Iron overload, an immunosuppression marker in HIV-infected patients.

Purpose: Iron overload (IO) has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the general population; both elevated CVR and MS are frequent in HIV- patients. Our aim was to analyze the prevalence of IO in a cohort of asymptomatic patients with HIV infection, and related factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a cohort of HIV outpatients in regular follow-up. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic data were collected. Patients completed a questionnaire about CVR factors and 10-year CV disease risk estimation (Framingham score), underwent a physical exam, and a fasting blood analysis. IO was defined as a plasma ferritin level higher than 200 m/L in women and 300 m/L in men. Results: 571 patients (446 men, 125 women), with a mean age of 43.2 years, sexual transmission of HIV in 68.5%, median CD4 count 474 cell/μL (IQR: 308-666), and 36.3% Aids cases 86.2% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 74.8% of them had undetectable HIV viral load 14.6% met MS criteria, and mean CVR at 10 years was 6.67%. IO was detected in 11% of cases. Patients with IO were more immunosuppressed (CD4 count 369 vs 483/μL, p<0.0001), presented a higher prevalence of detectable HIV viral load (17.6% vs 8.9%; p<0.005), and of Aids cases (14.9% vs 8.7%; p<0.023), and lower plasma levels of cholesterol, HDLc and LDLc (154 vs 183, 34 vs 43, 93 vs 110 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.0001. In the multivariate analysis, the only related factor was CD4 count <350 cell/μL (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.6-4.9; p<0.0001). IO was not associated with CVR nor with MS. Conclusions: IO is not uncommon in HIV patients, and it is only related with immunosuppression defined as CD4 count <350 cell/ mL, and in contrast to general population, it is not related with increased CVR nor with MS.

Gender differences in cardiovascular risk factors in HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: Data from the Spanish Coronator study.

Purpose: HIV-infected patients present an increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) of multifactorial origin, usually lower in women than in men. Information by gender about prevalence of modifiable risk factors is scarce. Methods: Coronator is a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of HIV-infected patients on ART within 10 hospitals across Spain in 2011. Variables include sociodemographics, CVR factors and 10-year CV disease risk estimation (Regicor: Framingham score adapted to the Spanish population). Results: We included 860 patients (76.3% male) with no history of CVD. Median age 45.6 years; 84.1% were Spaniards; 29.9% women were IDUs. Median time since HIV diagnosis for men and women was 10 and 13 years (p=0.001), 28% had an AIDS diagnosis. Median CD4 cell count was 596 cells/mm3, 88% had undetectable viral load. Median time on ART was 91 and 108 months (p=0.017). There was a family history of early CVD in 113 men (17.9%) and 41 women (20.6%). Classical CVR factors are described in the table. Median (IQR) Regicor Score was 3% (2-5) for men and 2% (1-3) for women (p=0.000), and the proportion of subjects with mid-high risk (>5%) was 26.1% for men and 9.4% for women (p=0.000). Conclusions: In this population of HIV-infected patients, women have lower cardiovascular risk than men, partly due to higher levels of HDL cholesterol. Of note is the high frequency of smoking, abdominal obesity and sedentary lifestyle in our population. (Table Presented).

Conventional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in young Finns and their associations with structural and functional vascular changes of subclinical atherosclerosis. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Background: Atherosclerosis begins in early life progressing from asymptomatic to symptomatic as we age. Although substantial progress has been made in identifying the determinants of atherosclerosis in middle to older age adults at increased cardiovascular risk, there is lack of data examining determinants and prediction of atherosclerosis in young adults. Aims: The current study was designed to investigate levels of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults, subclinical measures of atherosclerosis, and prediction of subclinical arterial changes with conventional risk factor measures and novel metabolic profiling of serum samples. Subjects and Methods: This thesis utilised data from the follow-ups performed in 2001 and 2007 in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study, a Finnish population-based prospective cohort study that examined 2,204 subjects who were aged 30-45 years in 2007. Subclinical atherosclerosis was studied using noninvasive ultrasound measurements of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid arterial distensibility (CDist) and brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Measurements included conventional risk factors and metabolic profiling using highthroughput nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods that provided data on 42 lipid markers and 16 circulating metabolites. Results: Trends in lipids were favourable between 2001 and 2007, whereas waist circumference, fasting glucose, and blood pressure levels increased. To study the stability of noninvasive ultrasound markers, 6-year tracking (the likelihood to maintain the original fractile over time) in 6 years was examined. IMT tracked more strongly than CDist and FMD. Cardiovascular risk scores (Framingham, SCORE, Finrisk, Reynolds and PROCAM) predicted subclinical atherosclerosis equally. Lipoprotein subclass testing did not improve the prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis over and above conventional risk factors. However, circulating metabolites improved risk stratification. Tyrosine and docosahexaenoic acid were found to be novel biomarkers of high IMT. Conclusions: Prediction of cardiovascular risk in young Finnish adults can be performed with any of the existing risk scores. The addition of metabonomics to risk stratification improves prediction of subclinical changes and enables more accurate targeting of prevention at an early stage.

