El repte de la llengua al ciberespai. Ressenya de Josep Gifreu: El català a l'espai de comunicació, Barcelona-Castelló-València. UAB, UJ1, UV, 272 p.

Avui en dia són diverses les llengües que lluiten per colonitzar la cibersocietat a la xarxa , i el català s'hi està forjant un paper gens menyspreable. Josep Gifreu repassa, en una investigació a cavall entre l'assaig històric cultural i la crònica política, l'evolució del procés general de normalització lingüística alhora que descriu el canvi en l'ecosistema mediàtic durant el període 1976-2013: des de la publicació del diari Avui fins a la Galàxia Internet , la revolució radical que , en el nostre cas, ha implicat la incorporació de la versió catalana a Google, l'aparició del domini .cat, la publicació del diari Ara , els més de 400.000 articles de la Viquipèdia o, per contra, el tancament de RTVV.

Les déterminants de l’usage du français en milieu de travail au Québec

La plupart des travaux portant sur l’usage du français en milieu de travail tendent à adopter une perspective métrologique qui vise à cerner les déterminants de l’utilisation du français en milieu de travail. Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons à changer d’optique en envisageant non pas d’expliquer les déterminants de l’usage principal du français en milieu de travail, mais à connaitre les principaux contextes auxquels les personnes se réfèrent pour déclarer le français comme langue principale de travail. Nous faisons en effet l’hypothèse que le fait de déclarer le français comme langue principale de travail est le résultat d’une synthèse de pratiques linguistiques contextuelles distinctes. Pour répondre à cet objectif de recherche, nous mobilisons les données d’une enquête de l’Office québécois de la langue française réalisée en 2007. Au sein de l’ensemble des contextes de travail pris en compte dans cette enquête, nous avons choisi cinq contextes : la réunion de travail, la lecture de documents produits par l’entreprise, le fait de communiquer avec l’extérieur, le fait de communiquer avec le ou les supérieurs immédiats et l’utilisation des technologies de l’information. Ainsi, nous nous sommes limités d’abord à l’étude d’un certain nombre de contextes qui touchent presqu’à l’ensemble des travailleurs particulièrement ceux qui ont à communiquer avec des supérieurs, à lire des documents produits par leur entreprise, à participer régulièrement à des réunions de travail, puis nous abordons des contextes plus spécifiques et qui touchent à un nombre plus faible de travailleurs tels : ceux qui ont à utiliser des logiciels et enfin à communiquer avec l’extérieur. Notre analyse révèle que, au-delà des caractéristiques individuelles et du contexte général du milieu de travail, ces usages contextuels des langues en milieu de travail prédisent mieux la déclaration de la langue de travail des travailleurs. Quand il s’agit de déclarer la langue principale de travail, les travailleurs semblent principalement faire référence à la langue qu’ils utilisent dans les réunions de travail, dans la langue de lecture des documents produits par l’entreprise, dans les communications avec les supérieurs immédiats ainsi qu’aux versions linguistiques des logiciels utilisés et des communications avec des clients et fournisseurs de l’extérieur du Québec.

Dissertações e teses da pós-graduação em educação na Unesp-Campus de Marília: um estudo das citações e cocitações (2004 a 2009)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

RelAndXML

Diese Dissertation stellt das neu entwickelte SystemRelAndXML vor, das für das Management und dieSpeicherung von hypertextzentrierten XML-Dokumenten und dendazugehörenden XSL-Stylesheets spezialisiert ist. DerAnwendungsbereich sind die Vorlesungsmaterialien anUniversitäten. RelAndXML speichert die XML-formatiertenÜbungsblätter in Textbausteinen und weiterenTeilen in einer speziellen Datenbank.Die Speicherung von XML-Dokumenten in Datenbanken ist seiteinigen Jahren ein wichtiges Thema der Datenbankforschung.Ansätze dafür gliedern sich in solche fürdatenzentrierte und andere für dokumentenzentrierteDokumente. Die Dissertation präsentiert einen Ansatzzur Speicherung von hypertextzentrierten XML-Dokumenten, derAspekte von datenzentrierten und dokumentenzentriertenAnsätzen kombiniert. Der Ansatz erlaubt dieWiederverwendung von Textbausteinen und speichert dieReihenfolge dort, wo sie wichtig ist. Mit RelAndXML könnennicht nur Elemente gespeichert werden, wie mit einigenanderen Ansätzen, sondern auch Attribute, Kommentareund Processing Instructions. Algorithmen für dieFragmentierung und Rekonstruktion von Dokumenten werdenbereit gestellt.RelAndXML wurde mit Java und unter Verwendung einerobjektrelationalen Datenbank implementiert. Das System hateine graphische Benutzungsoberfläche, die das Erstellenund Verändern der XML- und XSL-Dokumente, dasEinfügen von neuen oder schon gespeichertenTextbausteinen sowie das Erzeugen von HTML-Dokumenten zurVeröffentlichung ermöglicht.

