EU-ASEAN relations in the post-Cold War era:an analysis of the impact of normative factors on interregionalism

This thesis examines the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with a focus on why their normative elements, e.g. values and norms, affect their ties in the post-Cold War era. Since the end of the Cold War, policy-makers and academics have become interested in region-to-region interaction, termed interregionalism. Though interregionalism is considered to have become an indelible feature of post-Cold War international politics, there are question marks over its importance. It is often argued that interregionalism reinforces the collective identity of the regional organisations involved. It is also maintained that its overall relevance to the international system depends on the level of actorness, which is primarily measured in institutional and material terms, of the participant regional organisations. This thesis contends that the normative components of the EU and ASEAN are also fundamental constituents of their actorness and, consequently, define significantly their interregionalism. This is based on a crucial observation that normative factors are of importance to the regional and international relations of the EU and ASEAN. Yet, while they strongly espouse norms and values to guide their internal and external activities, their normative premises radically differ from each other. Furthermore, these normative differences jeopardise their cooperation. Building on this observation the inquiry takes the normative components of the EU and ASEAN as the criterion as well as the focus for investigating their interregionalism. In doing so, it hypothesises that the EU and ASEAN are two different regional actors that adopt two dissimilar sets of norms to conduct their regional and international affairs and that such normative differences hinder their relations. Within this hypothesis, it seeks to address three central questions. First, what are the normative features that constitute the EU and ASEAN as actors in world politics and that make them different from each other? Second, what are the main sources of their normative differences? Finally, why do their normative differences become an obstructive factor in their relationship? To address these issues, the inquiry adopts a constructivist interpretation (of International Relations) and opts for a narrative and empirical inquiry, which is based on information and data acquired from official documents, scholarly works and interviews and questionnaires. In doing so, it finds that as they were born and evolved in two dissimilar temporal and spatial settings, the EU and ASEAN are two different norm entrepreneurs and normative powers. The former advocates a set of liberal cosmopolitan norms whereas the latter champions a set of traditional communitarian principles. Their normative differences become a major obstacle to their cooperation, especially when one regional organisation’s norms are refused or violated by the other. Thus, a key lesson drawn from these findings is that in order to explain more fully EU-ASEAN interregionalism, it is essential to consider their norms, the reasons behind their normative differences and the implication of those differences to their relations

A Strategy to Characterize the LISA-Pathfinder Cold Gas Thruster System

The cold gas micro-propulsion system that will be used during the LISA-Pathfinder mission will be one of the most important component used to ensure the "free-fall" of the enclosed test masses. In this paper we present a possible strategy to characterize the effective direction and amplitude gain of each of the 6 thrusters of this system.

Design of a bang-bang pressure regulation system for cold gas and plasma engines

In this thesis the design of a pressure regulation system for space propulsion engines (electric and cold gas) has been performed. The Bang-Bang Control (BBC) method has been implemented through the open/close command on a solenoid valve, and the mass flow rate of the propellant has been fixed with suitable flow restrictors. At the beginning, research for the comparison between mechanical and electronic (for BBC) pressure regulators has been performed, which resulted in enough advantages for the selection of the second valve type. The major advantage is about the possibility to have a variable outlet pressure with a variable inlet pressure through a simple remote command, while in mechanical pressure regulators the ratio between inlet and outlet pressures must be mechanically settled. Different pressure control schemes have been analyzed, changing number of solenoid valves, flow restrictors and plenums. For each scheme the valve’s frequencies were evaluated with simplified mathematical models and with the use of simulators implemented on Python; the results obtained from those two methods matched quiet well. From all the schemes it was possible to observe varying frequency and duty cycle, for changes in different parameters. This results, after experimental checks, can be used to design the control system for a given total number of cycles that a specific solenoid valve can guarantee. Finally, tests were performed and it was possible to verify the goodness of the control system. Moreover from the tests it was possible to deduce some tips in order to optimize the running of the simulator.

