Síntese de ligantes quirais pentacíclicos 1,5 e bicíclicos 1,3 di substituídos e suas aplicações como indutores quirais na reação de adição de dietilzinco ao bensaldeído

Neste trabalho foi observado um rearranjodiotrópico do composto quiral (+)-1 o que levou na sua racemização. Verificou-se que esse processoé termicamente permitido pela simetria dos orbitais de fronteira HOMO-LUMO. Posteriormente, constatou-se que o rearranjo não era somente governado pela temperatura, mas também pelas condições reacionais, respeitada a simetria de orbitais. A partir da obtenção dos precursores quirais (−)-40 e (−)-41 através de reação de transesterificação de (±)-40 com acetato de vinila catalisada pela lípase da Cândida rugosa, realizou-se a síntese de uma série de compostos quirais bicíclicos 1,3 di-substituídos, dióis e aminoálcoois. Estes bicíclicos quirais foram testados como indutores quirais na reação de adição enantioseletiva de dietilzinco ao benzaldeído. Observou-se, no caso dos aminoálcoois, que a posição do estereocentro C-O tem uma importância fundamental no processo, determinando o grau de enantioseletividade da reação. Sintetizou-se o aminoálcool (+)-63 o qual foi utilizado na redução enantioseletiva de cetonas pró-quirais através da síntese, in situ, de sua oxazaborolidina.

Theoretical and experimental study of the infrared spectrum of isonicotinamide

The IR-spectrum of the isonicotinamide molecule (C(2)H(2)NC(3)H(2)CONH(2)) is studied by means of theoretical and experimental methods. For an appropriate representation of the molecular environment, Gaussian basis sets to the atoms of these molecule are built and then contracted (5s and 6s5p). For evaluation of the quality of contracted basis sets in molecular calculations, we have accomplished calculations of the total and the orbital (HOMO and HOMO-1) energies in the HF-Roothaan method for the molecule studied. The results obtained with the contracted basis sets [5s/6s5p] are compared to values obtained with our (21s/22s14p) basis sets and with those obtained with the D95, 6-31G, and 6-311G basis sets from literature. It was added one d polarization function in the [6s5p] contracted basis set for C ((3)P) atom, which was used in combination with the basis sets for H ((2)S), N ((4)S). and O((3)P) atoms to calculate the infrared spectrum of isonicotinamide. The calculations were performed at B3LYP level and were compared to corresponding experimental values also obtained in our laboratory. The theoretical results in comparison with the corresponding experimental values indicate a very good interpretation of the IR-spectrum and that the strategy of an appropriate representation of the molecular environment through the basis sets is an effective alternative to investigate vibrational theoretical properties of the nicotinamide molecule. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Design of Gaussian basis sets to the theoretical interpretation of IR-spectrum of hexaaquachromium (III) ion, tetraoxochromium (IV) ion, and tetraoxochromium (VI) ion

The Generator Coordinate Hartree-Fock (GCHF) method is employed to design 16s, 16s10p, 24s17p13d, 25s17p13d, and 26s17p Gaussian basis sets for the H ((2)S), O ((3)P), O(2-) ((1)S), Cr(3+) ((4)F), Cr(4+) ((3)F), and Cr(6+) ((1)S) atomic species. These basis sets are then contracted to (4s) for H ((2)S), (6s4p) for O ((3)P), and O(2-) ((1)S), (986p3d) for Cr(3+) ((4)F), (10s8p3d) for Cr(4+) ((3)F), and (13s7p) for Cr(6+) (1S) by a standard procedure. For evaluation of the quality of those basis sets in molecular calculations, we have accomplished studies of total and orbital (HOMO and HOMO-1) energies at the HF-Roothaan level for the molecular species of our interest. The results obtained with the contracted basis sets are compared to the values obtained with our extended basis sets and to the standard 6-311G basis set from literature. Finally, the contracted basis sets are enriched with polarization function and then utilized in the theoretical interpretation of IR-spectrum of hexaaquachromium (III) ion, [Cr(H(2)O)(6)](3+), tetraoxochromium (IV) ion, [CrO(4)](4-), and tetraoxochromium (VI) ion, [CrO(4)](2-). The respective theoretical harmonic frequencies and IR-intensities were computed at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In the DFT calculations we employed the Becke's 1988 functional using the LYP correlation functional. The comparison between the results obtained and the corresponding experimental values indicates a very good description of the IR-spectra of the molecular ions studied, and that the GCHF method is still a legitimate alternative for selection of Gaussian basis sets. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Basis sets applied to the theoretical study of the vibrational structure of hexaaquaaluminum(III) ion

