ENIGMA and the individual: Predicting factors that affect the brain in 35 countries worldwide.

In this review, we discuss recent work by the ENIGMA Consortium (http://enigma.ini.usc.edu) - a global alliance of over 500 scientists spread across 200 institutions in 35 countries collectively analyzing brain imaging, clinical, and genetic data. Initially formed to detect genetic influences on brain measures, ENIGMA has grown to over 30 working groups studying 12 major brain diseases by pooling and comparing brain data. In some of the largest neuroimaging studies to date - of schizophrenia and major depression - ENIGMA has found replicable disease effects on the brain that are consistent worldwide, as well as factors that modulate disease effects. In partnership with other consortia including ADNI, CHARGE, IMAGEN and others(1), ENIGMA's genomic screens - now numbering over 30,000 MRI scans - have revealed at least 8 genetic loci that affect brain volumes. Downstream of gene findings, ENIGMA has revealed how these individual variants - and genetic variants in general - may affect both the brain and risk for a range of diseases. The ENIGMA consortium is discovering factors that consistently affect brain structure and function that will serve as future predictors linking individual brain scans and genomic data. It is generating vast pools of normative data on brain measures - from tens of thousands of people - that may help detect deviations from normal development or aging in specific groups of subjects. We discuss challenges and opportunities in applying these predictors to individual subjects and new cohorts, as well as lessons we have learned in ENIGMA's efforts so far.

Microbial weeds in hypersaline habitats: the enigma of the weed-like Haloferax mediterranei

Heterotrophic prokaryotic communities that inhabit saltern crystallizer ponds are typically dominated by two species, the archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi and the bacterium Salinibacter ruber, regardless of location. These organisms behave as ‘microbial weeds’ as defined by Cray et al. (Microb Biotechnol 6: 453–492, 2013) that possess the biological traits required to dominate the microbiology of these open habitats. Here, we discuss the enigma of the less abundant Haloferax mediterranei, an archaeon that grows faster than any other, comparable extreme halophile. It has a wide window for salt tolerance, can grow on simple as well as on complex substrates and degrade polymeric substances, has different modes of anaerobic growth, can accumulate storage polymers, produces gas vesicles, and excretes halocins capable of killing other Archaea. Therefore, Hfx. mediterranei is apparently more qualified as a ‘microbial weed’ than Haloquadratum and Salinibacter. However, the former differs because it produces carotenoid pigments only in the lower salinity range and lacks energy-generating retinal-based, light-driven ion pumps such as bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin. We discuss these observations in relation to microbial weed biology in, and the open-habitat ecology of, hypersaline systems.

Truth at 24 frames a second? A working dialogue between a film-maker and a historical consultant about the making of The Enigma of Frank Ryan

We employ a practice-based methodology based on a ‘live’ film project to explore the different ways that film-makers and historians narrate the past. Through a case-study of the production and exhibition of a drama-documentary feature-film, The Enigma of Frank Ryan, on which both authors (film-maker Bell and historian McGarry) worked respectively as director and historical consultant, we explore a range of critical issues arising from our collaboration. Through a dialogue between a director and a historian, a model of good practice between historians and film-makers emerges.

Sousas Chichorros e Sousas de Arronches: um enigma heráldico

Aos olhos dos genealogistas de todas as épocas, a estirpe medieval dos Sousões ocupou, pelo seu poder e prestígio, um lugar ímpar no seio da nobreza portucalense. Do ponto de vista heráldico, tal posição de destaque traduziu-se em algumas idiossincrasias que a distinguem das demais linhagens coetâneas. Logo à partida, porém, e mesmo sem nada conhecer de tais especificidades, a simples consulta de qualquer armorial colocará o interessado perante uma curiosidade evidente: aos Sousas que permaneceram no reino de Portugal são atribuídas duas armas diferentes, umas correspondentes ao ramo dito do Prado (ou, mais remotamente, Chichorro), as outras ao ramo dito de Arronches. Salvo variações menores e abstraindo de alguma oscilação ao longo dos séculos (sobretudo no que toca à representação dos quartéis com as armas reais), ambas consistem num esquartelado: as primeiras combinam as insígnias régias portuguesas com as leonesas (fig. 1); as segundas, com os antigos sinais próprios da linhagem – em campo de vermelho, uma caderna de crescentes de prata (fig. 2). Esta diversidade apresenta-se como um caso pouco comum na heráldica portuguesa, uma vez que ao mesmo apelido se vêem assim associadas duas armas substancialmente diferentes, na medida em que os seus elementos constitutivos apenas convergem na opção formal da partição do escudo em quatro e na apresentação dos sinais de entroncamento na linhagem régia. Para cúmulo do espanto, um dos ramos chega a omitir, no seu esquartelado, os emblemas específicos da estirpe, ou seja, a caderna de crescentes que os Sousões tão ufanamente ostentaram! (fig. 3) Tal desfasamento entre armas de duas linhagens que evocam uma origem comum e usam o mesmo sobrenome vem colocar uma série de questões sobre a relação entre heráldica, onomástica, estrutura da família, formas de construção da identidade linhagística e de transmissão da memória e do património na nobreza portuguesa medieval. Assim, procuraremos desvendar o enigma heráldico colocado pelas armas dos Sousas, para a partir dele reflectirmos sobre essas questões mais genéricas.

Reliure de : Petri Victorii Commentarii longe doctissimi in tres libros Aristotelis de Arte dicendi, nunc primum in Germania editi, cum locuplete rerum et verborum in iisdem memorabilium indice

Numérisation partielle de reliure

Tacitus' Germania and the Jesuit Relations: Intertextuality in the Transatlantic World of the Early Jesuits in New France.

The first Europeans who wrote about the Indigenous people of the newly discovered Americas, not only used medieval, but also classical literature as a tool of reference to describe 'otherness.' As true humanists, the French Jesuits who arrived in the New World were deeply influenced by their classical education and, as claimed by Grafton, reverted to ancient ethnographic texts, like Tacitus' Germania, to support their analyse of the Indigenous people they encountered. Books talk to books. Inspired by Germania, the early French Jesuits managed to convey to their readers a subtle critique of their own civilization, enhancing, like Tacitus, the virtuous aspect of the so-called barbarians they described while illustrating the corruption of their respective civilized worlds. This thesis suggests that the essence of Tacitus' work is definitively present in Pierre Biard's letters and his Relation. His testimonies illustrate the connection the early French Jesuits had with the humanist thought of their time.