In-Flight Collision Avoidance Controller Based Only on OS4 Embedded Sensors

The major goal of this research was the development and implementation of a control system able to avoid collisions during the flight for a mini-quadrotor helicopter, based only on its embedded sensors without changing the environment. However, it is important to highlight that the design aspects must be seriously considered in order to overcome hardware limitations and achieve control simplification. The controllers of a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) robot deal with highly unstable dynamics and strong axes coupling. Furthermore, any additional embedded sensor increases the robot total weight and therefore, decreases its operating time. The best balance between embedded electronics and robot operating time is desired. This paper focuses not only on the development and implementation of a collision avoidance controller for a mini-robotic helicopter using only its embedded sensors, but also on the mathematical model that was essential for the controller developing phases. Based on this model we carried out the development of a simulation tool based on MatLab/Simulink that was fundamental for setting the controllers' parameters. This tool allowed us to simulate and improve the OS4 controllers in different modeled environments and test different approaches. After that, the controllers were embedded in the real robot and the results proved to be very robust and feasible. In addition to this, the controller has the advantage of being compatible with future path planners that we are developing.

Relationship between body size and flying-related structures in Neotropical social wasps (Polistinae, Vespidae, Hymenoptera)

Body size influences wing shape and associated muscles in flying animals which is a conspicuous phenomenon in insects, given their wide range in body size. Despite the significance of this, to date, no detailed study has been conducted across a group of species with similar biology allowing a look at specific relationship between body size and flying structures. Neotropical social vespids are a model group to study this problem as they are strong predators that rely heavily on flight while exhibiting a wide range in body size. In this paper we describe the variation in both wing shape, as wing planform, and mesosoma muscle size along the body size gradient of the Neotropical social wasps and discuss the potential factors affecting these changes. Analyses of 56 species were conducted using geometric morphometrics for the wings and lineal morphometrics for the body; independent contrast method regressions were used to correct for the phylogenetic effect. Smaller vespid species exhibit rounded wings, veins that are more concentrated in the proximal region, larger stigmata and the mesosoma is proportionally larger than in larger species. Meanwhile, larger species have more elongated wings, more distally extended venation, smaller stigmata and a proportionally smaller mesosoma. The differences in wing shape and other traits could be related to differences in flight demands caused by smaller and larger body sizes. Species around the extremes of body size distribution may invest more in flight muscle mass than species of intermediate sizes.

Modellizzazione dinamica di un motore brushless DC per uso propulsivo su droni

Studio e realizzazione di un modello dinamico, in Simulink, del sistema propulsivo di un aeromodello, dotato di un autopilota e di un'elettronica di bordo. Tali caratteristiche consentono al drone di effettuare delle operazioni di volo in piena autonomia.

Modellistica e determinazione della dinamica di un quadrotor UAV per fini di controllo

Nella tesi vengono proposte una modellazione di un quadrotor affetto da un campo vettoriale incognito aerodinamico e la sua identificazione basata su non linear geometric approach e su reti neurali a funzione di base radiale (RBF). Il non linear geometric approach viene utilizzato per il disaccoppiamento delle componenti incognite aerodinamiche mentre le modellazione RBF dei coefficienti permette di applicare un algoritmo ai minimi quadrati per l'identificazione del sistema. Infine viene implementato un simulatore in ambiente MATLAB Simulink per la validazione della metodologia. Le simulazioni effettuate dimostrano la bontà del metodo proposto.

Diseño de un sistema para el manejo a distancia de aeronaves construidas con arduino

El principal objetivo del proyecto es intentar reducir los costes de algunas de las operaciones de vigilancia llevadas a cabo por agencias o instituciones de seguridad. El proyecto consiste en diseñar y desarrollar un sistema informático que permita el manejo a distancia de un cuadricóptero a través de un ordenador, utilizando el teclado y visualizando las imágenes recibidas del módulo de la videocámara. Cada cuadricóptero estará compuesto de diferentes módulos y cada módulo tiene una funcionalidad característica. Se desarrollará un sistema de gestión de aeronaves para poder añadir nuevas unidades de cuadricópteros, así como un sistema de gestión de usuarios para administrar los usuarios en el sistema. Adicionalmente, se construirá un prototipo de cuadricóptero y se implementará su unidad controladora para poder realizar las pruebas del sistema desarrollado con ello. ---ABSTRACT---The aim of this project is to attempt to reduce the costs of some surveillance services offered by security agencies or institutions. The project consists in designing and developing a computer system to remotely control a drone or quad-copter through a computer, manipulating the drone through the keyboard and watching the images captured from the camera module. Each drone is built with one or more modules, and each module has its own functionality. Both new drones and new users can be added to the computer system through the drone management system and the user management system, respectively. Both of management systems are going to be developed. The project also includes the making of a quad-copter prototype and a controller unit implementation.

Isolation in Synchronized Drone Formations

This paper expands on a theoretical model that is used for aerial robots that are working cooperatively to complete a task. In certain situations, such as when multiple robots have catastrophic failures, the surviving robots could become isolated so that they never again communicate with another robot. We prove some properties about isolated robots flying in a grid formation, and we present an algorithm that determines how many robots need to fail to isolate at least one robot. Finally, we propose a strategy that eliminates the possibility of isolation altogether.