Gaussian basis sets were developed with the Generator Coordinate Hartree-Fock (GCHF) method for the atoms from H (14s), O (23s16p), and Al (29sl9p) in the ground state. These basis sets were then contracted to 3s (12,1,1), 5s3p (18,2,1,1,1/14,1,1), and 7s5p (20,3,2,1,1,1,1/14,2,1,1,1) for H, O and Al atoms, respectively, by a standard procedure. The quality of contracted basis sets in molecular calculations was evaluated through studies of the total and orbital (epsilon(HOMO) and epsilon(HOMO-1)) energies at the HF level for the hexaaquaaluminum(III) ion, [AI(H(2)O)(6)](3+). For the O atom, the 5s3p was supplemented with d polarization function and it was used in combination with 3s, and 7s5p for H and Al atoms was used to the theoretical interpretation of the Infrared (IR) spectrum of hexaaquaaluminum(III) ion. The calculations of the IR-spectrum were also performed at the HF level and it showed that the basis sets obtained with the aid of GCHF method lead to the selection of useful contracted Gaussian basis sets for the theoretical study of vibrational property of ionic specie of our interest. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Integrated X-ray crystallography, optical and computational methods in studies of structure and luminescence of new synthesized complexes of lanthanides with ligands derived from 2,6-diformylpyridine

The reaction of 2,6-diformylpyridine-bis(benzoylhydrazone) [dfpbbh] and 2,6-diformylpyridine-bis(4-phenylsemicarbazone) [dfpbpsc] with lanthanides salts yielded the new chelates complexes [Eu(dfpbpsc-H +) 2]NO 3 (1), [Dy(fbhmp) 2][Dy(dfpbbh-2H +) 2]·2EtOH·2H 2O (fbhmp = 2-formylbenzoylhydrazone-6-methoxide-pyridine; Ph = phenyl; Py = pyridine; Et = ethyl) and [Er 2(dfpbbh-2H +) 2(μ-NO 3)(H 2O) 2(OH)]·H 2O. X-ray diffraction analysis was employed for the structural characterization of the three chelate complexes. In the case of complex 1, optical, synthetic and computational methods were also exploited for ground state structure determinations and triplet energy level of the ligand and HOMO-LUMO calculations, as well as for a detailed study of its luminescence properties. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aplicação de métodos teóricos na investigação da transferência auto-consistente de elétrons em nano-retificador orgânico

Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo teórico da estrutura eletrônica de uma molécula do tipo Doador-dinitrobenzene e um grupo Aceitador-dihydrophenazine (D-A) com pontes poliênicas variando de π = 0 à π = 10. Trata-se de um sistema promissor para o desenvolvimento de retificadores moleculares, que sob dopagem química podem vir a adquirir propriedades elétricas de material condutor. E ainda, sob ação de campo elétrico externo apresenta comportamento equivalente ao de dispositivos usuais, mas com inúmeras vantagens como, por exemplo, tamanho extremamente reduzido e intensa resposta ótica em regime não-linear. Para estudar esse sistema, fizemos otimizações de geometria sistematicamente, levando em conta cálculos de ZINDO/S-CIS (Zerner´s Intermediate Neglect of Differential Orbital/Spectroscopic – Configuration Interaction Single) que utilizam 220 configurações em média. Observamos uma transferência eletrônica calculada por métodos derivados de Hartree-Fock. Nossos resultados mostram uma delocalização bem definida dos Orbitais Moleculares de Fronteira (OMFs) HOMO[LUMO] nos grupos D[A] para molécula com ponte poliênica relativamente grande. Para estruturas com ponte poliênica relativamente pequena o contrário é observado, e uma uniformidade dos OMFs nos terminais DA é verificada. O que indicaria que somente as estruturas com ponte poliênica relativamente grande seriam promissoras pra criação de dispositivos, tendo LUMO como canal de condução. Um estudo detalhado do rearranjo de carga molecular para a mesma estrutura, sob a ação de um campo elétrico externo mostrou que o transporte de carga no grupo D[A] independe do tamanho da ponte poliênica. A voltagem aplicada é intensa o bastante para criar um potencial de saturação para este sistema com grupos DA muito próximos (evidenciando uma região de saturação e uma região de operação para sistemas com pontes pequenas), normalmente presente e sistemas com ponte molecular relativamente grande e nos dispositivos semicondutores macroscópicos. Acreditamos que o OMF LUMO desempenha um papel importante no que diz respeito ao transporte de carga em estruturas relativamente grandes, seguido de falhas em estruturas moleculares onde o grupo D está muito próximo do A. Nossos resultados mostram que temos um retificador molecular que pode trabalhar corretamente como um retificador macroscópico.

