Developing safer passengers through a school-based injury prevention program

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death among young people. Fourteen percent of adolescents aged 13-14 report passenger-related injuries within three months. Intervention programs typically focus on young drivers and overlook passengers as potential protective influences. Graduated Driver Licensing restricts passenger numbers, and this study focuses on a complementary school-based intervention to increase passengers’ personal- and peer-protective behavior. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of the curriculum-based injury prevention program, Skills for Preventing Injury in Youth (SPIY), on passenger-related risk-taking and injuries, and intentions to intervene in friends’ risky road behavior. SPIY was implemented in Grade 8 Health classes and evaluated using survey and focus group data from 843 students across 10 Australian secondary schools. Intervention students reported less passenger-related risk-taking six months following the program. Their intention to protect friends from underage driving also increased. The results of this study show that a comprehensive, school-based program targeting individual and social changes can increase adolescent passenger safety.

Pilot evaluation of an adolescent risk and injury prevention programme incorporating curriculum and school connectedness components

School connectedness is an important protective factor for adolescent risk-taking behaviour. This study examined a pilot version of the Skills for Preventing Injury in Youth (SPIY) programme, combining teacher professional development for increasing school connectedness (connectedness component) with a risk and injury prevention curriculum for early adolescents (curriculum component). A process evaluation was conducted on the connectedness component, involving assessments of programme reach, participant receptiveness and initial use, and a preliminary impact evaluation was conducted on the combined connectedness and curriculum programme. The connectedness component was well received by teacher participants, who saw benefits for both themselves and their students. Classroom observation also showed that teachers who received professional development made use of the programme strategies. Grade 8 students who participated in the SPIY programme were less likely to report violent behaviour at six-month follow-up than were control students, and trends also suggested reduced transport injuries. The results of this research support the use of the combined SPIY connectedness and curriculum components in a large-scale effectiveness trial to assess the impact of the programme on students’ connectedness, risk-taking and associated injuries.

Students' perceptions of teacher biases : experimental economics in schools

We put forward a new experimental economics design with monetary incentives to estimate students’ perceptions of grading discrimination. We use this design in a large field experiment which involved 1,200 British students in grade 8 classrooms across 29 schools. In this design, students are given an endowment they can invest on a task where payoff depends on performance. The task is a written verbal test which is graded non anonymously by their teacher, in a random half of the classrooms, and graded anonymously by an external examiner in the other random half of the classrooms. We find significant evidence that students’ choices reflect perceptions of biases in teachers’ grading practices. Our results show systematic gender interaction effects: male students invest less with female teachers than with male teachers while female students invest more with male teachers than with female teachers. Interestingly, female students’ perceptions are not in line with actual discrimination: Teachers tend to give better grades to students of their own gender. Results do not suggest that ethnicity and socioeconomic status play a role. .

Engineering based problem solving in the middle school : design and construction with simple machines

Incorporating engineering concepts into middle school curriculum is seen as an effective way to improve students’ problem-solving skills. A selection of findings is reported from a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)-based unit in which students in the second year (grade 8) of a three-year longitudinal study explored engineering concepts and principles pertaining to the functioning of simple machines. The culminating activity, the focus of this paper, required the students to design, construct, test, and evaluate a trebuchet catapult. We consider findings from one of the schools, a co-educational school, where we traced the design process developments of four student groups from two classes. The students’ descriptions and explanations of the simple machines used in their catapult design are examined, together with how they rated various aspects of their engineering designs. Included in the findings are students’ understanding of how their simple machines were simulated by the resources supplied and how the machines interacted in forming a complex machine. An ability to link physical materials with abstract concepts and an awareness of design constraints on their constructions were apparent, although a desire to create a ‘‘perfect’’ catapult despite limitations in the physical materials rather than a prototype for testing concepts was evident. Feedback from teacher interviews added further insights into the students’ developments as well as the teachers’ professional learning. An evolving framework for introducing engineering education in the pre-secondary years is proposed.

