935 resultados para Gradiente de concentração


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The studies of this work aimed to determine the labile fractions of manganese (Mn) in natural and drainage water samples collected around the Osamu Utsumi uranium mine, located in the municipality of Caldas, south-central region of Poços de Caldas- MG, using the technique of diffusion gradient in thin films (DGT). The DGT devices were mounted with Chelex-100 resin, polyacrylamide-agarose hydrogel (conventional porosity) and cellulose acetate membrane. The device were deployed up to 48 hours in six water samples collected from different areas around the uranium mine (075, 076, 022-E, 025-E, 014, and 041). The DGT devices immersed in each sample were gradually removed after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The pH of the samples ranged from 3.0 to 10.5, which influenced the lability and the sampling of the analyte by the Chelex-100 resin. The results showed a linear relationship between accumulated mass and sampling time (immersion curve) for samples 014 and 025-E (pH between 6 and 8) suggesting the ability of the DGT technique for sampling the analyte. The results obtained for samples 075 and 076 (pH<5) and samples 041 and 022-E (pH around 10) were characterized by nonlinear relationships. The values obtained by DGT were compared with Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) technique using Chelex-100. For samples 014 and 025-E, there was a good agreement between the results obtained by both techniques

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Introdução - Diversos estudos têm apontado que uma modulação imunoinflamatória possa desempenhar papel importante na fisiopatologia da insuficiência cardíaca, através da determinação de aumento dos níveis séricos de várias citoquinas em pacientes com a síndrome. No entanto, o sítio da produção aumentada destas moléculas ainda não está claro. Métodos - Foram estudados 18 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca classe III ou IV com fração de ejecão ≤ 35% (47±11 anos; 14/18 com etiologia não isquêmica) e 7 indivíduos controles (38±9 anos). Foram analisadas as concentrações de TNF-α, seus receptores solúveis I e II, da interleucina 6 e do receptor solúvel da interleucina 2 pelo método de ELISA no sangue periférico e sangue do seio coronário de todos os indivíduos. Resultados - Nos pacientes, as concentrações periféricas do TNF-α, e dos receptores solúveis I e II do TNF-α foram significativamente maiores do que nos indivíduos controles (3,9 ± 2,7 vs. 0,6 ± 1,9 pg/ml, p = 0,009; 1477 ± 489 pg/ml vs. 965 ± 214 pg/ml, p = 0,01; 3149 ± 983 pg/ml vs.1700 ± 526 pg/ml, p = 0,001; respectivamente). Apenas o TNF-α e a interleucina 6 apresentaram maior concentração periférica quando comparada ao sangue do seio coronário (3,9 ± 2,7 vs. 2,7 ± 2,1 pg/ml, p = 0,007 e 4,5 ± 2,8 vs. 3,6 ± 2,8 pg/ml, p = 0,01, respectivamente) em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Além disto, foi observada correlação inversa entre a concentração periférica do TNF-α (r = - 0,5, p = 0,01) e seus receptores solúveis I e II (r = - 0,46, p = 0,02 e r = - 0,59, p = 0,001, respectivamente) e a fração de ejeção, bem como a concentração no seio coronário dos receptores solúveis I e II do TNF-α e a fração de ejeção (r = - 0,46, p= 0,02 e r = - 0,58, p = 0,002, respectivamente). Conclusões - A existência de maiores concentrações de TNF-α e interleucina 6 no sangue periférico do que no seio coronário em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sugere que a produção destas citoquinas seja predominantemente periférica. O TNF-α e seus receptores solúveis I e II correlacionaram-se inversamente com a fração de ejeção.

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The oil wells cementing is a critical step during the phase of well drilling, because problems during the operation of slurry pumping and an incomplete filling of the annular space between the metal casing and the formation can cause the slurry loss. Therefore, the slurry adopted in primary cementing an oil well must be properly dosed so that these problems are avoided during its pumping. When you drill a well in a weak rock formation requires even more careful, because should be a limit of hydrostatic pressure exerted during cementation, that does not occur rock collapse. With the objective of performing the cementing of a well whose formation is weak or unconsolidated are employed lighter slurries. Thus, this study used slurries with sodium silicate and nano silica in concentrations of 0,1; 0,4; 0,7 e 1,0 gpc, in which the slurries with nano silica showed the rheological parameters higher concentrations of up to 0.7 gpc and for concentration of 1.0 the slurry with sodium silicate obtained the highest values, remaining above the limits for application in fields, mainly wells with low fracture gradient, because a significant increase in viscosity may result in an increase in pressure pumping in operations of secondary cementations. Furthermore, there was no decrease in strength with increasing concentration of additive. Then, it is possible use of these additives to formulate Lighter slurry