Molecular and Electronic Structure of the Peptide Subunit of Geobacter sulfurreducens Conductive Phi from First Principles

The respiration of metal oxides by the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens requires the assembly of a small peptide (the GS pilin) into conductive filaments termed pili. We gained insights into the contribution of the GS pilin to the pilus conductivity by developing a homology model and performing molecular dynamics simulations of the pilin peptide in vacuo and in solution. The results were consistent with a predominantly helical peptide containing the conserved a-helix region required for pilin assembly but carrying a short carboxy-terminal random-coiled segment rather than the large globular head of other bacterial pilins. The electronic structure of the pain was also explored from first principles and revealed a biphasic charge distribution along the pilin and a low electronic HOMO-LUMO gap, even in a wet environment. The low electronic band gap was the result of strong electrostatic fields generated by the alignment of the peptide bond dipoles in the pilin's alpha-helix and by charges from ions in solution and amino acids in the protein. The electronic structure also revealed some level of orbital delocalization in regions of the pilin containing aromatic amino acids and in spatial regions of high resonance where the HOMO and LUMO states are, which could provide an optimal environment for the hopping of electrons under thermal fluctuations. Hence, the structural and electronic features of the pilin revealed in these studies support the notion of a pilin peptide environment optimized for electron conduction.

Advanced QSAR Studies on PPAR delta Ligands Related to Metabolic Diseases

PPAR delta is a nuclear receptor that, when activated, regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids and is related to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. To understand the main interactions between ligands and PPAR delta, we have constructed 2D and 3D QSAR models and compared them with HOMO, LUMO and electrostatic potential maps of the compounds studied, as well as docking results. All QSAR models showed good statistical parameters and prediction outcomes. The QSAR models were used to predict the biological activity of an external test set, and the predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, we employed all maps to evaluate the possible interactions between the ligands and PPAR delta. These predictive QSAR models, along with the HOMO, LUMO and MEP maps, can provide insights into the structural and chemical properties that are needed in the design of new PPAR delta ligands that have improved biological activity and can be employed to treat metabolic diseases.

Spectroscopic Study on the Structural Differences of Thermally Induced Cross-Linking Segments in Emeraldine Salt and Base Forms of Polyaniline

This paper reports the spectroscopic study on the structural differences of thermally induced cross-linking segments in polyaniline in its emeraldine salt (PANI-ES) and base (PANI-EB) forms. Casting films of PANI-ES (ES-film) and PANI-EB (EB-film) were prepared and heated at 150 degrees C under atmospheric air for 30 min. Raman spectra excited at 632.8 nm of heated ES-film presented the characteristic bands of phenazine-like structures at 1638, 1392, and 575 cm(-1), whereas EB-film showed lower relative intensities for these bands. The lower content of phenazine-like segments in heated EB-film is related to residual polaronic segments from preparation procedures, as revealed by Raman. This statement was confirmed by a sequence of thermal and doping experiments in both films. Quantum-chemical calculations by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) showed that the phenazine-like structure presents the intense Raman band at 1350 cm(-1) due to heterocycle breathing mode, and the non-phenazine-like structure (substituted hydrophenazine-type) presents higher energy for HOMO-LUMO transition, indicating the lack of conjugation in the heterocycle compared with the phenazine-like structure. According to experimental and theoretical data reported here, it is proposed that only thermally treated PANI-ES presents phenazine-like rings, whereas PANI-EB presents heterocyclic non-aromatic structures.

