Dissecting Carotenoid from Structural Components of Carotenoid-Based Coloration: A Field Experiment with Great Tits (Parus major)

Carotenoid-based yellowish to red plumage colors are widespread visual signals used in sexual and social communication. To understand their ultimate signaling functions, it is important to identify the proximate mechanism promoting variation in coloration. Carotenoid-based colors combine structural and pigmentary components, but the importance of the contribution of structural components to variation in pigment-based colors (i.e., carotenoid-based colors) has been undervalued. In a field experiment with great tits (Parus major), we combined a brood size manipulation with a simultaneous carotenoid supplementation in order to disentangle the effects of carotenoid availability and early growth condition on different components of the yellow breast feathers. By defining independent measures of feather carotenoid content (absolute carotenoid chroma) and background structure (background reflectance), we demonstrate that environmental factors experienced during the nestling period, namely, early growth conditions and carotenoid availability, contribute independently to variation in yellow plumage coloration. While early growth conditions affected the background reflectance of the plumage, the availability of carotenoids affected the absolute carotenoid chroma, the peak of maximum ultraviolet reflectance, and the overall shape, that is, chromatic information of the reflectance curves. These findings demonstrate that environment-induced variation in background structure contributes significantly to intraspecific variation in yellow carotenoid-based plumage coloration.

Great minds? Great Lakes! : don't miss the boat with environmental education.

Mode of access: Internet.

Water quality in the middle Great Lakes : results of the 1985 USEPA survey of Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan /

Mode of access: Internet.

Our air, our land, our water : environmental quality in the Great Lakes Basin /

"September 1988"--P. 3.

Careers in fire and casualty insurance.

"Suggested readings": p. [32].

Chicago foreign language press survey [microform] : Norwegian.

The survey was published in 1942 by the Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the Works Projects Administration of Illinois. The purpose of the project was to translate and classify selected news articles that appeared in the foreign language press from 1855 to 1938. The project consists of 120,000 typewritten pages translated from newspapers of 22 different foreign language communities in Chicago.

Report of the Board of Health of the City of Chicago for ...

Vol. for 1867, 1868, and 1869 includes: Sanitary history of Chicago from 1833 to 1870.

The life of the great preacher, Reverend George Whitefield, "prince of pulpit orators", with the secret of his success, and specimens of his sermons.

Mode of access: Internet.

The adventures of Uncle Jeremiah and family at the great fair;

Mode of access: Internet.

1927-1929 report of the West Chicago parks on the $10,000,000 bond issue ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Report of the Department of Health of the City of Chicago.

1867-69 contains a sanitary history of Chicago from 1833 to 1870.

American politics (non-partisan) from the beginning to date. : Embodying a history of all the political parties, with their views and records on all important questions. Great speeches on all great issues, the text of all existing political laws ... Also a complete federal blue book ... /

Various pagings.

Distinguished successful Americans of our day; containing biographies of prominent Americans now living, noteworthy as having achieved success in their chosen avocations in the various civil, military, educational, religious, industrial, commercial and other lines of human effort--men of thought and men of action who have been effective in the establishment and maintenance of our commonwealth, prominent citizens in all walks of life who are really the founders, makers and builders of our great republic as manifested in America's great institutions of finance, commerce and trade, and its unparalleled progress in education, literature, art, science, and in the development of our nation in all lines of human endeavor.

Mode of access: Internet.

Alexander Legge, 1866-1933; the life story of a truly great American who loved and served his country well, who achieved world-wide distinction as an industrial leader, as a patriotic public servant and as the devoted friend and champion of all who till the soil,

Mode of access: Internet.