Cardiovascular risk in middle-aged breast cancer survivors: a comparison between two risk models

PURPOSE: It was to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in breast cancer survivors (BCS).METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed 67 BCS, aged 45 -65 years, who underwent complete oncological treatment, but had not received hormone therapy, tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors during the previous 6 months. Lipid profile and CVD risk were evaluated, the latter using the Framingham and Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) models. The agreement between cardiovascular risk models was analyzed by calculating a kappa coefficient and its 95% confidence interval (CI).RESULTS: Mean subject age was 53.2±6.0 years, with rates of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia of 25, 34 and 90%, respectively. The most frequent lipid abnormalities were high total cholesterol (70%), high LDL-C (51%) and high non-HDL-C (48%) concentrations. Based on the Framingham score, 22% of the participants had a high risk for coronary artery disease. According to the SCORE model, 100 and 93% of the participants were at low risk for fatal CVD in populations at low and high risk, respectively, for CVD. The agreement between the Framingham and SCORE risk models was poor (kappa: 0.1; 95%CI 0.01 -0.2) for populations at high risk for CVD.CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the need to include lipid profile and CVD risk assessment in the follow-up of BCS, focusing on adequate control of serum lipid concentrations.

Is arterial stiffness in HIV-infected individuals associated with HIV-related factors?

We investigated the association between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment-related characteristics, viral load, immune status, and metabolic changes in a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of HIV/AIDS patients who have been followed for metabolic and cardiovascular changes since 2007. The study included patients recruited from the cohort (N = 261) and a comparison group (N = 82) of uninfected individuals, all enrolled from April to November 2009. Aortic stiffness was estimated using the carotid-femoral PWV (Complior-Artech, Paris, France). The groups were similar with respect to age, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, Framingham score, and use of antihypertensive and hypolipidemic medications. Hypertension was more frequent among the controls. Individuals with HIV had higher triglyceride, glucose and HDL cholesterol levels. Among individuals with HIV/AIDS, those with a nadir CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/mm³ had a higher PWV (P = 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference when subjects were stratified by gender. Heart rate, age, male gender, and blood pressure were independently correlated with PWV. Nadir CD4+ T-cell count did not remain in the final model. There was no significance difference in PWV between HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls. PWV was correlated with age, gender, and blood pressure across the entire population and among those infected with HIV. We recommend cohort studies to further explore the association between inflammation related to HIV infection and/or immune reconstitution and antiretroviral use and PWV.

Correlación entre niveles séricos de PCR ultrasensible y riesgo cardiovascular en una cohorte de mujeres adultas

La PCR es el marcador de inflamación vascular más estudiado y validado hasta la fecha. Los niveles de PCR ultrasensible pueden predecir el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. En el programa “salud integral para la mujer” de la fundación cardio-infantil se realizan estratificaciones de riesgo cardiovascular a mujeres adultas. Se midieron los niveles de PCR en este grupo de pacientes entre Octubre del 2007 y Mayo del 2009 y se evaluó la correlación entre la estratificación del riesgo cardiovascular por escala de Framingham y niveles de PCR en esta población. Objetivo: establecer el grado de correlación entre los niveles de PCR ultrasensible y el grado de riesgo cardiovascular y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: Edad promedio 48 años (18 a 98 años). 62 pacientes hipertensas (40,7%). 19 pacientes con cifras alteradas de glicemia en ayunas (12%). Hay un 83% de la población estudiada con dislipidemia (127 pacientes). 78 pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad. El 87% de la población tiene al menos un factor de riesgo presente. Discusión y resultados: En la población estudiada existe una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, dentro de los cuales predomina los trastornos del metabolismo de los lípidos. Sin embargo no hay correlación entre los niveles de PCR ultrasensible y el riesgo cardiovascular según la escala de Framingham. En la literatura médica publicada sobre PCR ultrasensible y su relación con el riesgo cardiovascular los resultados son muy divergentes con los encontrados en este estudio.