Posizionamento GNSS di fotogrammi acquisiti da UAV

L’oggetto di studio di questa tesi consiste nel primo approccio di sperimentazione dell’utilizzo di tecnologia UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle, cioè velivoli senza pilota), per fotogrammetria ai fini di una valutazione di eventuali danni ad edifici, a seguito di un evento straordinario o disastri naturali. Uno degli aspetti più onerosi in termini di tempo e costi di esecuzione, nel processamento di voli fotogrammetrici per usi cartografici è dovuto alla necessità di un appoggio topografico a terra. Nella presente tesi è stata valutata la possibilità di effettuare un posizionamento di precisione della camera da presa al momento dello scatto, in modo da ridurre significativamente la necessità di Punti Fotografici di Appoggio (PFA) rilevati per via topografica a terra. In particolare si è voluto sperimentare l’impiego di stazioni totali robotiche per l’inseguimento e il posizionamento del velivolo durante le acquisizioni, in modo da simulare la presenza di ricevitori geodetici RTK installati a bordo. Al tempo stesso tale metodologia permetterebbe il posizionamento di precisione del velivolo anche in condizioni “indoor” o di scarsa ricezione dei segnali satellitari, quali ad esempio quelle riscontrabili nelle attività di volo entro canyon urbani o nel rilievo dei prospetti di edifici. Nell’ambito della tesi è stata, quindi, effettuata una analisi di un blocco fotogrammetrico in presenza del posizionamento di precisione della camera all’istante dello scatto, confrontando poi i risultati ottenuti con quelli desumibili attraverso un tradizionale appoggio topografico a terra. È stato quindi possibile valutare le potenzialità del rilievo fotogrammetrico da drone in condizioni vicine a quelle tipiche della fotogrammetria diretta. In questo caso non sono stati misurati però gli angoli di assetto della camera all’istante dello scatto, ma si è proceduto alla loro stima per via fotogrammetrica.

Sistema de rádio comunicações para UAV

Os veículos aéreos não tripulados, mais conhecidos por drones, têm tomado atualmente uma posição importante na sociedade. Para além da sua importância no meio militar, têm sido cada vez mais utilizados para meios comerciais uma vez que o seu custo é relativamente baixo e podem ser utilizados para inúmeras aplicações. Devido à sua importância em missões de salvamento, reconhecimento de terreno e até mesmo de ataque, é fundamental uma boa comunicação entre a aeronave e a estação terrestre. Sendo a antena um dos principais elementos do sistema de comunicação, esta dissertação centrou-se no desenvolvimento de uma agregado de antenas a operar à frequência de 2.45GHz. Pretende-se que este agregado apresente polarização circular direita bem como um ganho e largura de banda elevados. Com o objetivo de se obter uma comunicação mais eficiente entre a aeronave e a estação terrestre, o agregado permitirá o redirecionamento do feixe principal do diagrama de radiação. Para tal, serão analisadas três abordagens distintas recorrendo a linhas de atraso e switches, permitindo que seja efetuado beamforming.

Diseño y uso de una paleta háptica para prácticas de teleoperación con simulink

En este artículo se presenta el uso de dispositivos de realimentación de fuerzas de un grado de libertad como herramienta para el desarrollo de aplicaciones docentes en asignaturas de teleoperación y telerrobótica, con el objetivo de disponer de una interfaz física que pueda ser utilizada como equipo de prácticas. Estos dispositivos, conocidos como haptic paddle, ya han sido probados satisfactoriamente para aplicaciones educativas de modelado y simulación de sistemas, ntroducción a los haptics e ingeniería de control en diversas Universidades. Para el desarrollo de los experimentos que se muestran en este artículo se han utilizado dos dispositivos haptic paddle con un controlador basado en Arduino y fabricados mediante tecnologías aditivas de impresión 3D. Gracias a los sensores de fuerza y posición incorporados se pueden implementar esquemas bilaterales de teleoperación de posicón-posición y fuerza-posición.

Experimentally and coupled CFD/CSD assisted structural and aeroelastic modelling of the Javelin UAV outboard wing section

This study presents the procedure followed to make a prediction of the critical flutter speed for a composite UAV wing. At the beginning of the study, there was no information available on the materials used for the construction of the wing, and the wing internal structure was unknown. Ground vibration tests were performed in order to detect the structure’s natural frequencies and mode shapes. From tests, it was found that the wing possesses a high stiffness, presenting well separated first bending and torsional natural frequencies. Two finite element models were developed and matched to experimental results. It has been necessary to introduce some assumptions, due to the uncertainties regarding the structure. The matching process was based on natural frequencies’ sensitivity with respect to a change in the mechanical properties of the materials. Once experimental results were met, average material properties were also found. Aerodynamic coefficients for the wing were obtained by means of a CFD software. The same analysis was also conducted when the wing is deformed in its first four mode shapes. A first approximation for flutter critical speed was made with the classical V - g technique. Finally, wing’s aeroelastic behavior was simulated using a coupled CFD/CSD method, obtaining a more accurate flutter prediction. The CSD solver is based on the time integration of modal dynamic equations, requiring the extraction of mode shapes from the previously performed finite-element analysis. Results show that flutter onset is not a risk for the UAV, occurring at velocities well beyond its operative range.

Automating human thought processes for a UAV forced landing

This paper describes the current status of a program to develop an automated forced landing system for a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This automated system seeks to emulate human pilot thought processes when planning for and conducting an engine-off emergency landing. Firstly, a path planning algorithm that extends Dubins curves to 3D space is presented. This planning element is then combined with a nonlinear guidance and control logic, and simulated test results demonstrate the robustness of this approach to strong winds during a glided descent. The average path deviation errors incurred are comparable to or even better than that of manned, powered aircraft. Secondly, a study into suitable multi-criteria decision making approaches and the problems that confront the decision-maker is presented. From this study, it is believed that decision processes that utilize human expert knowledge and fuzzy logic reasoning are most suited to the problem at hand, and further investigations will be conducted to identify the particular technique/s to be implemented in simulations and field tests. The automated UAV forced landing approach presented in this paper is promising, and will allow the progression of this technology from the development and simulation stages through to a prototype system