Gasificação de biomassa num reator de leito fluidizado à escala piloto

A gasificação de biomassa permite a produção de um gás combustível com capacidade para reduzir o consumo de combustíveis fósseis. Contudo, para promover a utilização deste processo a nível industrial é necessário ultrapassar diversas limitações e elaborar tecnologias de gasificação que sejam mais rentáveis e eficientes. No presente trabalho efetuou-se a gasificação direta com ar, num reator auto-térmico com um leito fluidizado borbulhante, de diferentes tipos de biomassa provenientes da floresta portuguesa, nomeadamente pellets de madeira e diferentes tipos de biomassa florestal residual derivada de eucalipto. A investigação foi realizada numa instalação à escala piloto localizada no Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Aveiro. A infraestrutura foi desenvolvida de modo a permitir o estudo do processo de gasificação de biomassa. O reator utilizado apresenta 3 metros de altura, consistindo a câmara de gasificação em 2.25 metros, 0.25 metros de diâmetro interno e uma potência entre 40 e 70 kWth. O leito é composto por areia (partículas com granulometria entre os 355 e 1000 µm) e tem uma altura de 0.23 m. A infraestrutura experimental oferece condições para efetuar a gasificação de biomassa, determinar a composição do gás produzido em termos de CO, CO2, H2, N2, CH4 e C2H4 e efetuar a sua combustão num queimador localizado a jusante do reator. O leito fluidizado operou com temperaturas médias entre os 700 e 850ºC. Para as razões de equivalência estabelecidas, entre 0.17 e 0.36, o gás seco apresentou uma composição que, em termos volumétricos e em função das condições operatórias, variou entre 14.0 a 21.4% CO, 14.2 a 17.5% CO2, 3.6 a 5.8% CH4, 1.3 a 2.4% C2H4, 2.0 a 10.2% H2 e 48.9 a 61.1% N2. A maior concentração de CO, CH4 e C2H4 foi observada durante a gasificação de biomassa residual florestal derivada de eucalipto com razão de equivalência de 0.17, contudo, a maior concentração de H2 foi obtida na gasificação de pellets de madeira com razão de equivalência de 0.25. Tendo em conta a composição gasosa, o poder calorífico inferior do gás seco encontrou-se entre 4.4 e 6.9 MJ/Nm3 e os valores mais elevados foram observados durante os processos de gasificação efetuados com menor razão de equivalência. A produção específica de gás variou entre 1.2 e 2.2 Nm3/kg biomassa bs, a eficiência do gás arrefecido entre 41.1 e 62.6% e a eficiência de conversão de carbono entre 60.0 e 87.5%, encontrando-se na gama dos valores reportados na literatura. A melhor condição, em termos da eficiência de gás arrefecido, consistiu na gasificação de biomassa residual florestal derivada de eucalipto com razão de equivalência de 0.25, e em termos da produção específica de gás seco e eficiência de conversão de carbono, na gasificação de biomassa residual florestal derivada de eucalipto com razão de equivalência de 0.35. Contudo, o gás com maior poder calorífico inferior foi obtido durante a gasificação de biomassa residual florestal derivada de eucalipto com razão de equivalência de 0.17. O reator demonstrou adequabilidade na gasificação de diferentes tipos de biomassa e foram observadas condições estáveis de operação, tanto em termos de temperatura como da composição do gás produzido. Geralmente, o gás apresentou propriedades combustíveis apropriadas para ser comburido de forma contínua e estável pelo queimador de gás, sem ser necessária uma fonte de ignição permanente ou a utilização de um combustível auxiliar.