Asociación entre PCR y riesgo cardiovascular en una cohorte de mujeres que asisten al programa salud de la mujer en la Fundación Cardioinfantil

La proteína C reactiva ultrasensible es un biomarcador de inflamación vascular más estudiado y validado hasta la fecha. En el presente estudio se determino la correlación entre la PCR y el riesgo cardiovascular estratificado mediante la escala europea y el método de farmingham, en pacientes incluidas desde septiembre de 2007 hasta septiembre de 2011. Objetivo: establecer el grado de correlación entre los niveles de PCR ultrasensible y el grado de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: se incluyeron un total (N=299) mujeres mayores de 18 años, con promedio de edad de 48 años; según los niveles de PCR (89%) N= 269 tenían riesgo cardiovascular bajo. Con la estratificación de riesgo según la escala europea solo un (0.66%) N=2 se catalogaban como alto riesgo cardiovascular, implementando la escala de framingham un (74%) N=222 estaban en bajo riesgo. Predominando el riesgo cardiovascular bajo y datos de PCR en riesgo bajo. Encontramos muy débil correlación positiva entre los niveles de PCR y el riesgo cardiovascular calculado por el método de framingham para las pacientes (correlación de Pearson 0.323 con significancia estadística de 0,01) Finalmente encontramos una correlación inversa entre los niveles de PCR y HDL en la muestra estudiada estadísticamente significativa. Discusión: En la población estudiada existe una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, destacamos la utilidad del método de framingham para discriminar riesgo cardiovascular en comparación con la escala europea. Además en el presente estudio, se destacan las correlaciones de la PCR con el perfil lipídico. Finalmente encontramos un correlación inversa entre los niveles de PCR y HDL en la muestra estudiada estadísticamente significativa, con lo cual podemos concluir posible utilidad tanto para el diagnostico y alternativa de estratificación en riesgo cardiovascular en nuestra población.

Evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular relacionado con la actividad laboral: Experiencia en una empresa del estado

La incidencia y prevalencia de enfermedad y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) se incrementan con los años, como consecuencia de la falta de control en los factores de riesgo modificables, por ejemplo el sedentarismo, principalmente observado en trabajadores de oficina. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar los factores asociados con el incremento del RCV en trabajadores de una empresa del estado en Bogotá, Colombia en el año 2013, a través de un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a partir de una base de datos suministrada por la empresa con información de 272 trabajadores. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, perfil ocupacional, factores de riesgo, historia clínica y medidas metabólicas. Los datos fueron estudiados a través de análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado de regresión logística binaria. El 100% de los empleados tiene un contrato a término indefinido, siendo el género femenino más predominante. Se identificó que el RCV presente en el 11.8% de la población se asocia principalmente con la presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (ORA 9.97; IC95% 2.14-14.96, p=0.019), la alteración en el índice de masa corporal (ORA 5.67; IC95% 4.48-9.19, p=0.026), la hipertensión arterial sistólica (ORA 3.44; IC95% 2.21-4.01, p=0.037. Además hubo una relación inversa respecto al puntaje de la escala Framingham, donde menores puntajes se asociaron a menor RCV (ORA 0.04; IC95% 0.02-0.71, p=0.029), una vez se ajustó el modelo por edad, género y antigüedad en la empresa. No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre el RCV, el cargo y la antigüedad laboral. Se concluye que en esta población trabajadora, independientemente de la edad, tiempo de antigüedad en la empresa y el género, los factores de riesgo clásicos para RCV están presentes y por lo tanto se deben iniciar medidas de promoción y prevención en aras de disminuir la probabilidad que el RCV encontrado se traduzca en un evento cardiovascular y de ésta manera optimizar la productividad en esta empresa.

Características da hipertensão arterial em Unidade Básica de Saúde

A cross observational study was achieved about hypertensive patients from the Basic Health Unit in Betel, Paulinia - S.P. assessing blood pressure levels, anthropometric data, biosocial variables, responses to questionaires about physical activity (Ipaq), and quality of life (Whoqol), as well as estimates of cardiovascular risk by Framingham score. With descriptive purposes, absolute and relative frequencies distributions are presented. From originally 95 people in the study, 18 were eliminated, and the remaining 77 were predominately composed by women, averaged 55.87 years old (standard deviation 11.88); white ethnic; basic schooling education, and income of 3 minimum salaries. Although clinical criteria verified altered values, it was the physical evaluation that indicated more clearly risks of contracting cardiovascular diseases, thus showing how different complementary evaluations can better predict risk. These results demonstrated that other professionals should be an asset as an integral part of the health team. © Copyright Moreira Jr. Editora. Todos os direitos reservados.

