768 resultados para Gravidez - Toxoplasmose
Prevalência de toxoplasmose congênita no norte do estado : um estudo prospectivo em Passo Fundo [RS]
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A Tese se insere no campo de discussão atual sobre as conseqüências da gravidez durante a adolescência e juventude. Os números de fecundidade colaboraram para que a gravidez juvenil se tornasse mais evidente e ganhasse espaço de debate na academia, instituições de saúde e mídia. Nestes locais, a pesquisa e a avaliação desse ‘fenômeno’ – mais freqüente nos segmentos populares – têm proporcionado ratificações e relativizações importantes sobre o comportamento afetivo-sexual dos jovens, na modernidade. No âmbito das Ciências Sociais, o processo de socialização, em que gerações de uma mesma família convivem lado-a-lado, aponta para diferenças entre gênero, idéias e práticas possibilitando uma compreensão mais ampla da ocorrência da gravidez juvenil. As hierarquias de valores e visões de mundo dos universos simbólicos e materiais constituíram-se em um prisma analítico fundamental na Tese, a qual considerou as trajetórias de 23 jovens (de 18-19 anos) e de 10 mães de segmentos populares e médios da cidade de Pelotas (RS). Os dados empíricos indicam peculiaridades significativas no controle social exercido pelos pais e no comportamento das filhas nos universos analisados. As necessidades de emancipação e de autonomia juvenil geram tensões familiares, quando não estão em acordo com certos encaminhamentos idealizados pelo grupo familiar (fugindo de uma ordem de comportamentos e acontecimentos). De modo geral, a trajetória escolar-profissional é pressuposta como a primeira a ser priorizada; uma função juvenil a ser cumprida, dela dependerá a independência econômica e a autonomia para ajudar a transformar um jovem em um adulto – a construir-se como uma pessoa individualizada. Porém, esta é uma tarefa mais árdua para o segmento popular, à medida que é exigida da população uma extensão da escolarização para inserção e manutenção no mercado de trabalho. Na escala das ocorrências esperadas na vida das jovens tem-se, em segundo momento, a realização familiar-conjugal. A gravidez na juventude é encarada pelos pais como uma interrupção no processo de crescimento e de individualização. Rearranjos familiares são exigidos e questionamentos sobre os sentimentos, as relações parentais, a juventude (o que é ser/estar jovem, como sê-lo, o que fazer) e valores contemporâneos vêm à tona. As narrativas maternas e juvenis demonstraram que muito das apreciações e censuras alocadas na gravidez juvenil estavam vinculadas às representações e concepções sobre como um indivíduo deve aproveitar sua juventude; sendo assim, a gravidez se consagra como o extremo oposto das expectativas parentais, sociais e, em muitos casos, das jovens.
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Não existe uniformidade nos critérios diagnósticos do diabetes gestacional, mas em geral eles se baseiam em testes de tolerância à glicose realizados em 2 a 3 horas . O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a capacidade de um TTG 75g realizado em 1 hora em predizer diabetes gestacional segundo critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde e desfechos adversos da gravidez a ele relacionados. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte de mulheres com 20 ou mais anos de idade, sem diabetes fora da gravidez, atendidas em serviços de pré-natal do Sistema Público de Saúde, em seis capitais brasileiras, entre 1991 e 1995. Os dados referem-se a 5004 mulheres que foram entrevistadas e realizaram um teste oral de tolerância com 75 g de glicose entre a 24ª e 28ª semana de gestação. Dados da evolução da gravidez e do parto foram extraídos dos prontuários. A capacidade da glicemia de 1 hora em predizer o diabetes gestacional foi excelente, com área sob a curva ROC de 0,903 (0,886-0,919). O ponto de corte que otimiza sensibilidade (83%) e especificidade (83%) na predição de diabetes gestacional é 141 mg/dl. Para macrossomia, sua sensibilidade é 33% e a especificidade 78%. Altas especificidades foram alcançadas com glicemias na ordem de 180 mg/dl na detecção do diabetes gestacional (99%) e da macrossomia (97%). Um ponto intermediário, com sensibilidade satisfatória (62%) e especificidade ainda elevada (94%) na predição do diabetes gestacional é 160 mg/dl. Para macrossomia, sua especificidade é 90%. A predição de desfechos adversos da gravidez foi semelhante à da glicemia de 2 horas. É possível, portanto, simplificar a detecção do diabetes gestacional com o TTG-1h , empregado como teste de rastreamento (140mg/dl) e de diagnóstico (180mg/dl) simultaneamente.Uma proporção pequena de gestantes ainda requer confirmação, mas o diagnóstico terá sido realizado mais precocemente naquelas com glicemia mais elevada.
