MicroRNAs as modulators of water deficit responses in Medicago truncatula

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Biologia pelo Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica. Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Culturas de células em suspensão de medicago truncatula expressando L-PGDS humana: estabelecimento de linhas transgénicas estáveis e purificação do produto recombinante

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Towards modification of Medicago truncatula epigenome: genome editing with engineered nucleases

Periodic drought is the primary limitation of plant growth and crop yield. The rise of water demand caused by the increase in world population and climate change, leads to one of the biggest challenges of modern agriculture: to increase food and feed production. De novo DNA methylation is a process regulated by small interfering RNA (siRNAs), which play a role in plant response and adaptation to abiotic stress. In the particular case of water deficit, growing evidences suggest a link between the siRNA pathways and drought response in the model legume Medicago truncatula. As a first step to understand the role of DNA methylation under water stress, we have set up several bioinformatics and molecular methodologies allowing the design of Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 systems and the assembly of TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), to target both dicer-like 3 (MtDCL3) and RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase (MtRDR2), enzymes of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway. TALENs efficiency was evaluated prior to plant transformation by a yeast-based assay using two different strategies to test TALENs activity: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP). In this assay, yeast cells triple transformation emerged as good and rapid alternative to laborious yeast mating strategies. PAGE analysis might be a valuable tool to test TALENs efficacy in vivo if we could increase TALENs activity. SSCP-based approach proved to be ineffective due to the generation of several false positives. TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 system constructed and designed in this work will in the future certainly enable the successful disruption of DCL3 and RDR2 genes and shed the light on the relationship between plant stress resistance and epigenetic regulation mediated by siRNAs in M.truncatula.

Lymnaea truncatula em Portugal: contribuição para o estudo da bioecologia e da variação genética

Lymnaea truncatula é um gastrópode de água doce com importância em medicina por ser hospedeiro intermediário do tremátode parasita Fasciola hepatica. É o único hospedeiro intermediário desta espécie encontrado até agora em Portugal. A fasciolose é responsável por perdas de produtividade em gado. Nos humanos, é uma parasitose emergente com relevo em saúde pública em várias regiões do globo. Portugal é o segundo país europeu com maior prevalência. L. truncatula é de difícil controlo por ser anfíbia e ter boa capacidade de sobrevivência e adaptação. A eficácia dos programas de controlo e monitorização depende da correcta identificação das espécies de hospedeiros intermediários, dado que nem todas as espécies apresentam a mesma sensibilidade à infecção por F. hepatica. A morfologia da concha e a anatomia dos órgãos são insuficientes na identificação das espécies, sendo necessário usar técnicas de biologia molecular. Os objectivos deste estudo foram: estudar a distribuição, a variação da densidade populacional ao longo do ano, a diversidade genética, os habitats e a influência de parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos, na densidade populacional de L. truncatula em cinco distritos portugueses (Coimbra, Évora, Leiria, Lisboa e Funchal). Realizaram-se inquéritos malacológicos bimestrais durante 2 anos, entre Janeiro de 2006 e Dezembro de 2007 em Portugal continental e dois (Julho e Novembro de 2009) na ilha da Madeira. No continente, encontrou-se L. truncatula em: ribeiros temporários, com pouca vegetação, substrato de argila e matéria em decomposição e com água límpida, incolor e inodora, e com concentração de cálcio e de sulfatos até 50 mg/l e 267mg/l, respectivamente. A presença de outras espécies de moluscos, como Planorbarius metidjensis, Lymnaea peregra e da subclasse Prosobronchiata, assim como concentrações elevadas de nitratos, estão associados a uma menor densidade populacional. Na ilha da Madeira, os habitats foram predominantemente: escorrimentos de encosta, permanentes, com fraca exposição solar, pouca vegetação, substrato de rocha, argila e matéria em decomposição e com água límpida, incolor e inodora, acima dos 14,4ºC. A densidade populacional diminui com o aumento dos valores de nitratos e aumenta com a concentração de cálcio na água. As fezes de animais presentes junto às colecções de água não apresentaram ovos de F. hepatica. Foi encontrado um exemplar de F. hepatica no fígado de um gamo da Tapada Nacional de Mafra (distrito de Lisboa)Estudou-se a diversidade genética de L. truncatula através de RAPD-PCR e sequenciação do gene ribossomal 18S e da região ITS-2 (este também por PCR-RFLP). Identificou-se pela primeira vez em Portugal continental e na ilha da Madeira uma espécie, geneticamente diferente mas morfologicamente muito semelhante a L. truncatula – Lymnaea schirazensis. Na ilha da Madeira, foi detectado um haplotipo distinto do presente no continente. O marcador de RAPD - OPA2 e PCR-RFLP com HpaII, são bons marcadores para distinção entre L. truncatula e L. schirazensis. Adicionalmente, detectou-se pela primeira vez na ilha da Madeira L. (Pseudosuccinea) columella, conhecido hospedeiro intermediário de F. hepatica. Este estudo permitiu melhorar o conhecimento sobre hospedeiros intermediários de F. hepatica em Portugal, o que poderá melhorar o controlo e monitorização da fasciolose.