Polyazomethine with vinylene and phenantridine moieties in the main chain: Synthesis, characterization, opto(electrical) properties and theoretical calculations

The opto(electrical) properties and theoretical calculations of polyazomethine with vinylene and phenantridine moieties in the main chain were investigated in the present study. 2,5-Bis(hexyloxy)-1,4-bis[(2,5-bis(hexyloxy)-4-formyl-phenylenevinylene]benzene was polymerized in solution with 3,8-diamino-6-phenylphenanthridine (PAZ-PV-Ph). The temperatures of 5% weight loss (T-5%) of the polyazomethine was observed at 356 degrees C in nitrogen. Electrochemical properties of thin film of the polymer were studied by differential pulse voltammetry. The HOMO level of the PAZ-PV-Ph was at -4.97 eV. The energy band gap (E-g) was detected of approximately similar to 1.9 eV. Energy band gap (E-gopt) was additionally calculated from absorption spectrum and absorption coefficient alpha. The absorption UV-vis spectra of polyazomethine recorded in solution showed a blue shift in comparison with the solid state. HOMO-LUMO levels and E-g were additionally calculated theoretically by density functional theory and molecular simulations of PAZ-PV-Ph are presented. Current density-voltage (J-U) measurements were performed on ITO/PAZ-PV-Ph/Al, ITO/TiO2/PAZ-PV-Ph/Al and ITO/PEDOT/PAZ-PV-Ph:TiO2/Al devices in the dark and during irradiation with light (under illumination of 1000 W m(-2)). The polymer was tested using AFM technique and roughness (R-a, R-ms) along with skew and kurtosis are presented.

Theoretical Study of the Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Pigments

The first stage of the photosynthetic process is the extraordinary efficiency of sunlight absorption in the visible region [1]. This region corresponds to the maximum of the spectral radiance of the solar emission. The efficient absorption of visible light is one of the most important characteristics of photosynthetic pigments. In chlorophylls, for example, the absorptions are seen as a strong absorption in the region 400-450 nm in connection with other absorptions with small intensities in the region of 500-600 nm. This work aims at understanding the essential features of the absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments, in line with several theoretical studies in the literature [2, 3]. The absorption spectra were calculated for H2-Porphyrin, Mg-Porphyrin, and Zn-Porphyrin, and for H2-Phthalocyanine and Mg-Phthalocyanine with and without the four peripheral eugenol substituents. The geometries were optimized using the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) theoretical model. For the calculation of the absorption spectra different TD-DFT calculations were performed (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, O3LYP, M06-2X and BP86) along with CIS (D). For the spectra the basis set 6-311++G (d, p) was used for porphyrins and 6-31+G (d) was used for the other systems. At this stage the solvent effects were considered using the simplified continuum model (PCM). First a comparison between the results using the different methods was made. For the porphyrins the best results compared to experiment (both in position and intensities) are obtained with M06-2X and CIS (D). We also analyze the compatibility of the four-orbital model of Gouterman [4] that states that transitions could be well described by the HOMO-1, HOMO, LUMO, and LUMO+1 molecular orbitals. Our results for H2-Porphyrin shows an agreement with other theoretical results and experimental data [5]. For the phthalocyanines (including the four peripheral eugenol substituents) the results are also in good agreement compared with the experimental results given in ref [6]. Finally, the results show that the inclusion of solvent eÆects gives corrections for the spectral shift in the correct direction but numerically small. References [1] R.E. Blankenship; “Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis", Blackwell Science (2002). [2] P. Jaramillo, K. Coutinho, B.J.C. Cabral and S. Canuto; Chem. Phys. Lett., 516, 250(2011). [3] L. Petit, A. Quartarolo, C. Adamo and N. Russo; J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 2398(2006). [4] M. J. Gouterman; Mol. Spectr., 6, 138(1961). [5] M. Palummo, C. Hogan, F. Sottile, P. Bagal∂a and A. Rubio; J. Chem. Phys., 131, 084102(2009). [6] E. Agar, S. Sasmaz and A. Agar; Turk. J. Chem., 23, 131(1999).