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A utilização de plantas com fins medicinais para o tratamento, cura e prevenção de doenças, é uma das mais antigas formas de prática medicinal da humanidade. Estas plantas são comercializadas apoiadas em propagandas que prometem benefícios seguros, já que se trata de “fonte natural”. Porém, muitas vezes as supostas propriedades terapêuticas anunciadas não possuem validade científica ou por não terem sido investigadas, ou por não terem tido suas ações farmacológicas comprovadas em testes científicos. Por outro lado, existem evidências significativas em experimentos em animais que muitas substâncias de origem vegetal são potencialmente embriotóxicas ou teratogênicas. Dentro deste contexto, realizamos um estudo do tipo caso-controle de base hospitalar e multicêntrico com o propósito de elucidar os potenciais riscos relacionados ao uso de fitoterápicos em geral, antidepressivos e/ou ansiolíticos de origem vegetal e plantas medicinais com suposta atividade abortiva, com o aparecimento de malformações congênitas maiores nos bebês de gestantes expostas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estimar a freqüência do uso de plantas medicinais e seus derivados durante a gestação, particularmente as com potencialidades abortivas e as com efeito sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central, descrevendo as principais substâncias utilizadas e as razões de seu uso. Tais freqüências foram comparadas entre 443 mães de bebês portadores de defeitos congênitos maiores e 443 mães de bebês normais. De acordo com os resultados obtidos abservou-se que 156 (17,6%) puérperas relataram usar algum tipo de fitoterápico e que 300 (33,9%) usaram substâncias de origem vegetal exclusivamente para tratar sintomas de depressão e/ou ansiedade. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre casos e controles no consumo destas substâncias. Porém, 176 (39,7%) mães de bebês malformados e 110 (24,8%) mães de controle utilizaram plantas com potencialidades abortivas (p<0,001). O conjunto destas observações evidenciou que o uso de fitoterápicos e ansiolíticos/antidepressivos de origem vegetal durante a gestação, não parece estar associado ao aparecimento de defeitos congênitos maiores nesta amostra. No entanto, a observação de que as mães de crianças malformadas utilizaram mais chás considerados abortivos ou suspeitos de algum tipo de risco para a gestação, sugere uma associação entre o uso destas substâncias e o desfecho malformação congênita maior na população estudada. Estes resultados devem ser interpretados cuidadosamente, pois podem significar uma ação teratogênica do composto vegetal, ou podem dever-se à co-existência de outros fatores teratogênicos relacionados à tentativa de aborto.
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Toxoplasmosis, provoked by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most prevalent parasitoses in the world. In humans, transmission occurs by three evolutionary forms of the parasite: oocysts, tissue cysts and tachyzoites. Wild and domestic felines are definitive hosts. The ocular form of toxoplasmosis can be of congenital origin with early or late clinical manifestations, or acquired after birth. T. gondii is considered the main culprit for most cases of infectious uveitis. This study aimed at assessing ocular toxoplasmosis, relating it to factors associated to the patient s lifestyle and describing the epidemic-serological and clinical profile of affected individuals. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a population of 159 patients. Univariate analysis (odds ratio) was used to evaluate the data, with a confidence interval of 95% and p-value < 0.05. A prevalence of 4% of ocular toxoplasmosis was observed in the population of patients treated at an ophthalmological clinic. Of patients directly examined by immunoenzymatic assay (MEIA-AxSYM®- Microparticle Enzyme Immune Assay), considering only uveitis, a frequency of anti-T. gondii of 73%, most of whom exhibited titulation between 40-99 UI IgG/mL. With respect to location of ocular lesions, bilaterality was observed in 57% of patients assessed by the ophthalmoscopy technique. When compared with the results of an active search of medical records, a similarity in ocular toxoplasmosis (74%) and bilateral lesion location (55%) was observed. Type I lesion was the most frequent type observed, with intraocular disposition in the macula. An epidemiological survey revealed that direct contact with cats; consuming raw or poorly cooked meat and direct contact with the soil were significantly associated with greater likelihood of acquiring ocular toxoplasmosis. Sample characterization in relation to age range was significant for patients between 31 and 40 years [χ², chi-square test (p = 0.04)], but population traits such as schooling, sanitary district, and monthly income were not significant. Results confirm that ocular toxoplasmosis is widely distributed in the metropolitan area of Natal, Brazil, with significant prevalence of ocular lesions provoked by T.gondii. It is suggested that sanitary authorities exert greater control in order to minimize the risk of toxoplasmic infection, mainly in pregnant women.