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The omnivorous filter-feeding fish, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), can have negative effects on water quality enhancing the eutrophication process. These effects depend on the nutrient enrichment level in the water. We carried out a mesocosm experiment for five weeks in a tropical man-made lake in Brazil to test ifthe effects of tilapias depend on of the level of nutrient enrichment. The experiment lasted for 5 weeks and a factorial 2x5 experimental design was used where the presence and absence of tilapias were manipulated in combination to 5 different levels of nutrient load in a total of 10 treatments. A two way repeated measure ANOVA was performed to evaluate the effects of time (t), tilapia (F), nutrients (NP) and the interactions among these factors on: chlorophyll a, water transparency, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, N:P ratio, zooplankton biomass and phytoplankton biovolume. The tilapia effect was evident, but nutrient enrichment didn t have any effect on the variables analyzed. Tilapia decreased the water transparency, total zooplankton biomass, calanoid copepod biomass, nauplii copepod biomass and cladocerans biomass. On the other hand, tilapia had no effect on phytoplankton biovolume. This lack of effect on phytoplankton is probably due to tilapia grazing that may counteract the positive effect of tilapia on phytoplankton via trophic cascades and nutrient recycling. Hence, a reduction in tilapia stock would not be an effective way to reduce phytoplankton biomass and improve water quality

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All around the world, naturally occurring hydrocarbon deposits, consisting of oil and gas contained within rocks called reservoir rocks , generally sandstone or carbonate exists. These deposits are in varying conditions of pressure and depth from a few hundred to several thousand meters. In general, shallow reservoirs have greater tendency to fracture, since they have low fracture gradient, ie fractures are formed even with relatively low hydrostatic columns of fluid. These low fracture gradient areas are particularly common in onshore areas, like the Rio Grande do Norte basin. During a well drilling, one of the most favorable phases for the occurrence of fractures is during cementing, since the cement slurry used can have greater densities than the maximum allowed by the rock structure. Furthermore, in areas which are already naturally fractured, the use of regular cement slurries causes fluid loss into the formation, which may give rise to failures cementations and formation damages. Commercially, there are alternatives to the development of lightweight cement slurries, but these fail either because of their enormous cost, or because the cement properties were not good enough for most general applications, being restricted to each transaction for which the cement paste was made, or both reasons. In this work a statistical design was made to determine the influence of three variables, defined as the calcium chloride concentration, vermiculite concentration and nanosilica concentration in the various properties of the cement. The use of vermiculite, a low density ore present in large amounts in northeastern Brazil, as extensor for cementing slurries, enabled the production of stable cements, with high water/cement ratio, excellent rheological properties and low densities, which were set at 12.5 lb / gal, despite the fact that lower densities could be achieved. It is also seen that the calcium chloride is very useful as gelling and thickening agent, and their use in combination with nanosilica has a great effect on gel strength of the cement. Hydrothermal Stability studies showed that the pastes were stable in these conditions, and mechanical resistance tests showed values of the order of up to 10 MPa

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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A principal dificuldade encontrada na proteção diferencial de transformadores de potência é a correta distinção entre as correntes de inrush e as correntes de faltas internas. Tradicionalmente os relés diferenciais executam esta tarefa utilizando a técnica de restrição por harmônicos baseada na premissa de que as correntes de inrush possuem alta concentração de componentes harmônicas de segunda ordem, contudo essa técnica nem sempre é eficaz. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a proposta de duas novas metodologias capazes de realizar a identificação e distinção entre as correntes de inrush das correntes de faltas internas na proteção diferencial de transformadores de potência através de metodologias que não dependem do conteúdo de harmônicos do sinal da corrente diferencial. A primeira metodologia proposta, denominada de método do gradiente da corrente diferencial, é baseada no comportamento do vetor gradiente, obtido através da diferenciação numérica do sinal da corrente diferencial. O critério de distinção utilizado é baseado no desvio padrão do ângulo do vetor gradiente que apresenta comportamento diferenciado para correntes de inrush e correntes de curto-circuito. A segunda metodologia proposta é baseada na capacidade de reconhecimento e classificação de padrões das redes neurais de Mapeamento Auto-organizável de Kohonen. Como padrão de entrada e de treinamento da rede neural é utilizado um vetor contendo quatro níveis do espectro do desvio padrão do ângulo do vetor gradiente da corrente diferencial nas três fases do transformador de potência. A eficácia dos métodos foi testada através da simulação de diversas situações de faltas internas e correntes de inrush, incluindo situações de “Sympathetic Inrush”, em um transformador de potência usando o software EMTP/ATP e através da implementação do algoritmo em MATLAB®, apresentando resultados altamente promissores.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Animal - FMVZ