Synthese und Eigenschaften von Tetrastilbenylmethanen und Tristilbenylcarbokationen

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung neuartiger organischer Materialien, die eine Absorption im NIR-Bereich besitzen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden höher konjugierte Carbinole und Tetrakis(stilbenyl)methane synthetisiert und aus den Carbinolen mit Trifloressigsäure Carbokationen-Salze hergestellt. Die Darstellung der Oligomeren erfolgte durch eine konvergente Synthesestrategie, bei der die meisten der synthetisierten Vorstufen in mehreren Folgereaktionen eingesetzt werden konnten. Als Schlüsselschritt der Synthesen wurde fast ausschließlich die Horner-Reaktion angewendet. Die Vorteile lagen dabei in der leichten Zugänglichkeit der Edukte, in hohen Produktausbeuten und vor allem in der hohen trans-Selektivität der Reaktion. Die effektiven Konjugationslängen (EKL) der Carbinole und Carbokationen wurden mit Hilfe der Fitfunktion berechnet. Mit zunehmender Ausdehnung des p-Systems wird der HOMO-LUMO Abstand des energieärmsten p-p*- Übergangs geringer und die Absorption zum sichtbaren Bereich hin bathochrom (langwellig) verschoben. Die Substitution mit einem Dialkylamino-Rest bewirkt ebenfalls eine bathochrome Verschiebung der Absorptionsbande.Umgekehrt verhält es sich bei den Carbokationen. Hier absorbieren die dialkylaminosubstituierten Verbindungen bei kürzerer Wellenlänge als die alkoxysubstituierten, da bei der Herstellung der Kationen aus den Carbinolen ,zuerst der Sickstoff als elektronenreichste Stelle protoniert wird. Dabei hat die Menge an zugesetzter Trifluoressigsäure einer entscheidende Einfluß auf die Bildung der Carbokationen aus den Carbinolen (s. Tabele 4-3). Während bei den alkoxysubstituierten Carbinolen das Gleichgewicht zwischen Carbinol und Carbokation schon nach Zusatz von ca 4 % Trifluoressigsäure erreicht ist, benötigt man bei den dialkylaminosubstituierten Carbinolen eine wesentlich höhere Säurekonzentration (10 %) zur vollständigen Protonierung (n = 4). Beiden Systemen ist gemein, daß nach Überschreiten der benötigten Gleichgewichtskonzentration an Trifluoressigsäure, eine Erhöhung der Säuremenge einen Abbau des Chromophos zur Folge hat. Offensichtlich wird dann die Doppelbindung protoniert, ein Vorgang der allerdings reversibel ist und keine Isomerisierungen beinhaltet.E/Z-Isomerisierungen finden allerdings durch Bestrahlungen mit Licht der Wellenlänge l = 366 nm statt. Bei dem Tetrakis(stilbenyl)methan 25a liegt das photostationäre Gleichgewicht bei ca 1/9 (Z/E), bei dem Tris(stilbenyl)methanol 19a liegt es bei 1/7 (Z/E).

Polymergebundene mesoionische Pyrimidinium-olate: Synthese, Photochemie und Anwendungsperspektiven