Distributed www programming using (Ciao-) prolog and the pillow library

We discuss from a practical point of view a number of ssues involved in writing distributed Internet and WWW applications using LP/CLP systems. We describe PiLLoW, a publicdomain Internet and WWW programming library for LP/CLP systems that we have designed in order to simplify the process of writing such applications. PiLLoW provides facilities for accessing documents and code on the WWW; parsing, manipulating and generating HTML and XML structured documents and data; producing HTML forms; writing form handlers and CGI-scripts; and processing HTML/XML templates. An important contribution of PÍ'LLOW is to model HTML/XML code (and, thus, the content of WWW pages) as terms. The PÍ'LLOW library has been developed in the context of the Ciao Prolog system, but it has been adapted to a number of popular LP/CLP systems, supporting most of its functionality. We also describe the use of concurrency and a highlevel model of client-server interaction, Ciao Prolog's active modules, in the context of WWW programming. We propose a solution for client-side downloading and execution of Prolog code, using generic browsers. Finally, we also provide an overview of related work on the topic.

Web-based report generators, data visualization, and Web-to-database connectivity

Because some Web users will be able to design a template to visualize information from scratch, while other users need to automatically visualize information by changing some parameters, providing different levels of customization of the information is a desirable goal. Our system allows the automatic generation of visualizations given the semantics of the data, and the static or pre-specified visualization by creating an interface language. We address information visualization taking into consideration the Web, where the presentation of the retrieved information is a challenge. ^ We provide a model to narrow the gap between the user's way of expressing queries and database manipulation languages (SQL) without changing the system itself thus improving the query specification process. We develop a Web interface model that is integrated with the HTML language to create a powerful language that facilitates the construction of Web-based database reports. ^ As opposed to other papers, this model offers a new way of exploring databases focusing on providing Web connectivity to databases with minimal or no result buffering, formatting, or extra programming. We describe how to easily connect the database to the Web. In addition, we offer an enhanced way on viewing and exploring the contents of a database, allowing users to customize their views depending on the contents and the structure of the data. Current database front-ends typically attempt to display the database objects in a flat view making it difficult for users to grasp the contents and the structure of their result. Our model narrows the gap between databases and the Web. ^ The overall objective of this research is to construct a model that accesses different databases easily across the net and generates SQL, forms, and reports across all platforms without requiring the developer to code a complex application. This increases the speed of development. In addition, using only the Web browsers, the end-user can retrieve data from databases remotely to make necessary modifications and manipulations of data using the Web formatted forms and reports, independent of the platform, without having to open different applications, or learn to use anything but their Web browser. We introduce a strategic method to generate and construct SQL queries, enabling inexperienced users that are not well exposed to the SQL world to build syntactically and semantically a valid SQL query and to understand the retrieved data. The generated SQL query will be validated against the database schema to ensure harmless and efficient SQL execution. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)^

Estudio y construcción de herramientas de validación HTML

The Final Year Project consists of two essentially different parts, which share acommon theme: HTML code validation. The first of these two parts focuses on the study of the validation process. It supplies a brief introduction to the evolution of HTML and XHTML, the new tags introduced in HTML5 and the most common errors found in today's websites. Already developed HTML validation tools are analyzed and examined in detail in order to compare their features and evaluate their performances. Lastly, a comparison of the parsing process in the most common browsers found nowadays is provided. In the second part of the project the focus of the project is shifted towards the development of a XHTML5 validation tool. The input is a XHTML5 file whose content may or may not comply with the W3C specification, and therefore, may or may not be a valid XHTML5 document. The output provided by this tool will be a fixed XHTML5 document and an error log returned in the form of a XML file. Information as to the course of action pursued to fix the error and its location will also be included.

Documents administratius de la UdG [versió html]

Amb aquesta publicació es pretén, d'una banda, homogeneïtzar els documents administratius que es produeixen a la UdG, tant des del punt de vista formal com textual, per contribuir a la imatge de qualitat de la UdG, i, d'altra banda, oferir un recurs a les persones de la UdG que han de redactar documents administratius, amb la intenció que produeixin textos tan eficients com sigui possible. Els diferents documents administratius es presenten classificats en tres apartats: textos dels òrgans de govern unipersonals, textos dels òrgans col·legiats i textos comuns a tots dos òrgans. De cada document se'n fa una descripció acurada, se'n presenta l'estructura i se'n donen alguns exemples. Un dels trets més importants de la publicació és que ha estat elaborada per tres serveis de la Universitat: el Servei de Llengües Modernes, la Unitat de Gestió Documental, Arxiu i Registre i l'Assessoria Jurídica, els quals hi han aportat els seus punts de vista respectius, propis de les disciplines de què tracten

Bibliotheca Latina Graecaque: on the possible division of Roman libraries by language

An article challenging the frequent assumption that Roman public libraries consisted of architecturally separated spaces divided by language (Latin and Greek). While the evidence for such a division is reasonably strong in some cases, in others it is convention rather than evidence that prompts the labelling of buildings as 'Latin' and 'Greek' libraries. The article is based on a paper given at a major international conference in Paris