The influence of families on early adolescent school connectedness : evidence that this association varies with adolescent involvement in peer drinking networks

School connectedness is central to the long term well-being of adolescents, and high quality parent-child relationships facilitate school connectedness. This study examined the extent to which family relationship quality is associated with the school connectedness of pre- and early teenagers, and how this association varies with adolescent involvement in peer drinking networks. The sample consisted of 7,372 10-14 year olds recruited from 231 schools in 30 Australian communities. Participants completed the Communities that Care youth survey. A multi-level model of school connectedness was used, with a random term for school-level variation. Key independent variables included family relationship quality, peer drinking networks, and school grade. Control variables included child gender, sensation seeking, depression, child alcohol use, parent education, and language spoken at home. For grade 6 students, the association of family relationship quality and school connectedness was lower when peer drinking networks were present, and this effect was nonsignificant for older (grade 8) students. Post hoc analyses indicated that the effect for family relationship quality on school connectedness was nonsignificant when adolescents in grade 6 reported that the majority of friends consumed alcohol. The results point to the importance of familyschool partnerships in early intervention and prevention.

Paraxial schematic eye models for 7- and 14-year-old Chinese children

Purpose.: To develop three-surface paraxial schematic eyes with different ages and sexes based on data for 7- and 14-year-old Chinese children from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study. Methods.: Six sets of paraxial schematic eyes, including 7-year-old eyes, 7-year-old male eyes, 7-year-old female eyes, 14-year-old eyes, 14-year-old male eyes, and 14-year-old female eyes, were developed. Both refraction-dependent and emmetropic eye models were developed, with the former using linear dependence of ocular parameters on refraction. Results.: A total of 2059 grade 1 children (boys 58%) and 1536 grade 8 children (boys 49%) were included, with mean age of 7.1 ± 0.4 and 13.7 ± 0.5 years, respectively. Changes in these schematic eyes with aging are increased anterior chamber depth, decreased lens thickness, increased vitreous chamber depth, increased axial length, and decreased lens equivalent power. Male schematic eyes have deeper anterior chamber depth, longer vitreous chamber depth, longer axial length, and lower lens equivalent power than female schematic eyes. Changes in the schematic eyes with positive increase in refraction are decreased anterior chamber depth, increased lens thickness, decreased vitreous chamber depth, decreased axial length, increased corneal radius of curvature, and increased lens power. In general, the emmetropic schematic eyes have biometric parameters similar to those arising from regression fits for the refraction-dependent schematic eyes. Conclusions.: The paraxial schematic eyes of Chinese children may be useful for myopia research and for facilitating comparison with other children with the same or different racial backgrounds and living in different places.

What nourishes the spirit of adolescents in the classroom? : a qualitative study into the gateways of adolescents' souls /

This thesis investigated the question, "What nourishes the adolescent spirit in the classroom?" Action research was conducted by the teacher of 16 grade 8 participants. By undergoing Kessler's (2000) "Passages Program," the students participated in 6 sessions which exposed them to a holistic intrapersonal curriculum. Student journal responses were documented after each session. The action researcher also kept journal reflections after each session. Upon completion of the 6 sessions, a postinterview was conducted which posed the research question. The research found that the adolescent spirit gets nourished through encouragement by the teacher, peers, and parents. This increases their competency, which increases their confidence, and ultimately their self-esteem goes up, which affects their selfconcept. In addition, the role of the teacher permeates every aspect of what nourishes the adolescent spirit in the classroom. In addition to the encouragement of the student, how a teacher teaches plays a vital role. A holistic approach to teaching provided the best atmosphere for the adolescent. It promoted creativity and choice, which stimulated the spirit of the adolescent. By working from a holistic philosophy, the teacher/action researcher created an environment conducive to teaching the whole person, which ultimately nourished the participants' spirit. The research highlighted that in order for this type of environment to exist the teacher needs to make a conscious and deliberate effort to look within and develop their inner self before they can begin to promote this type of classroom for the adolescents they teach. When teachers and students develop an inner life together, they can begin to work in harmony to achieve an atmosphere where the teaching and learning environment becomes one seamless transaction. Only then can one's whole potential be realized.