Photosensible Polymere haben bis heute vielfältigeAnwendungsmöglichkeiten erlangt, wie z. B. als Photoresistsund als Grundlage optischer Datenspeicher. In dieser Arbeitwurden photosensible mesoionische Pyrimidinium-olate unterEinsatz von verschiedenen neuen Methoden an Polymereangebunden und Filme dieser Polymere untersucht.Es wurde dazu zunächst eine Serie von niedermolekularenmesoionischen Modellverbindungen hergestellt, um derenVerhalten bei der Photoreaktion zum Bis(ß-lactam) zuanalysieren und die Eigenschaften mit semiempirischberechneten Werten zu vergleichen. Durch die Auswahlverschiedener Substituenten konnte dieAbsorptionswellenlänge des HOMO-LUMO Überganges in einemBereich zwischen 320 und 490 nm verändert werden.Zur Anbindung mesoionischer Pyrimidinium-olate an Polymerewurden verschiedene Methoden eingesetzt, um möglichst großeVariationen der Substituenten zu ermöglichen. Es wurdendabei sowohl auf Methacrylaten basierende Homo- undCopolymere mit der mesoionischen Funktion in derSeitenkette, als auch Polymere mit der mesoionischenFunktion in der Hauptkette durch eine polymeranalogeUmsetzung von polymeren Amidinen hergestellt.Am Beispiel von mesoionischem2-[2-(Isopropenylcarbonyloxy)ethylthio]-1-methyl-6-oxo-3-phenyl-5-propyl-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-3-ium-4-olatwurde auch eine Polymerisation in Wasser als Lösungsmitteldurchgeführt. Dazu wurde der 2:1 Komplex aus methyliertemß-Cyclodextrin (Methylierungsgrad 1,8) und dem Monomer miteinem wasserlöslichen Redoxinitiator polymerisiert. Dasausgefallene Produkt enthielt neben einem Oligomeranteil dasPolymer mit einem Molekulargewicht von 3.000 g/mol und einerniedrigen Polydispersität von 1,3. Außerdem wurde auch einCopolymer aus dem Komplex und komplexiertemMethylmethacrylat hergestellt. Es zeigte ein von dem in DMFohne Cyclodextrin hergestellten Copolymer abweichendesmassenabhängiges Einbauverhältnis.Mit der dielektrischen Spektroskopie konnten verschiedeneArrhenius aktivierte Rotationsprozesse gefunden werden,weiterhin gelang der Nachweis des Einflusses derPhotoreaktion auf den Brechungsindex und Geschwindigkeit desHochtemperaturprozesses. Zur genauen Betrachtung von Änderungen von Brechungsindexund Schichtdicke bei der Bestrahlung von Polymerfilmen wurdedie Wellenleitermodenspektroskopie eingesetzt. Während dieSeitenkettenpolymere auf Methacrylatbasis bei derBestrahlung eine deutliche Verringerung der Brechungsindicesund eine Erhöhung der Filmdicke zeigten, konnte bei demHauptkettenpolymer ein anisotropes Verhalten gefundenwerden. Zudem ist es auch gelungen, holographische Gitter inPolymere aus mesoionischen Pyrimidinium-olateneinzuschreiben. Die Bildung von Oberflächenwellen konntedabei mit der Atomkraftmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden.Weiterhin wurde auch die Kinetik der Photoreaktionuntersucht. Es konnte dabei gezeigt werden, dass einedeutlicher Beschleunigung sowohl durch eineTemperaturerhöhung über die Glasübergangstemperatur hinausals auch durch den Einsatz von flüssigkristallinenComonomeren, die zu einer weicheren Umgebung derphotoreaktiven Gruppen im Polymer führten, erzielt werdenkonnte.

From pyrene to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have shown that the overall size, periphery, and functionalization of PAHs are crucial parameters which significantly alter their electronic structure and chemical reactivity. Therefore, the major direction of this thesis is the synthesis and characterization of extended PAHs: (i) with different functional groups improving their processability, (ii) with different periphery changing their chemical reactivity, (iii) with inclusions of different metal ions, which influence their physical properties. • The cyclodehydrogenation reaction has been proposed for to synthesise polyphenylene ribbons with preplanarized (dibenzo[e,l]pyrene) moieties in the aromatic core with up to 10 nm linear size. The synthetic strategy employed is discussed in Chapter 2 and is based on stoichiometrically controlled DIELS-ALDER cycloaddition. All molecules possessed very good solubility in common organic solvents allowing their characterization by standard analytical techniques. • A new concept was developed to extend PAH’s core. Here the introduction of “zigzag” sites, discussed in Chpater 3 was shown to lower the HOMO-LUMO gap and to result in higher chemical reactivities. This allowed, in Chapters 3, 4 and 5, further functionalization of PAH and enlargement of their aromatic cores up to 224 atoms. Despite the size of these novel molecules, extraordinary solubilities in common organic solvents were obtained due to distortions from planarity of the aromatic cores by bulky tert-butyl groups, which hampered the usually very pronounced aggregation tendency of extended π-systems. All extended PAHs posses the small HOMO-LUMO gap together with good electron affinities making them potential candidates for application in organic FETs. • Another alternative synthetic route has been proposed to obtain extended the metal-PAH complexes. Using the quinoxaline methodology in Chapter 5 three new phenanthroline ligands (up to 60 skeletal atoms) have been synthesized and characterized. Four different (Ru(II), Cu(II) and Pt(II)) complexes were synthesized, allowing to construct a range of large metal complexes by varying the metal as well as the number and nature of ligands.