Evolutionary implications of a high selfing rate in the freshwater snail Lymnaea truncatula.

Self-compatible hermaphroditic organisms that mix self-fertilization and outcrossing are of great interest for investigating the evolution of mating systems. We investigate the evolution of selfing in Lymnaea truncatula, a self-compatible hermaphroditic freshwater snail. We first analyze the consequences of selfing in terms of genetic variability within and among populations and then investigate how these consequences along with the species ecology (harshness of the habitat and parasitism) might govern the evolution of selfing. Snails from 13 localities (classified as temporary or permanent depending on their water availability) were sampled in western Switzerland and genotyped for seven microsatellite loci. F(IS) (estimated on adults) and progeny array analyses (on hatchlings) provided similar selfing rate estimates of 80%. Populations presented a low polymorphism and were highly differentiated (F(ST) = 0.58). Although the reproductive assurance hypothesis would predict higher selfing rate in temporary populations, no difference in selfing level was observed between temporary and permanent populations. However, allelic richness and gene diversity declined in temporary habitats, presumably reflecting drift. Infection levels varied but were not simply related to either estimated population selfing rate or to differences in heterozygosity. These findings and the similar selfing rates estimated for hatchlings and adults suggest that within-population inbreeding depression is low in L. truncatula.

Iron distribution through the developmental stages of Medicago truncatula nodules.

Paramount to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is the synthesis of a number of metalloenzymes that use iron as a critical component of their catalytical core. Since this process is carried out by endosymbiotic rhizobia living in legume root nodules, the mechanisms involved in iron delivery to the rhizobia-containing cells are critical for SNF. In order to gain insight into iron transport to the nodule, we have used synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of this metal in nodules of the legume Medicago truncatula with hitherto unattained sensitivity and resolution. The data support a model in which iron is released from the vasculature into the apoplast of the infection/differentiation zone of the nodule (zone II). The infected cell subsequently takes up this apoplastic iron and delivers it to the symbiosome and the secretory system to synthesize ferroproteins. Upon senescence, iron is relocated to the vasculature to be reused by the shoot. These observations highlight the important role of yet to be discovered metal transporters in iron compartmentalization in the nodule and in the recovery of an essential and scarce nutrient for flowering and seed production.

MtNramp1 mediates iron import in rhizobia-infected Medicago truncatula cells.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is a process that requires relatively high quantities of iron provided by the host legume. Using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence, we have determined that this iron is released from the vasculature into the apoplast of zone II of M. truncatula nodules. This overlaps with the distribution of MtNramp1, a plasma membrane iron importer. The importance of MtNramp1 in iron transport for nitrogen fixation is indicated by the 60% reduction of nitrogenase activity observed in knock-down lines, most likely due to deficient incorporation of this essential metal cofactor at the necessary levels.