Estudo da gasificação do glicerol em reator de leito fixo

As metas da União Europeia para 2020 em termos de biocombustíveis e biolíquidos traduziram-se, na última década, num destaque da indústria de biodiesel em Portugal. Inerente ao processo de produção biodiesel está um subproduto, o glicerol bruto, cujo estudo tem vindo a ser alvo de interesse na comunidade científica. O objetivo principal deste trabalho consistiu no estudo da gasificação do glicerol técnico e do glicerol bruto, usando vapor como agente oxidante. Pretendeu-se avaliar a composição do gás de produção obtido e os parâmetros de gasificação, como a percentagem de conversão de carbono e de hidrogénio, o rendimento de gás seco, a eficiência de gás frio e o poder calorífico do gás produzido. No estudo da gasificação do glicerol técnico avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura na performance do processo, entre 750 – 1000 ºC, e estudou-se ainda o efeito do caudal de alimentação ao reator (3,8 mL/min, 6,5 mL/min e 10,0 mL/min). Para o caudal mais baixo, estudou-se o efeito da razão de mistura glicerol/água (25/75, 40/60, 60/40 e 75/25) e para a razão de mistura 60/40 foi avaliada a influência da adição de ar como agente gasificante. O estudo da gasificação do glicerol bruto foi feito realizando ensaios de gasificação numa gama de temperaturas de 750 ºC a 1000 ºC, para uma razão de mistura glicerol/água (60/40) com o caudal de 3,8 mL/min e usando apenas vapor de água como agente de gasificação. Os ensaios foram realizados num reator de leito fixo de 500 mm de comprimento e 90 mm de diâmetro interno, composto por um leito de alumina com partículas de 5 mm de diâmetro. O aquecimento foi realizado com um forno elétrico de 4 kW. A amostra de gás de produção recolhida foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa com detector de termocondutividade. Os resultados obtidos na gasificação do glicerol técnico, revelaram que a temperatura é uma variável preponderante no desempenho do processo de gasificação. À exceção do poder calorífico superior, para o qual se obteve uma ligeira diminuição de valores com o aumento da temperatura, os valores mais elevados dos parâmetros de gasificação foram obtidos para temperaturas superiores a 900 ºC. Esta temperatura parece ser determinante no modelo cinético de gasificação do glicerol, condicionando a composição do gás de produção obtido. Concluiu-se ainda que, na gama de caudais testada, o caudal de alimentação ao reator não teve influência no processo de gasificação. Os ensaios realizados para avaliar o efeito da razão de mistura permitiram verificar que, o aumento da adição de água à alimentação se traduz na redução do teor de CO e de CH4 e no aumento do teor de H2 e CO2, no gás de produção. Para a razão de mistura 25/75 foram obtidos valores de 1,3 para o rácio H2/CO para temperaturas superiores a 900 ºC. A influência da adição de água tornou-se mais evidente nos ensaios de gasificação realizados a temperaturas superiores a 900 ºC. Verificou-se um aumento da conversão de carbono, do rendimento de gás seco e da eficiência do gás frio e uma ligeira diminuição do poder calorífico e da potência disponível, no gás de produção. Para as razões de misturas 60/40 e 40/60 obtiveram-se resultados, para os parâmetros de gasificação, da mesma ordem de grandeza e com valores intermédios entre os obtidos para as razões de mistura 25/75 e 75/25. Porém, quanto maior o teor de água alimentado maior o consumo de energia associado à vaporização da água. Assim, o aumento do teor de água na mistura só apresentará interesse industrial se o objetivo passar pela produção de hidrogénio. Quanto ao efeito da adição de ar como agente de gasificação, os resultados obtidos dão indicação que se poderão potenciar algumas reações exotérmicas que contribuirão para a redução do consumo energético global do processo. Por outro lado, o gás de produção apresentou um rácio H2/CO interessante do ponto de vista da sua aplicação industrial, superior em 35 % ao verificado para a gasificação efetuada apenas na presença de vapor. À exceção do decréscimo no valor do poder calorífico superior do gás de produção, os restantes parâmetros estudados apresentaram a mesma ordem de grandeza, dos obtidos para o estudo da mesma razão de mistura na ausência de ar. Relativamente ao estudo da gasificação do glicerol bruto, obtiveram-se valores de rácio H2/CO e eficiência de gás frio mais elevados que os valores obtidos para a mesma razão de mistura usando glicerol técnico. Os demais parâmetros de gasificação avaliados mostraram-se semelhantes entre as duas matérias-primas, verificando-se apenas uma ligeira diminuição no valor do poder calorífico superior do gás produzido com glicerol bruto. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a possibilidade de valorização energética do glicerol bruto resultante da produção de biodiesel.