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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, triggering dangerous complications in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women, as well as having great economic impact for the livestock. So far the control of toxoplasmosis is made primarily by chemotherapy. However, most drugs used routinely have some limitations. In order to control this disease, several research groups, including ours, has been working to develop a medical-veterinary vaccine based on parasite antigens, vectors and protocols of immunization. In this study were implemented and standardized methodologies for amplification and cloning of recombinant immunogens in the system for the development of a prototype vaccine, based on the surface antigens of T. gondii and recombinant adenovirus encoding these antigens. Genes encoding BAG1, GRA2 and SAG1 proteins were amplified. We established a strategy for cloning SAG1, SAG2, SAG3 and TgAMA1- genes in recombinant system. The genes encoding SAG1 and SAG2 were cloned and their sequences showed high similarity with sequences from GenBank. The virtual translation of these proteins showed polymorphisms in the amino acid sequence, which can be correlated with levels of antigenicity. Simultaneously, the adenovirus encoding the SAGs (HAdSAGs) were expanded, purificated and characterizated. Immunization of C57bl/6 mice, using viral supernatant was not enought to elicit immune responses at high levels, being required HAdSAGs titration for future immunizations. Therefore, this study allowed the cloning of the two genes important for the development of a prototype vaccine. Besides, implementations methodologies that permit advancements in the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis using adenovirus to express proteins of the parasite
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Hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy (HSP) are configured as one of the major complications in the pregnancy and postpartum period and can lead premature newborn and subsequent hospitalization of the newborn to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). This study aimed to analyze the perceptions, meanings and feelings of mothers on the hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy and premature obstetric labor. The research was qualitative and has a theoretical methodological the Social Representations Theory(SRT) in the approach to the Central Nucleus Theory. The study included 70 women, mean age 29 years, predominantly school to high school, most of them married or in consensual union, primiparous and prevalence of cesarean delivery occurred between 32 and 37 weeks of pregnancy.The data were collected from may to december 2008 in the Maternity School Januário Cicco in Natal , and obtained through the following instruments for data collection: questionnaire including questions about socio-demographic status; the Free Words Association Test (FWAT) and and verbalized mental image construction used three stimuli: such as pregnancy with high blood pressure, preterm birth and NICU, and interview with the following guiding question: what it meant for you to have a pregnancy with high blood pressure and consequently the birth of a premature baby? Data analysis was performed using multi-method obtained from the data processing by EVOC (Ensemble Programmes Permettant L 'Analyze des Évocations) and ALCESTE (Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d'un Ensemble de Segment de Texte) and thematic analysis in categories. The results will be presented in four thematic units under the following representative universes: HSP, prematurity as a result of HSP, NICU and the social representations of mothers on the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy sequenced premature birth and hospitalization of the child in the NICU. The results obtained by multimethod analyses showed similar constructions and point to death as the central nucleus and negative aspects, coping strategies, need of care, knowledge about the disease, fragility and meanings of the NICU as peripheral elements. It is considered that the perceptions, meanings and feelings of puerperal women in relation to HSPs and to premature delivery are a negative social representation, with representational elements that may have influenced the adverse effects on the disease and its consequences. We suggest action on the peripheral elements of this representation, with adequate orientation, early diagnosis, effective conduct, receptive attitude on the part of the team, health promotion measures and effective public policies, in order to improve the care provided to puerperal women, making them feel welcome and minimizing their suffering