Documents as 'critical incidents' in organisation to consumer communication

A diary study tracked the paper documents received by nine UK informants over one month. Informants gave simple ratings of individual documents’ attractiveness and the ease of understanding them; more detailed reactions to the documents were gathered through informant diaries and follow-up interviews. The detailed reactions extended beyond the feedback gathered through the rating task. Informants showed sensitivity to the content, language, design and circumstances of receipt of documents, with indications that they developed opinions of originating organizations based on their experience of using their documents. Documents that failed to provide all the information needed, that failed to make their intentions clear (or obscured their intentions) or that were perceived as miss-targeted received negative comment. Repeat experiences of receiving either well- or poorly-conceived documents strengthened informant reactions to individual originating organizations. The paper concludes with recommendations for steps document originators, writers and designers need to take to prepare documents that enhance organization to consumer communication. We recommend that organizations evaluate and act on consumers’ reactions to their documents, beyond user testing in document development or scorecard ratings in use.

“Bad talk” made good: language variety in four Caribbean British children’s poets

This article looks at how four British-based poets born in the Caribbean exploit the rich language repertoire available to them in their work for children and young people. Following initial consideration of questions of definition and terminology, poetry collections by James Berry, John Agard, Grace Nichols and Valerie Bloom are discussed, with a focus on the interplay and creative tension between the different varieties of Caribbean creoles (“Bad Talk”) and standard English evident in their work. Variation both between the four poets’ usage and within each individual poet’s work is considered, and a trend over time towards the inclusion of fewer creole-influenced poems is noted. This and other issues, such as the labelling of the four poets’ work as ‘performance poetry’ and the nature of the poets’ contribution to British children’s literature, are considered in the conclusion.

Typographic layout and first impressions: testing how changes in text layout influence reader's judgments of documents

This study explores how the typographic layout of information influences readers' impressions of magazine contents pages. Thirteen descriptors were used in a paired comparison procedure that assessed whether participants' rhetorical impressions of a set of six controlled documents change in relation to variations in layout. The combinations of layout attributes tested were derived from the structural attributes associated with three patterns of typographic differentiation (high, moderate, and low) described in a previous study (see Moys, 2014). The content and the range of stylistic attributes applied to the test material were controlled in order to focus on layout attributes. Triangulation of the quantitative and qualitative data indicates that, even within the experimental confines of limited stylistic differentiation, the layout attributes associated with patterns of high, moderate, and low typographic differentiation do influence readers' rhetorical judgments. In addition, the findings emphasize the importance of considering inter-relationships between clusters of typographic attributes rather than testing isolated variables.

Content extraction: Identifying the main content in HTML documents

Except the article forming the main content most HTML documents on the WWW contain additional contents such as navigation menus, design elements or commercial banners. In the context of several applications it is necessary to draw the distinction between main and additional content automatically. Content extraction and template detection are the two approaches to solve this task. This thesis gives an extensive overview of existing algorithms from both areas. It contributes an objective way to measure and evaluate the performance of content extraction algorithms under different aspects. These evaluation measures allow to draw the first objective comparison of existing extraction solutions. The newly introduced content code blurring algorithm overcomes several drawbacks of previous approaches and proves to be the best content extraction algorithm at the moment. An analysis of methods to cluster web documents according to their underlying templates is the third major contribution of this thesis. In combination with a localised crawling process this clustering analysis can be used to automatically create sets of training documents for template detection algorithms. As the whole process can be automated it allows to perform template detection on a single document, thereby combining the advantages of single and multi document algorithms.

Standard Language in Bosna and Hercegovina - in Language Policy Documents

From the beginning of the standardisation of language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e. from the acceptance of Karadzic's phonetic spelling in the mid-19th century, to the present day when there are three different language standards in force - Bosniac (Muslim), Croatian and Serbian, language in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a subject of political conflict. Documents on language policy from this period show the degree to which domestic and foreign political factors influenced the standard language issue, beginning with the very appellation for the specific norm regulation. The material analysed (proclamations by political, cultural and other organisations as well as corresponding constitutional and statutory provisions on language use) shows the differing treatment of the standard language in Bosnia and Herzegovina in different historical periods. During the period of Turkish rule (until 1878) there was no real political interest in the issue. Under Austro-Hungarian rule (1878-1918) there was an attempt to use the language as a means of forming a united Bosnian nation, but this was later abandoned. During the first Yugoslavia (1918-1941) a uniform solution was imposed on Bosnia and Herzegovina, as throughout the Serbo-Croatian language area, while under the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945), the official language of Bosnia and Herzegovina was Croatian. The period from 1945 to 1991 had two phases: the first a standard language unity of Serbs, Croats, Muslims and Montenegrins (until 1965), and the second a gradual but stormy separation of national languages, which has been largely completed since 1991. The introductory study includes a detailed analysis of all the expressions used, with special reference to the present state, and accompanies the collection of documents which represent the main outcome of the research.