Spinpolarisierte Rastertunnelmikroskopie magnetischer Nanostrukturen am Beispiel von bcc-Co/Fe(110), Fe/Mo(110) und Kupfer-Phthalocyanin/Fe(110)

In dieser Arbeit werden, nach einer Einführung in die spinpolarisierte Rastertunnelmikroskopie und -spektroskopie als experimentelle Methode zur Untersuchung magnetischer Nanostrukturen, Ergebnisse zur spinpolarisierten elektronischen Struktur in Abhängigkeit von der Kristallstruktur am Beispiel ultradünner Co-Schichten sowie in Abhängigkeit von der Magnetisierungsrichtung für ultradünne Fe-Schichten vorgestellt. Hochaufgelöste Messungen zeigen die ortsabhängige Spinpolarisation auf einem einzelnen Kupfer-Phthalocyanin Molekül. rnrnKobalt wurde durch pseudomorphes Wachstum auf den (110)-Oberflächen der kubisch raumzentrierten Metalle Chrom und Eisen deponiert. Im Unterschied zu früheren Berichten in der Literatur lassen sich nur zwei Lagen Co in der kubisch raumzentrierten (bcc) Ordnung stabilisieren. Die bcc-Co Schichten auf der Fe(110)-Oberfläche zeigen keine Anzeichen von epitaktischen Verzerrungen. rnDickere Schichten rekonstruieren in eine dicht gepackte Struktur (hcp/fcc). Durch die bcc Ordnung wird die Spinpolarisation von Kobalt auf P=62% erhöht (hcp-Co: P=45%). rnrnDie temperaturabhängige Spinreorientierung (SRT) ultradünner Filme Fe/Mo(110) wurde mit spinpolarisierter Spektroskopie untersucht. Eine Neuausrichtung der Magnetisierung aus der senkrechten [110]-Achse in die in der Ebene liegenden [001]-Achse wird bei T=(13,2+-0,5)K festgestellt, wobei es sich um einen diskontinuierlichen Reorientierungsübergang handelt, d.h. die freie Energie weist innerhalb eines bestimmten Temperaturbereichs gleichzeitig zwei Minima auf. Weiterhin wird in der Mono- und Doppellage Fe/Mo(110 eine Abhängigkeit der elektronischen Struktur von der Ausrichtung der magnetisch leichten Achse und von der Magnetisierung beobachtet. rnrnDie Untersuchung des spinpolarisierten Ladungstransports durch ein Kupfer-Phthalocyanin-Molekül auf der Fe/Mo(110) Oberfläche liefert einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Verständnis des Spintransports an der Grenzfläche zwischen Metall und organischem Molekül. Die HOMO-LUMO-Energielücke des freien Moleküls wird durch die Wechselwirkung mit der Metalloberfläche mit Grenzflächenzuständen gefüllt. Diese Zustände reduzieren die Spinpolarisation des durch das Molekül fließenden Tunnelstroms durch einen zusätzlichen unpolarisierten Strombeitrag um einen Faktor zwei. Spinpolarisierte hybridisierte Grenzflächenzustände mit größerem Abstand zur Fermi-Energie führen in Abhängigkeit von der Position auf dem Molekül zu weiteren Beiträgen zur effektiven Spinpolarisation. Diese Untersuchungen belegen die Möglichkeit einer effektiven Spininjektion in organische Halbleiter und damit das Potential dieser Materialien für die weitere Entwicklung von Spintronik-Bauteilen.