Exploring the use of effective learning strategies to increase students' reading comprehension and test taking skills /

This study examined the effects of providing students with explicit instruction in how to use a repertoire of reading comprehension strategies and test taking skills when reading and responding to three types of questions (direct, inferential, critical). Specifically, the study examined whether providing students with a "model" of how to read and respond to the text and to the comprehension questions improved their reading comprehension relative to providing them with implicit instruction on reading comprehension strategies and test taking skills. Students' reading comprehension and test taking performance scores were compared as a function of instructional condition. Students from 2 grade 8 classes participated in this study. The reading component of the Canadian Achievement Tests, Third Edition (CAT/3) was used to identify students' level of reading comprehension prior to the formal instructional sessions. Students received either explicit instruction, which involved modelling, or implicit instruction, which consisted of review and discussion of the strategies to be used. Comprehension was measured through the administration of formative tests after each instructional session. The formative tests consisted of reading comprehension questions pertaining to a specific form of text (narrative, informational, graphic). In addition, students completed 3 summative tests and a delayed comprehension test which consisted of the alternative version of the CAT/3 standardized reading assessment. These data served as a posttest measure to determine whether students had shown an improvement in their reading comprehension skills as a result of the program delivery. There were significant differences in students' Canadian Achievement Test performance scores prior to the onset of the study. Students in the implicit group attained significantly higher comprehension scores than did students in the explicit group. The results from the program sessions indicated no significant differences in reading comprehension between the implicit and explicit conditions, with the exception of the 6th session involving the reading and interpreting of graphic text. Students in the explicit group performed significantly better when reading and interpreting graphic text than those in the implicit group. No significant differences were evident between the two study conditions across the three summative tests. Upon completion of the study, the results from the Canadian Achievement Test indicated no significant differences in performance between the two study conditions. The findings from this study reveal the effectiveness of providing students with explicit strategy instruction when reading and responding to various forms of text. Modelling the appropriate reading comprehension strategies and test taking skills enabled students to apply the same thought processes to their own independent work. This form of instruction enabled students in the explicit group to improve in their abilities to comprehend and respond to text and therefore should be incorporated as an effective form of classroom teaching.

Gender bias in the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study 2003 (TIMMS) for Canadian students /

This study is a secondary data analysis of the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study 2003 (TIMSS) to determine if there is a gender bias, unbalanced number of items suited to the cognitive skill of one gender, and to compare performance by location. Results of the Grade 8, math portion of the test were examined. Items were coded as verbal, spatial, verbal /spatial or neither and as conventional or unconventional. A Kruskal- Wallis was completed for each category, comparing performance of students from Ontario, Quebec, and Singapore. A Factor Analysis was completed to determine if there were item categories with similar characteristics. Gender differences favouring males were found in the verbal conventional category for Canadian students and in the spatial conventional category for students in Quebec. The greatest differences were by location, as students in Singapore outperformed students from Canada in all areas except for the spatial unconventional category. Finally, whether an item is conventional or unconventional is more important than whether the item is verbal or spatial. Results show the importance of fair assessment for the genders in both the classroom and on standardized tests.

Teaching media literacy skills about commercials: a comparative analysis of media literacy instruction /

In this study, methods of media literacy instruction including analytic activities, production activities, and a combination of analytic and production activities were compared to determine their influence on grade 8 students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours towards commercials. The findings showed that media literacy instruction does improve media literacy skills. Specifically, activities that included an analytic component or an analytic and production component were significantly better than activities that included a production component. Participants that completed analytic or analytic and production activities were able to discern media-related terms, target audience, selling techniques, social values, and stereotypes in commercials better than participants that completed only production activities. The research findings also showed obstacles when teaching media literacy. When engaged in analytic activities, the difficulties included locating suitable resources, addressing the competition from commercials, encouraging written reflection, recognizing social values, and discussing racial stereotypes. When engaged in production activities, the difficulties were positioning recording stations, managing group work, organizing ideas, filming the footage, computer issues, and scheduling time. Strategies to overcome these obstacles are described.