Efeito do exercício físico de intensidade moderada sobre fatores de risco cardiovascular e marcadores inflamatórios de mulheres obesas no período pós-menpausa

Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia - FCT

Ferritina como marcador de risco cardiovascular em pacientes soropositivos para HIV com lipodistrofia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations

OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil lipídico e risco coronariano de uma população ribeirinha (Vigia) ao de uma população urbana (Belém). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 50 indivíduos de cada região, controlados por idade e sexo, examinando-se os principais fatores de risco para a doença coronariana. RESULTADOS: Segundo o Programa Nacional de Educação sobre o Colesterol (NCEP III) e determinando-se o escore de Framingham, ambas as populações expressaram o mesmo risco absoluto de eventos (Vigia 5,4 ± 1 vs. Belém 5,7 ± 1), a despeito da população de Vigia apresentar menor consumo de gordura saturada (p<0,0001), maior de mono e poliinsaturada (p<0,03), além de menores valores do índice de massa corpórea (25,4±0,6 vs. 27,6±0,7kg/m², p<0,02), da prega biceptal (18,6±1,1 vs. 27,5±1,3mm, p<0,0001) e triceptal (28,7±1,2 vs. 37,3±1,7mm, p<0,002), de colesterol total (205±5 vs. 223±6mg/dL, p< 0,03) e triglicérides (119 ± 9 vs. 177±18mg/dL, p<0,005), não diferindo no HDL-c (46±1 vs. 46±1mg/dL), LDL-c (135 ± 4 vs. 144 ± 5mg/dL) e pressão arterial (PAS 124 ± 3 vs. 128 ± 3mmHg; PAD 80 ± 2 vs. 82 ± 2mmHg). CONCLUSÃO: A população ribeirinha e urbana da Amazônia apresentaram risco cardiovascular semelhante. Entretanto, a marcante diferença entre as variáveis estudadas sugere que devam ser aplicadas diferentes estratégias de prevenção.

Exercício físico e fatores de risco cardiovasculares em mulheres obesas na pós-menopausa

Introduction: physical exercise has been recommended as a non-pharmacological, therapeutic strategy in the treatment of important cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: to analyze the impact of an exercise program, tailored to the reality of the Family Health Units (FHU), on body composition, cardiovascular risk factors and Framingham score in obese postmenopausal. Methods: 70 women between 50 and 79 years, sedentary, obese and without menstruating for at least twelve months, were randomly assigned to a trained group (TG) (n = 35) and an untrained (GnT) (n = 35). The GT took 20 weeks of a physical exercise program with three weekly sessions, consisting of monitoring activities and heating (10 minutes), 25 minutes of exercise flexibility and strength, 50 minute walk with intensity between 50-65% of VO2max and 5-minute cool-down. The GnT was instructed to maintain their normal activities. Results: TG showed significant reductions in body mass index (30,1+3,7 vs. 29,3+3,7; p=0,0001), waist circumference (93,3+10,3 vs. 89,1+10,4; p=0,0001), percentage of fat (54,2+2,9 vs. 53,2+3,3; p=0,0001), systolic blood pressure (128,0+14,6 vs. 119,2+10,3; p=0,0001), triglycerides (148,4+66,1 vs. 122,8+40,7; p=0,006), VLDL cholesterol (29,7+13,2 vs. 24,5+8,0; p=0,005) and Framingham score (13,08+4,0 vs. 11,77+4,1; p=0,010). In the untrained group were observed significant increases in the percentage of fat (55,0+4,0 vs. 57,0+3,8; p=0,0001), systolic blood pressure (128,6+10,5 vs. 133,7+12,0; p=0,001), fasting glucose (95,2+18,4 vs. 113,7+28,8; p=0,001) and Framingham score (12,82+3,2 vs. 13,91+4,0; p=0,043), but also decreases levels of HDL cholesterol (55,1+10,5 vs. 51,7+11,0; p=0,017). Conclusion: the exercise program, adapted to the conditions of FHU, was effective in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in obese postmenopausal women served by the SUS program.

Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with first-episode psychosis in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the cardiovascular profile of first-episode psychosis patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil, an issue that has not been sufficiently explored in low-/middle-income countries. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed 1 to 3 years after an initial, larger survey that assessed first-episode psychosis in sao Paulo. We evaluated cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle habits using standard clinical examination and laboratory evaluation. Results: Of 151 contacted patients, 82 agreed to participate (mean age=35 years; 54% female). The following diagnoses were found: 20.7% were obese, 29.3% had hypertension, 39.0% had dyslipidemia, 19.5% had metabolic syndrome, and 1.2% had a >20% 10-year risk of coronary heart disease based on Framingham score. Also, 72% were sedentary, 25.6% were current smokers, and 7.3% reported a heavy alcohol intake. Conclusion: Compared to other samples, ours presented a distinct profile of higher rates of hypertension and diabetes (possibly due to dietary habits) and lower rates of smoking and alcohol intake (possibly due to higher dependence on social support). Indirect comparison vs. healthy, age-matched Brazilians revealed that our sample had higher frequencies of hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we confirmed a high cardiovascular risk in first-episode psychosis in Brazil. Transcultural studies are needed to investigate to which extent lifestyle contributes to such increased risk. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Risco cardiovascular e sua associação com variáveis demográficas, clínicas e psicossociais em pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids

Trata-se de um estudo analítico de corte transversal, que visa avaliar o risco cardiovascular de PVHA segundo o Escore de Framingham e identificar a associação entre o risco e as variáveis demográficas, comportamentais, psicossociais e clínicas de PVHA. O estudo foi aprovado na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e no Comitê de Ética da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, a coleta de dados foi realizada no período de outubro de 2014 a agosto de 2015 em cinco Serviços de Atendimento Especializado às PVHA utilizando questionário sociodemográfico, clínico e comportamental, avaliação da alimentação saudável, Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp e avaliação do risco cardiovascular por meio do Escore de Framingham. A análise dos dados ocorreu através de estatística descritiva e teste de associação entre as variáveis, onde foi adotado nível de significância com valor de p<0,05. Identificou-se que 58,3% pertenciam ao sexo masculino, 69,1% apresentavam idade acima de 40 anos, com média de 44,4 anos, 40,6% referiram ser brancos e 40,0% pardos, e 70,9% eram heterossexuais. Observou-se que 64,0% eram sedentários, 35,4% tabagistas e 40,0% faziam uso de bebida alcóolica regularmente. Do mesmo modo, 73,7% consideraram sua alimentação saudável, no entanto, ao ser avaliado de acordo com o escore da alimentação saudável, 70,9% obtiveram score intermediário para alimentação. Com relação às variáveis psicossociais, foi identificado que 52,0% tinham menos de oito anos de estudo, e 80,6% referiram receber até três salários mínimos por mês. Quanto aos sintomas de estresse, foi visto que 29,1% e 22,3% estavam nas fases de resistência e exaustão, respectivamente. Além disso, identificou-se que 15,4% da amostra tinha diagnóstico médico para depressão e que 71,4% não realizavam atividades de lazer regularmente. Com relação às variáveis clínicas gerais, 57,7% referiram antecedentes familiares para HAS, 40,6% para DM, 21,7% para IAM e 27,4% para AVE. Quanto aos antecedentes pessoais, foi visto que 15,4% eram hipertensos, 8,0% eram diabéticos e 8,0% tinham dislipidemia. Desta mesma amostra, 45,2% apresentavam IMC maior que 25,0 kg/m² e 41,7% estavam em síndrome metabólica. Com relação às variáveis clínicas relacionadas ao HIV, observou-se que 42,2% e 32,0% possuíam o diagnóstico de soropositividade e fazem uso de TARV há mais de dez anos, respectivamente. A contagem de células TCD4+ e carga viral mostrou que 82,8% dos participantes apresentaram contagem maior que 350 cels/mm³, e 80,6% tinham carga viral indetectável. Foi identificado que 25,8% dos sujeitos apresentam risco cardiovascular de médio a alto, segundo o Escore de Framingham. Apenas as variáveis sociodemográficas sexo (p=0,006), idade (p<0,001) e estado civil (p=0,003) apresentaram associação com o risco cardiovascular calculado pelo Escore de Framingham. Nas variáveis comportamentais, as fases de estresse (p=0,039) tiveram associação com o risco cardiovascular, e com relação às variáveis clínicas, antecedentes familiares para DM (p=0,035), HAS, DM e SM (p<0,001) e DLP (p=0,030) apresentaram significância estatística. Nas variáveis clínicas relacionadas ao HIV, o tempo de diagnóstico (p=0,005) e o tempo de TARV (p=0,038) também apresentaram associação. Conclui-se que 25,8% de PVHA no município de Ribeirão Preto apresentam risco cardiovascular de moderado a alto, medido pelo Escore de Framingham