Energetic, ecologic and fluid-dynamic analysis of a fluidized bed gasifier operating with sugar cane bagasse

This work aims to study the thermodynamic, ecological and fluid-dynamic aspects of a circulating fluidized bed gasifier using sugar cane bagasse as biomass, in order to estimate a model of its normal operation. In the initial stage was analysed the composition of biomass selected (sugar cane bagasse) and its lower heating value (LHV) was calculated. The energy balance of the gasifier was done, being the volumetric flow of air, synthesis gas and biomass estimated. Also the power produced by this gasifier was theoretically estimated. Then the circulating fluidized bed gasifier was designed for operation with approximately 100 kg/h of processed biomass. Cross-sectional area of the reactor, feeder size, diameter of the exit zone of the gases and minimum height of the expanded bed were selected. Some bed gasifier hydrodynamic factors were also studied. The minimum fluidization velocity, fluidization terminal velocity, and average fluidizing velocity were calculated, in order to understand the fluid-dynamic behaviour of gasification of this fuel. It was obtained a theoretical model that can support a possible prototype of circulating fluidized bed gasifier biomass. Finally, there were studied the ecological aspects of the gasifier, through an overall methodology. Ecological efficiencies were estimated for two scenarios: first considering the carbon cycle and thereafter disregarding the carbon cycle. In both cases, it can be proved the ecological viability of the project. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Gas Forced Convection through Microtubes and Micro Heat Exchangers

The last decade has witnessed very fast development in microfabrication technologies. The increasing industrial applications of microfluidic systems call for more intensive and systematic knowledge on this newly emerging field. Especially for gaseous flow and heat transfer at microscale, the applicability of conventional theories developed at macro scale is not yet completely validated; this is mainly due to scarce experimental data available in literature for gas flows. The objective of this thesis is to investigate these unclear elements by analyzing forced convection for gaseous flows through microtubes and micro heat exchangers. Experimental tests have been performed with microtubes having various inner diameters, namely 750 m, 510 m and 170 m, over a wide range of Reynolds number covering the laminar region, the transitional zone and also the onset region of the turbulent regime. The results show that conventional theory is able to predict the flow friction factor when flow compressibility does not appear and the effect of fluid temperature-dependent properties is insignificant. A double-layered microchannel heat exchanger has been designed in order to study experimentally the efficiency of a gas-to-gas micro heat exchanger. This microdevice contains 133 parallel microchannels machined into polished PEEK plates for both the hot side and the cold side. The microchannels are 200 µm high, 200 µm wide and 39.8 mm long. The design of the micro device has been made in order to be able to test different materials as partition foil with flexible thickness. Experimental tests have been carried out for five different partition foils, with various mass flow rates and flow configurations. The experimental results indicate that the thermal performance of the countercurrent and cross flow micro heat exchanger can be strongly influenced by axial conduction in the partition foil separating the hot gas flow and cold gas flow.

Production of magnesium carbonates from serpentinites for CO2 mineral sequestration : optimisation towards industrial application

