very long barbels, especially the nasal (99.3-143.5% HL) and the maxillary (97.0-131.3% HL), pectoral-fin ray count reaching I,9 and a unique cranial fontanel with a conspicuous constriction on the meeting point of supraoccipital and the two frontal bones. The troglobitic status of the species is suggested by the presence of troglomorphisms on an advanced degree, especially the reduction of skin pigmentation, the total loss of eyes and the enlarged barbels. In addition, the presence of a well developed adipose fold in adults may indicate a distinctive adaptation acquired by neoteny to withstand the food scarce conditions of its hypogean habitat.

Ituglanis mambai, a new subterranean catfish from a karst area of Central Brazil, rio Tocantins basin (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Ituglanis mambai, new species, is described from a cave in the Mambaí karst area, State of Goiás, Central Brazil. The new species distinguishes from epigean and cave congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: posterior supraoccipital fontanel absent; pectoral-fin rays usually i,7; six pleural ribs; total vertebrae 37-38 behind Weberian apparatus; shorter predorsal length (65.1-70.8% SL); shorter caudal peduncle length (8.4-11.9% SL); shorter dorsal-fin base length (7.7-11.3% SL); wider interobital width (29.2-36.5% HL); larger mouth width (43.4-64.0% HL); intermediate between epigean and other cave Ituglanis species as regards to both eyes (diameter varying from 0.5 to1.0 mm in adults, 7.8-10.1 % HL) and pigmentation, composed by irregular light brown spots along the body. The latter indicate the troglobitic status for I. mambai. In addition, this species has the maxillae with a discrete medial-posterior projection; fronto-lacrimal one half-length of the maxillae and pointed backwards; posterior process of palatine half its length, with a tenuous medial concavity; 14 dorsal and 12 ventral procurrent rays. In the natural habitat, I. mambai displayed cryptobiotic habits, trying to hide in the graveled bottom or under boulders when disturbed, apparently showing a negative response to light. It was observed a preference to slow-moving waters. Recent flood marks were observed in the stream conduit in March/April 2007 (end of the rainy season) when less individuals were observed on 300 m of the subterranean stream compared to September 2004 (end of the dry season).

Natural history and population data of fishes in caves of the Serra do Ramalho karst area, Middle São Francisco basin, northeastern Brazil

During the exploration and mapping of new caves in Serra do Ramalho karst area, southern Bahia state, cavers from the Grupo Bambuí de Pesquisas Espeleológicas - GBPE (Belo Horizonte) noticed the presence of troglomorphic catfishes (species with reduced eyes and/or melanic pigmentation), which we intensively investigated with regards to their ecology and behavior since 2005. Non-troglomorphic fishes regularly found in the studied caves were included in this investigation. We present here data on the natural history of two troglobitic (exclusively subterranean troglomorphic species) fishes - Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005 (Heptapteridae; Gruna do Enfurnado) and Trichomycterus undescribed species (Trichomycteridae; Lapa dos Peixes and Gruna da Água Clara), and non-troglomorphic Hoplias cf. malabaricus, probably a troglophile (able to form populations both in epigean and subterranean habitats) in the Gruna do Enfurnado, and Pimelodella sp., a species with a sink population in the Lapa dos Peixes.

Surface and subterranean ichthyofauna in the Serra do Ramalho karst area, northeastern Brazil, with updated lists of Brazilian troglobitic and troglophilic fishes

After an ichthyofaunistic survey in several epigean (surface) water bodies of the Serra do Ramalho, southern Bahia, conducted in May 2007, 44 species were recorded; in addition, three non-troglomorphic (normally eyed and pigmented) and two troglomorphic species were recorded only in caves, totaling 49 species of fishes for the area, which represents a little more than one fourth of the total registered in the literature for the entire Rio São Francisco basin. In these caves, which have been studied since 2005, eight non-troglomorphic species were sampled and their presence in both epigean and subterranean habitats, associated to the lack of morphological differences, indicate that they may be either troglophiles (species encompassing individuals able to live and complete their life cycle either in the surface or in the subterranean environment), trogloxenes (individuals regularly found in subterranean habitats, but which must return periodically to the surface in order to complete their life cycle) or even accidental in caves. In addition, two troglomorphic species (with reduced eyes and melanic pigmentation when compared to close epigean relatives), belonging respectively to the genera Rhamdia and Trichomycterus, were recorded exclusively in caves, thus classified as troglobites. Interestingly, no epigean representative of the genus Trichomycterus was collected. The new data are integrated into updated lists of Brazilian troglobitic and troglophilic fishes, based on published data and new records recently confirmed.

A new species of Glaphyropoma: the first subterranean copionodontine catfish and the first occurrence of opercular odontodes in the subfamily (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

A new species of the rare copionodontine genus Glaphyropoma is described from subterranean waters in the Diamantina Plateau, Bahia State, central northeastern Brazil. This is the first troglomorphic species in the subfamily Copionodontinae. It is distinguished from all other copionodontines by the presence of opercular odontodes, and further distinguished from its only congener, G. rodriguesi, by the reduction of dark integumentary pigmentation. The new species shares the single synapomorphy previously proposed for Glaphyropoma, the marked narrowing of the first hypobranchial and indirect character evidence also supports its inclusion in the genus. The presence of opercular odontodes in the new species, in combination with a reviewed hypothesis of sister group relationship between Copionodontinae and Trichogeninae, indicate that the absence of opercular odontodes in previously-known copionodontines is secondary, rather than primitive.

A caveolin dominant negative mutant associates with lipid bodies and induces intracellular cholesterol imbalance

Recent studies have indicated a role for caveolin in regulating cholesterol-dependent signaling events. In the present study we have analyzed the role of caveolins in intracellular cholesterol cycling using a dominant negative caveolin mutant. The mutant caveolin protein, cav-3(DGV) specifically associates with the membrane surrounding large lipid droplets. These structures contain neutral lipids, and are accessed by caveolin 1-3 upon overexpression. Fluorescence, electron, and video microscopy observations are consistent with formation of the membrane-enclosed lipid rich structures by maturation of subdomains of the ER. The caveolin mutant causes the intracellular accumulation of free cholesterol (FC) in late endosomes, a decrease in surface cholesterol and a decrease in cholesterol efflux and synthesis. The amphiphile U18666A acts synergistically with cav(DGV) to increase intracellular accumulation of FC. Incubation of cells with oleic acid induces a significant accumulation of full-length caveolins in the enlarged lipid droplets. We conclude that caveolin can associate with the membrane surrounding lipid droplets and is a key component involved in intracellular cholesterol balance and lipid transport in fibroblasts.

Leishmania braziliensis: aislamiento de lesiones por inoculación de hámsteres con o sin adición de lisado de glándulas salivares de Lutzomyia youngi

Homogeneizados de biopsias de lesiones cutáneas de 50 casos de leishmaniasis tegumentaria de Trujillo, Venezuela, han sido inoculados en hámsteres machos. Se ha comparado la infectvidad de Leishamania braziliensis, de homogeneizados simples, con la de los mezclados con lisado de glándula salival de Lutzomyia youngi, registrandose un 58,5% de infecciones para una media de 12 semanas de prepatencia con los homogeneizados simples, contra 92% de infecciones con una media de 3 semanas de prepatencia, cuando cada uno de los inóculos de homogeneizado se mezcló con lisado equivalente al de una glándula salival de flebótomo.