Evaluación de la estrategia un pueblo un producto, en el marco del desarrollo económico local en El Salvador.

En El Salvador a lo largo de los últimos diez años, se han tratado de implementar diversas medidas de política económica, las cuales pretenden apalear los principales problemas que aquejan al país; sin embargo es notorio observar que estas medidas no han sido suficientes para solucionarlos. Desde los años 90´s el crecimiento económico presentaba comportamientos oscilantes y en promedio muy bajos en comparación a otros países, ya que en ninguno de los últimos quince años, se ha logrado crecer a tasas per cápita superiores al 3%, lo cual es deficiente en comparación con el resto del mundo, en promedio el PIB per cápita promedio mundial es de (1.96%) y El Salvador tiene un promedio de crecimiento de apenas un (0.93%), otro aspecto importante de mencionar es la enorme brecha que existe en los niveles de ingresos, lo que muestra una alta desigualdad y puede observarse al comparar los índices de desarrollo humano de El Salvador con el resto del mundo, posicionándonos en el lugar N°103 en promedio, lo que nos lleva a pensar que hace falta mejorar el nivel de desarrollo en el país. Como un intento por apostarle al crecimiento económico, se diseña una estrategia enfocada a promover de forma sostenible el Desarrollo Económico Local, referida a un proceso de concertación de diversos actores, como los gobiernos locales, la sociedad civil organizada y el sector privado, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, mediante la creación de más empleos y la dinamización de la economía de un territorio definido. Se trata de un proceso ampliamente participativo de todos los sectores, que promueve alianzas público-privadas en un territorio con el fin de estimular la actividad económica local. Exige el diseño de una visión en común y la implementación permanente de una estrategia de desarrollo, utilizando los recursos locales (desarrollo endógeno) y el desarrollo de ventajas competitivas en un contexto global. Además requiere crear y fortalecer la institucionalidad local de gestión, fortalecer las competencias en la población, la creación de un ambiente favorable de negocios para la atracción de inversiones y la creación de nuevas empresas, promoción de la competitividad de las empresas y la generación de ventaja competitiva regional. Es decir, se necesita la construcción de una visión y estrategia común del desarrollo territorial. Esta investigación se centró en la evaluación de la estrategia Un Pueblo Un Producto, como una técnica enfocada a promover y generar desarrollo económico local, a través de la promoción de las pequeñas y medianas empresas en mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de las localidades propiciando el desarrollo de las capacidades que posibiliten dar mayor valor agregado a sus recursos, con el fin de promover su identidad, el respeto por la cultura local, el sentido de pertenencia y el sentimiento de orgullo. Este Movimiento al estar desarrollándose en más de 30 países, ha motivado la creación de una base de integración internacional, a través de la puesta de sus productos en los respectivos mercados; locales, regionales, nacionales e incluso internacionales, posibilitando de esta manera diversificar la oferta exportable, así como una amplia red de intercambio de información. Con la ayuda directa de CONAMYPE, institución encargada de la puesta en marcha y coordinación de la estrategia, se pudo iniciar la investigación, facilitando el acceso a la información y el cercamiento con los líderes en los diversos municipios en estudio. Se hizo un muestreo de selección al azar y avalado por CONAMYPE de tres municipios con diferentes rubros y actividades económicas; San Lorenzo con la producción de Jocote barón rojo, El Congo como un atractivo turístico y Concepción Quezaltepeque con la producción de hamacas. Con el objetivo de realizar una evaluación precisa de la estrategia se utilizaron varias herramientas estadísticas para la recolección de la información, las encuestas fueron pasadas a los habitantes de los municipios para conocer el impacto que ha tenido la estrategia en la localidad, y las entrevistas a los principales actores involucrados como el director de CONAMYPE, alcaldes, principales productores y empresarios, representantes de la estrategia en los municipios, entre otros. También se creó un índice de resultados obtenidos para analizar el comportamiento directo de la estrategia en cuatro pilares fundamentales, los cuales son: Dimensión humana, social, económica y ambiental. Los resultados de los índices calculados para las cuatro dimensiones, han permitido observar las fortalezas de la estrategia aunque aún hay deficiencias en el progreso económico del desarrollo económico local y pese a los esfuerzos que se han hecho por tratar de mejorar las condiciones de vida de los habitantes de los municipios, aún hay varios aspectos que deben mejorarse, no obstante lo anterior la implementación de la Estrategia UPUP ha mejorado el desarrollo económico local en los tres municipios que se realizó la investigación.

A restudy of the 1917 eruption of Volcán Boquerón, El Salvador, Central America / Sharat Kumar Roy --

v.10:no.30(1957)

The birds of El Salvador, by Donald R. Dickey and A. J. Van Rossem.

v.23 (1938)

Notes on amphibians and reptiles from El Salvador / A. Stanley Rand.

v.34:no.42(1957)

Fresh-water limestone from the Torola Valley, northeastern El Salvador / Sharat Kumar Roy -- and Robert Kriss Wyant --.

v.10:no.16(1953)

Establishment of a new genus for Parastenocaris itica (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from El Salvador, Central America, with discussion of the Parastenocaris fontinalis and P. proserpina groups

A new genus of Parastenocarididae is described from the Neotropical region. Iticocaris gen. nov. is established to include Parastenocaris itica Noodt, 1962. Iticocaris gen. nov. is defined by the following characters: 1) male leg 3 with 2-segmented exopod; 2) first exopodal segment short and rectangular; 3) thumb hypertrophic, longer than the second exopodal segment and inserted on the distal edge of exopod segment 1, occupying the whole distal margin; 4) exopod 2 or apophysis strongly sclerotized, articulated with the exopod segment 1 on its inner margin and curved against the thumb, forming a strong forceps; 5) leg 4 endopod without dimorphism in shape and size vs. minor dimorphism in ornamentation; 6) leg 5 with three setae and 7) lack of the anterolateral furcal seta II. The new genus is monotypic, represented by Iticocaris itica (Noodt, 1962) comb. nov., from El Salvador, Central America. A close relationship is hypothesized between I. itica and the genus Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972, the males of which both share the forceps-like elongated apophysis.