Global warming is one of the most alarming problems of this century. Initial scepticism concerning its validity is currently dwarfed by the intensification of extreme weather events whilst the gradual arising level of anthropogenic CO2 is pointed out as its main driver. Most of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from large point sources (heat and power production and industrial processes) and the continued use of fossil fuels requires quick and effective measures to meet the world’s energy demand whilst (at least) stabilizing CO2 atmospheric levels. The framework known as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) – or Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) – comprises a portfolio of technologies applicable to large‐scale GHG sources for preventing CO2 from entering the atmosphere. Amongst them, CO2 capture and mineralisation (CCM) presents the highest potential for CO2 sequestration as the predicted carbon storage capacity (as mineral carbonates) far exceeds the estimated levels of the worldwide identified fossil fuel reserves. The work presented in this thesis aims at taking a step forward to the deployment of an energy/cost effective process for simultaneous capture and storage of CO2 in the form of thermodynamically stable and environmentally friendly solid carbonates. R&D work on the process considered here began in 2007 at Åbo Akademi University in Finland. It involves the processing of magnesium silicate minerals with recyclable ammonium salts for extraction of magnesium at ambient pressure and 400‐440⁰C, followed by aqueous precipitation of magnesium in the form of hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, and finally Mg(OH)2 carbonation in a pressurised fluidized bed reactor at ~510⁰C and ~20 bar PCO2 to produce high purity MgCO3. Rock material taken from the Hitura nickel mine, Finland, and serpentinite collected from Bragança, Portugal, were tested for magnesium extraction with both ammonium sulphate and bisulphate (AS and ABS) for determination of optimal operation parameters, primarily: reaction time, reactor type and presence of moisture. Typical efficiencies range from 50 to 80% of magnesium extraction at 350‐450⁰C. In general ABS performs better than AS showing comparable efficiencies at lower temperature and reaction times. The best experimental results so far obtained include 80% magnesium extraction with ABS at 450⁰C in a laboratory scale rotary kiln and 70% Mg(OH)2 carbonation in the PFB at 500⁰C, 20 bar CO2 pressure for 15 minutes. The extraction reaction with ammonium salts is not at all selective towards magnesium. Other elements like iron, nickel, chromium, copper, etc., are also co‐extracted. Their separation, recovery and valorisation are addressed as well and found to be of great importance. The assessment of the exergetic performance of the process was carried out using Aspen Plus® software and pinch analysis technology. The choice of fluxing agent and its recovery method have a decisive sway in the performance of the process: AS is recovered by crystallisation and in general the whole process requires more exergy (2.48–5.09 GJ/tCO2sequestered) than ABS (2.48–4.47 GJ/tCO2sequestered) when ABS is recovered by thermal decomposition. However, the corrosive nature of molten ABS and operational problems inherent to thermal regeneration of ABS prohibit this route. Regeneration of ABS through addition of H2SO4 to AS (followed by crystallisation) results in an overall negative exergy balance (mainly at the expense of low grade heat) but will flood the system with sulphates. Although the ÅA route is still energy intensive, its performance is comparable to conventional CO2 capture methods using alkanolamine solvents. An energy‐neutral process is dependent on the availability and quality of nearby waste heat and economic viability might be achieved with: magnesium extraction and carbonation levels ≥ 90%, the processing of CO2‐containing flue gases (eliminating the expensive capture step) and production of marketable products.

Thermoeconomic analysis applied in cold water production system using biogas combustion

In this paper is proposed the use of biogas generated in the Wastewater Treatment Plant of a Dairy industry. The objective is to apply a thermoeconomic analysis to the supplementary cold water production of an absorption refrigeration system (NH3 + H2O) by the burning of such gas. The exergoeconomic analysis is carried out to allow a comparison between an absorption refrigeration system and of an equivalent compression refrigeration system that uses NH3 as work fluid. The proposed exergoeconomic model uses functional diagrams and allows one to obtain the exergetic incremental functions for each component individually and for the system as a whole. The model minimizes the exergetic manufacturing cost (EMC) which represents the cost of supplementary cold water production at 1degreesC (exergetic base) needed for this dairy's cold storage. As a conclusion, the absorption refrigeration system is better than compression refrigeration system, when the biogas cost is not considered. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analise técnica, econômica e ecológica da incorporação de sistemas de gaseificação de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar no setor sucroalcooleiro: uso de ciclos combinados para o aumento da oferta de eletricidade

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Gasification of rubberwood in a downdraft gasifier

The objectives of this research were to investigate the perforamnce of a rubberwood gasifier and engine with electricity generation and to identify opportunities for the implementation of such a system in Malaysia. The experimental work included the design, fabrication and commissioning of a throated downdraft gasifier in Malaysia. The gasifier was subsequently used to investigate the effect of moisture content, dry wood capacity and particle size of rubberwood on gasifier performance. Additional experiments were also conducted to investigate the influence of two different nozzle numbers and two different throat diameters on tar cracking. A total of 101 runs were completed during the duration of the research. From the experimental data, the average mass balance was found to be 92.65%. The average energy balance over the gasifier to hot raw gas was 98.7%, to cold clean gas was 102.4% and over the complete system was 101.9%. The heat loss from the gasifier was estimated to range from 10-26% of the chemical energy of the feedstock. From the downstream operation, the heat loss was estimated to range from 17-37% of the chemical energy of rubberwood feedstock. The maximum throughput for stable operation was found to be 60-70% of the maximum dry wood capacity. The gasifier was found to have a maximum turndown ratio of 5:1. It is also postulated that the phenomenon of turndown of the gasifier is due to a `bubble theory' occurring at the gasification zone, and this hypothesis is explained. For stable power output, the working range of the engine was found to be 5-33.5 kWe. The thermal efficiency and diesel displacement of the engine was found to be 17-18% and 65-70% respectively. The research also showed that rubberwood gasification in Malaysia is feasible if the price of diesel is above MR35/l and the price of wood is below MR120/tonne.