Comparison of strength gains over 13 and 26-weeks of resistance training in children

The primary aim of this study was to determine if there were significant strength gains achieved by children participating in the Hamilton Wentworth District School Board Sport Academy Program. The secondary aim was to determine if the children participating in the 26-week program achieved greater gains or if a plateau in strength adaptations occurred following the 13-week session. The tertiary aim was to determine if there were varying levels of response to the training stimulus between grade 7, grade 8 and grade 9 subjects. Ninety-eight (98) subjects completed a13-week RT program. 6RM strength testing of the chest press, seated row and leg press were conducted prior to the program. Subjects were tested following the 13-week training stimulus to determine if strength gains were achieved and to assess the variation in strength adaptations between the groups. Forty seven (47) subjects completed 26 weeks ofRT. Subjects' strength was tested prior to starting the program, at week 13 of the program and at week 26 of the program to determine the variation in adaptation over a 13 week program versus a 26- week RT program. There were significant (pgrade 8 subjects showed significant gains in both the chest press and seated row exercises while grade 9 subjects showed significant gains across the 6RM seated row, chest press, and leg press measures.

Association entre consommation de drogues illicites et symptomatologie dépressive à l’adolescence : une étude longitudinale auprès de jeunes Québécois fréquentant l’école secondaire en milieu défavorisé

L’usage de drogues illicites et la symptomatologie dépressive sont associés, mais la nature de cette association demeure mal comprise. Une clarification des mécanismes en jeu est nécessaire afin de pouvoir intervenir sur la cooccurrence des deux phénomènes, dont les conséquences individuelles et sociales sont lourdes. Ces efforts de clarification débutent à l’adolescence, moment où sont typiquement initiés la consommation de substances et les problèmes affectifs. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à clarifier la nature des associations entre l’usage de certaines des drogues illicites les plus fréquemment consommées et les symptômes dépressifs chez les adolescents. Les données utilisées proviennent d’une cohorte de l’échantillon longitudinal de la Stratégie d’Intervention Agir Autrement (SIAA) comprenant plus de 3000 jeunes fréquentant des écoles en milieu défavorisé du Québec, qui ont été suivis pendant leur secondaire (2003-2007). Le premier article empirique de la thèse porte sur la relation entre l’usage de cannabis et la symptomatologie dépressive. Cette étude a examiné l’existence d’associations prospectives bidirectionnelles entre les deux phénomènes du début (13-14 ans) à la fin du secondaire (16-17 ans). Les analyses ont considéré des liens directs, mais également des liens indirects via deux facteurs reflétant des appartenances sociales normatives et non normatives : l’attachement à l’école et l’affiliation à des pairs déviants et consommateurs de drogues. Les résultats indiquent que les symptômes dépressifs et l’usage de cannabis peuvent représenter des facteurs de risque mutuels et suggèrent qu’un mécanisme indirect impliquant une érosion des attaches normatives pourrait jouer un rôle dans des cascades développementales reliant les deux manifestations. Le deuxième article empirique visait à déterminer si l’usage de deux drogues de synthèse, le MDMA (ecstasy) et les méth/amphétamines (speed), à 15-16 ans était associé au développement de symptômes dépressifs élevés un an plus tard, en prenant en considération des facteurs confondants potentiels. Tel qu’attendu, les résultats montrent une prédiction de la symptomatologie dépressive par l’usage de MDMA et de méth/amphetamines, particulièrement lorsque cet usage est concomitant. Ces résultats représentent une des premières évidences d’un risque posé par l’usage de drogues de synthèse par rapport au développement de symptômes affectifs chez les jeunes.