Transition modes and institutional outcomes in El Salvador and Guatemala

Institutions affect key dimensions of the political process –policy, stability, and conflict. The choice of institutions is thus consequential. I argue that transition modes affect the choice of institutions in predictable and systematic ways. The more balanced power is between the two main bargaining forces –regime elite and opposition– the likelier that the resulting institutions will be pluralistic. Contrarily, the more unbalanced power is in favour of regime elites vis a vis the opposition, the likelier that institutions will be majoritarian. The argument is tested for El Salvador and Guatemala.

Elimination of Rhodnius prolixus in El Salvador, Central America

Epidemiological studies performed in El Salvador between 1955-1972 demonstrated a high frequency of two triatomine vectors (Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius prolixus). However, the frequency of R. prolixus decreased by 1976 and this species has not been found since 1995. The main factors influencing the elimination of R. prolixus in El Salvador are discussed in this paper.

Acute Chagas disease in El Salvador 2000-2012 - Need for surveillance and control

Several parasitological studies carried out in El Salvador between 2000-2012 showed a higher frequency of acute cases of Chagas disease than that in other Central American countries. There is an urgent need for improved Chagas disease surveillance and vector control programs in the provinces where acute Chagas disease occurs and throughout El Salvador as a whole.

Peacetime Violence in El Salvador and Honduras: A tale of two countries

The end of the Cold War did not bring about an end to violence in Central America. Today, so-called non-political violence continues to worsen. Academics and public policymakers are frequently influenced by the assumption that there is a causal relationship between the political violence of the 1980s and the non-political violence of today. By looking at the cases of El Salvador and Honduras, this working paper seeks to systematize existing claims about the causal relationship between past and present violence into two approaches. Our research shows that high levels of prolonged political violence, along with an abundance of firearms, can lead to high levels of prolonged non-political violence but not in the ways most often cited in existing literature. We propose a new model to better understand the connection between past and present violence and recommend indicators that can be used to measure variations in violence over time in contexts of protracted non-political violence.

Geomorphological method in the elaboration of hazard maps for flash-floods in the municipality of Jucuarán (El Salvador)

This work deals with the elaboration of flood hazard maps. These maps reflect the areas prone to floods based on the effects of Hurricane Mitch in the Municipality of Jucuarán of El Salvador. Stream channels located in the coastal range in the SE of El Salvador flow into the Pacific Ocean and generate alluvial fans. Communities often inhabit these fans can be affected by floods. The geomorphology of these stream basins is associated with small areas, steep slopes, well developed regolite and extensive deforestation. These features play a key role in the generation of flash-floods. This zone lacks comprehensive rainfall data and gauging stations. The most detailed topographic maps are on a scale of 1:25 000. Given that the scale was not sufficiently detailed, we used aerial photographs enlarged to the scale of 1:8000. The effects of Hurricane Mitch mapped on these photographs were regarded as the reference event. Flood maps have a dual purpose (1) community emergency plans, (2) regional land use planning carried out by local authorities. The geomorphological method is based on mapping the geomorphological evidence (alluvial fans, preferential stream channels, erosion and sedimentation, man-made terraces). Following the interpretation of the photographs this information was validated on the field and complemented by eyewitness reports such as the height of water and flow typology. In addition, community workshops were organized to obtain information about the evolution and the impact of the phenomena. The superimposition of this information enables us to obtain a comprehensive geomorphological map. Another aim of the study was the calculation of the peak discharge using the Manning and the paleohydraulic methods and estimates based on geomorphologic criterion. The results were compared with those obtained using the rational method. Significant differences in the order of magnitude of the calculated discharges were noted. The rational method underestimated the results owing to short and discontinuous periods of rainfall data with the result that probabilistic equations cannot be applied. The Manning method yields a wide range of results because of its dependence on the roughness coefficient. The paleohydraulic method yielded higher values than the rational and Manning methods. However, it should be pointed out that it is possible that bigger boulders could have been moved had they existed. These discharge values are lower than those obtained by the geomorphological estimates, i.e. much closer to reality. The flood hazard maps were derived from the comprehensive geomorphological map. Three categories of hazard were established (very high, high and moderate) using flood energy, water height and velocity flow deduced from geomorphological and eyewitness reports.

Fe y esperanza : women's road to leadership and ministry in the Lutheran church of El Salvador 1952-2009

The Lutheran Church of El Salvador made a decision, in 1986, to open the ministry to women. How was it possible in the midst of a Latin American macho culture and after having been influenced by the theologically conservative, North American mission work? This research examines the kinds of internal and external factors which led women to leadership and ministry, and the context in which this development occurred. The roles of women have been scrutinised during several time periods. During 1952-1974 the focus was on women as missionary wives and fundadoras (founding mothers). Women’s roles as laywomen grew in 1975-1985. After the outburst of the civil war in 1980, women advanced to lay leaders. The ministry was opened for women and the first deacon pastors were installed in 1986 and the first presbyter pastors were ordained in 1994. In 2009, more women than ever were working in different levels – from laywomen to leaders – in the Lutheran Church of El Salvador. The research shows that the reasons for the development and changes concerning women’s positions and roles lie in the impact of significant individuals, liberation theology, the feminist and women’s movement, civil war and the theology of life.