Specificity and selectivity improvement in doping analysis using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for the identification of forty doping agents. The improvement in the specificity was remarkable, allowing the resolution of analytes that could not be done by one-dimensional chromatographic systems. The sensitivity observed for different classes of prohibited substances was clearly below the value required by the World Anti-Doping Agency. In addition time-of-flight mass spectrometry gives full spectrum for all analytes without any interference from the matrix, resulting in selectivity improvements. These results could support the implementation of an exhaustive monitoring approach for hundreds of doping agents in a single injection.

Öljynjalostamon vetyverkon PINCH-analyysi

Tässä diplomityössä on tarkasteltu Porvoon öljynjalostamon vetyverkkoa ja pohdittu keinoja, joilla vedyn käyttöä jalostamolla voitaisiin tehostaan sekä polttokaasuverkkoon menevän vedyn määrä pienentää. Tarkastelun lähtökohtana toimii vetytaseen pohjalta laadittu vetypinch-analyysi. Kirjallisuusosassa on esitelty jalostamon vetyverkkoon kuuluvat yksiköt sekä käsitelty lyhyesti niiden toimintaa. Lisäksi on käsitelty vetypinch-analyysin periaate, sekä kuinka todelliset prosessirajoitteet voidaan huomioida sitä toteutettaessa. Kirjallisuusosan lopussa on esitetty miten vetyverkon vaiheittainen optimointi etenee. Työn soveltavassa osassa laadittiin vetyverkon virtauskaavio, jolla saatiin luotua kattava käsitys jalostamon vedynjakelusta. Virtauskaaviosta tehtiin yksinkertaistettu versio, jonka perusteella laadittiin vetytase. Vetytaseen pohjalta suoritettiin vetypinch-analyysi, jonka mukaan jalostamolla tuotettiin tasehetkellä ylimäärin vetyä. Vedyn käytön tehostamiseksi jalostamolla tulee rikkivedyn talteenottoyksikkö 2:n polttokaasuvirta pyrkiä minimoimaan tai hyödyntämään. Lisäksi virtausmittareiden mitoituspisteiden molekyylimassat tulisi muuttaa vastaamaan paremmin nykyistä ajotilannetta, sekä seurata niitä jatkossa säännöllisesti. Myös vetypitoisuutta mittaavien online-analysaattoreiden kalibroinnista tulee huolehtia, ja ottaa riittävästi kenttänäytteitä vetyverkosta. On huomattava, että öljynjalostamon vedyn tuotannon minimointi ei ole aina automaattisesti taloudellisin ratkaisu. Joissain tapauksissa vedyn osapaineen nostaminen vetyä kuluttavan yksikön reaktorissa voi lisätä yksikön tuottavuutta niin paljon, että se kompensoi lisääntyneestä vedyn tuotannosta aiheutuvat kustannukset.

Screening Brazilian automotive gasoline quality through quantification of saturated hydrocarbons and anhydrous ethanol by gas chromatography and exploratory data analysis

In this paper a set of Brazilian commercial gasoline representative samples from São Paulo State, selected by HCA, plus six samples obtained directly from refineries were analysed by a high-sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) method ASTM D6733. The levels of saturated hydrocarbons and anhydrous ethanol obtained by GC were correlated with the quality obtained from Brazilian Government Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (ANP) specifications through exploratory analysis (HCA and PCA). This correlation showed that the GC method, together with HCA and PCA, could be employed as a screening technique to determine compliance with the prescribed legal standards of Brazilian gasoline.