Le rôle modérateur de la popularité sur le lien prédictif entre l’engagement scolaire des amis et le développement de l’engagement scolaire des élèves au secondaire

L’influence du groupe d’amis prend de l’importance à l’adolescence. Cette influence est observable dans plusieurs domaines, dont au niveau de l’engagement scolaire. On remarque en effet une forte similarité du niveau d’engagement scolaire chez les membres d’un même groupe d’amis. L’importance de cette influence des pairs n’est néanmoins pas uniforme pour tous les adolescents: plusieurs facteurs de modération peuvent entrer en jeu, dont le niveau de popularité de l’adolescent et de ses amis. La présente étude vise à examiner l’effet modérateur du niveau de popularité des élèves et de leurs amis sur le lien prédictif entre l’engagement scolaire des amis et le développement de l’engagement scolaire des élèves. Des données ont été recueillies au cours de deux années scolaires consécutives auprès de 403 élèves de secondaire I et II. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de popularité des amis permet de prédire la diminution à travers le temps du niveau d’engagement scolaire des élèves, et ce, après avoir contrôlé pour la plupart des facteurs associés. De plus, la popularité de l’élève modère l’influence présumée que les pairs peuvent avoir sur le développement de l’engagement scolaire: l’engagement des amis étant positivement associé l’engagement ultérieur des élèves uniquement lorsque ces deniers s’avèrent populaires au sein de leur groupe de pairs.

Effets principaux et modérateurs de l'écart de perception de la prévalence de la consommation de cannabis à l'école sur la consommation et les méfaits attribués à l'adolescence

La majorité des adolescents québécois auront consommé une substance psychoactive avant la fin de leurs études secondaires. Parmi les facteurs ayant une influence sur cette consommation, on retrouve les normes sociales, dont les normes descriptives. Ce mémoire vise à évaluer l’impact des normes descriptives du milieu scolaire sur les comportements d’usage de cannabis chez les adolescents québécois, ainsi que sur les méfaits attribués à cette consommation. Cette étude examine les liens entre l’écart de perception de prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein d’une école et la consommation ainsi que les conséquences attribuées à cet usage par les élèves. De plus, elle examine le rôle modérateur des écarts de perception de la prévalence de consommation sur la progression de la consommation, ainsi que sur le lien entre la consommation de cannabis en secondaire 4 et des conséquences attribuées à cette consommation un an plus tard. Provenant de la Stratégie d’Intervention Agir Autrement, l’échantillon de cette étude est constitué de 1601 élèves suivis de secondaire 2 à secondaire 5. Des analyses de régression logistique multinomiale ont été conduites et ont montré que plus les élèves surestiment la prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein de leur école, plus ils ont de chance de consommer du cannabis et d’attribuer des conséquences négatives à leur consommation un an plus tard. Les résultats ont également montré un effet modérateur positif de l’écart de perception de la prévalence sur la progression de la consommation de cannabis de secondaire 4 à 5, spécifiquement chez les élèves ayant une faible consommation en secondaire 4. Finalement, les résultats ont montré un deuxième effet modérateur de l’écart de perception de prévalence, celui-ci sur le lien entre la consommation de cannabis en secondaire 4 et l’attribution de conséquences négatives à cette consommation un an plus tard. Précisément, les élèves ayant une faible consommation et qui surestiment la prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein de leur école auront plus de chance d’attribuer plusieurs méfaits à leur consommation en secondaire 5 que d’en attribuer aucun. Par contre, les élèves ayant une consommation de cannabis élevée en secondaire 4 ne rapportent pas plus ni moins de conséquences selon leur estimation de prévalence. Les implications de ces résultats sont discutées.

Regression periods in infancy. A case study from Catalonia.

Based on Rijt-Plooij and Plooij’s (1992) research on emergence of regression periods in the first two years of life, the presence of such periods in a group of 18 babies (10 boys and 8 girls, aged between 3 weeks and 14 months) from a Catalonian population was analyzed. The measurements were a questionnaire filled in by the infants’ mothers, a semi-structured weekly tape-recorded interview, and observations in their homes. The procedure and the instruments used in the project follow those proposed by Rijt-Plooij and Plooij. Our results confirm the existence of the regression periods in the first year of children’s life. Inter-coder agreement for trained coders was 78.2% and within-coder agreement was 90.1 %. In the discussion, the possible meaning and relevance of regression periods in order to understand development from a psychobiological and social framework is commented upon