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The preeclampsia is a disease that evolves to high death rate for the mother and for the fetus. The incidence of this disease in the world is variable and there are no data of this disturb in the Brazilian population. This paper had the objective to determine the incidence and risk factors for development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in a neighborhood in Natal, RN, Brazil, taking place a prospective study, cohort type, with the objective of evaluating the entire pregnancy of 242 women that got pregnant between 2004-2007. The incidence of hypertensive disorders was of 17%, while the incidence of preeclampsia was of 13.8%. The age average of women that developed the hypertensive disorders was of 27.4 years (SD±.9), whilst those that developed preeclampsia was of 26.6 (SD ±7.8) years and the normotensive was of 23.9 (SD±5.8) (p=0.002). It is noted a significant increase of the hypertensive disorder with age (p=0.0265). The gestational age for those who developed preeclampsia was lower than the women that developed normotensive pregnancy (p=0.0002). The body mass index (BMI) of the group of women that developed the hypertensive disorder was of 25.8 (SD±3.9), significantly higher than the group of normotensive women with 23.5 (SD±3.7) (p=0.02). The levels of triglycerides and cholesterol tended to be higher on women with preeclampsia than on normotensive, p=0.0502 and p=0.0566, respectively. Six (6) women presented with severe preeclampsia and one (1) developed HELLP Syndrome. The resolution of the pregnancy was performed by cesarean section in 70% of women that developed hypertensive disorders, whilst the normotensive was of 23.6% (p<0.0001). A subgroup of the studied subjects was reassessed one year after labor, revealing that 50% of the patients were still hypertensive. There were no larger complications nor mother death during labor. The incidence of hypertensive disorders are above the levels noted in other studies and 30% of the women were within the poles of greater risk for the hypertensive disorders; the elevated BMI in the beginning of the pregnancy is a risk factor for hypertensive disorder. The risk of severe complication in preeclampsia is high, with imminence of eclampsia occurring in 20.1% of women who developed hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. The adequate prenatal care and the opportune labor assistance may minimize the complications of the pregnancy hypertension and avoid mother death, although the risk of women remaining hypertensive is elevated
Significados e percepções do homem diante da gravidez de sua companheira com síndromes hipertensivas
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The general aim of the research was to comprehend the Social Representations constructed by the man in the face of his companion s risk pregnancy caused by hypertensive syndromes. The study is of exploratory and descriptive character in a qualitative approach developed at two public maternity hospitals, both located in Natal-RN, with 65 men whose wives had undergone high-risk pregnancy. The project was submitted to the Ethics on Research Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (CEP-UFRN), with favorable report no. 81/07. For data collection, the following multimethods were employed: a word free association test; a projective test for registering mental images; and a semistructured interview schedule. The speech contents were analyzed in accordance with the Theory of Social Representations and complemented by the Central Nucleus Theory. The discussion of the results was grounded on literary findings of the companion s participation in pregnancy as well as in risk pregnancy associated with hypertensive syndromes. The data showed fear as representation s central nucleus, while recollections of that feeling referred to death of both companion and child in addition to fear of the unknown. The categories preoccupation and carefulness, other feelings, and clinical picture of the disease represented components of the peripheral nucleus. The results concerning mental images followed the same category criteria of the word free association test fear, other feelings, preoccupation, carefulness, and clinical picture of the disease. After being processed in accordance with the principles of content analysis, the statements originated three thematic unities: fear and insecurity in the presence of the companion s risk pregnancy; attitudes of carefulness to the risk pregnancy of the partner; and humanized assistance during the companion s risk pregnancy. Considering the results, the conclusion is that the partner s risk pregnancy caused by hypertensive syndromes represents, for the man, feelings of fear, preoccupation, insecurity, lack of acceptance and information, as well as attitudes of carefulness. The results reveal necessity of reorganizing the obstetric assistance with an eye to including the man as participant in the reproductive process. That demands extension of humanized carefulness to the companion with a view to make him an active coadjutor in the assistance of high-risk pregnant