Medicago truncatula Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein1 is required for iron uptake by rhizobia infected nodule cells

Iron is critical for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) as a key component ofmultiple ferroproteins involved in this biological process. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, iron is delivered by the vasculature to the infection/maturation zone (zone II) of the nodule, where it is released to the apoplast. From there, plasma membrane iron transporters move it into rhizobia-containing cells, where iron is used as the cofactor of multiple plant and rhizobial proteins (e.g. plant leghemoglobin and bacterial nitrogenase). MtNramp1 (Medtr3g088460) is the M. truncatula Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein family member, with the highest expression levels in roots and nodules. Immunolocalization studies indicate that MtNramp1 is mainly targeted to the plasma membrane. A loss-of-function nramp1 mutant exhibited reduced growth compared with the wild type under symbiotic conditions, but not when fertilized with mineral nitrogen. Nitrogenase activity was low in the mutant, whereas exogenous iron and expression of wild-type MtNramp1 in mutant nodules increased nitrogen fixation to normal levels. These data are consistent with a model in which MtNramp1 is the main transporter responsible for apoplastic iron uptake by rhizobia-infected cells in zone II.

Genetic analysis of calcium spiking responses in nodulation mutants of Medicago truncatula

The symbiotic interaction between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of the host plant. The early stages of nodule formation are induced by bacteria via lipochitooligosaccharide signals known as Nod factors (NFs). These NFs are structurally specific for bacterium–host pairs and are sufficient to cause a range of early responses involved in the host developmental program. Early events in the signal transduction of NFs are not well defined. We have previously reported that Medicago sativa root hairs exposed to NF display sharp oscillations of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration (calcium spiking). To assess the possible role of calcium spiking in the nodulation response, we analyzed M. truncatula mutants in five complementation groups. Each of the plant mutants is completely Nod− and is blocked at early stages of the symbiosis. We defined two genes, DMI1 and DMI2, required in common for early steps of infection and nodulation and for calcium spiking. Another mutant, altered in the DMI3 gene, has a similar mutant phenotype to dmi1 and dmi2 mutants but displays normal calcium spiking. The calcium behavior thus implies that the DMI3 gene acts either downstream of calcium spiking or downstream of a common branch point for the calcium response and the later nodulation responses. Two additional mutants, altered in the NSP and HCL genes, which show root hair branching in response to NF, are normal for calcium spiking. This system provides an opportunity to use genetics to study ligand-stimulated calcium spiking as a signal transduction event.

Expressed Sequence Tags from a Root-Hair-Enriched Medicago truncatula cDNA Library1

The root hair is a specialized cell type involved in water and nutrient uptake in plants. In legumes the root hair is also the primary site of recognition and infection by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria. We have studied the root hairs of Medicago truncatula, which is emerging as an increasingly important model legume for studies of symbiotic nodulation. However, only 27 genes from M. truncatula were represented in GenBank/EMBL as of October, 1997. We report here the construction of a root-hair-enriched cDNA library and single-pass sequencing of randomly selected clones. Expressed sequence tags (899 total, 603 of which have homology to known genes) were generated and made available on the Internet. We believe that the database and the associated DNA materials will provide a useful resource to the community of scientists studying the biology of roots, root tips, root hairs, and nodulation.

Gli Annali di Cornelio Tacito ... : de fatti e guerre de'romani, così ciuili, come esterne, seguite dalla morte di Cesare Augusto, per fino all'imperio di Vespasiano : dove con bellissimo ordine si vede il misero stato, nelquale si trouò Roma e tutto l'Imperio Romano nella mutazione di sette imperadori, cioè Tiberio, Clavdio, Nerone, Galba, Otone, Vitellio e Vespasiano et doue con molte cagione d'altre guerre si tocca quella della guerra Giudaica /

Mode of access: Internet.

Comparatio eorum, quae de imperatoribus Galba et Othone relata legimus apud Tacitum, Plutarchum, Suetonium, Dionem Cassium, instituta cum ad illorum scriptorum indolem, tum ad fontium, ex quibus hauserint, rationem pernoscendam ...

Programm--Wurtemberg (Natalicia Guilielmi I)