Laser-induced damage of Ti O2 Si O2 high reflector at 1064 nm

A high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) TiO2/SiO2 high reflector (HR) at 1064 nm is deposited by e-beam evaporation. The HR is characterized by optical properties, surface, and cross section structure. LIDT is tested at 1064 nm with a 12 ns laser pulse in the one-on-one mode. Raman technique and scanning electron Microscope are used to analyze the laser-induced modification of HR. The possible damage mechanism is discussed. It is found that the LIDT of HR is influenced by the nanometer precursor in the surface, the intrinsic absorption of film material, the compactness of the cross section and surface structure, and the homogeneity of TiO2 layer. Three typical damage morphologies such as flat-bottom pit, delamination, and plasma scald determine well the nanometer defect initiation mechanism. The laser-induced crystallization consists well with the thermal damage nature of HR. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

吸收杂质热辐射诱导光学薄膜破坏的热力机制

光学元件的破坏是限制高功率激光系统发展的主要问题,理解光学元件的破坏机制对于高功率激光系统的设计、运行参量选择以及器件技术发展有重要影响。以热辐射模型为基础研究了杂质吸收诱导光学薄膜破坏的热力过程。研究发现薄膜发生初始破坏所需时间很短,脉冲的大部分时间是引起薄膜发生更大的破坏。在考虑吸收杂质发生相变的情况下,计算了吸收杂质汽化对薄膜产生的蒸汽压力,论证了薄膜发生宏观破坏的可能性。此模型能很好地解释光学薄膜的平底坑破坏形貌。

On the relationships between the radial tidal current field and the radial sand ridges in the southern Yellow Sea: a numerical simulation

The ori-in of the radial sand ridges (RSRs) in the southern Yellow Sea has been a controversial problem since they were discovered in the early 1960s. To resolve the problem, two key questions need to be answered: (1) was the radial tidal current field in the RSR area generated by the submarine topography, or (2) did it exist before the RSRs occurred? In this study, the M-2 tide and tidal currents in the RSR area were simulated with a two-dimensional tidal model using a flat bottom and a shelving slope topography, the results being then compared with the field data. It is demonstrated that the radial tidal current field in the southern Yellow Sea is independent of bottom topography, and may thus be the controlling factor generating the RSRs. The radial tidal current field probably existed before the RSRs were formed.

Influence of the earth rotation on the interfacial wave solutions and wave-induced tangential stress in a two-layer fluid system

Interfacial waves and wave-induced tangential stress are studied for geostrophic small amplitude waves of two-layer fluid with a top free surface and a flat bottom. The solutions were deduced from the general form of linear fluid dynamic equations of two-layer fluid under the f-plane approximation, and wave-induced tangential stress were estimated based on the solutions obtained. As expected; the solutions derived from the present work include as special cases those obtained by Sun et al. (2004. Science in China, Set. D, 47(12): 1147-1154) for geostrophic small amplitude surface wave solutions and wave-induced tangential stress if tire density of the upper layer is much smaller than that of the lower layer. The results show that the interface and the surface will oscillate synchronously, and the influence of the earth's rotation both on the surface wave solutions and the interfacial wave solutions should be considered.

A kind of extended Korteweg-de Vries equation and solitary wave solutions for interfacial waves in a two-fluid system

This paper considers interfacial waves propagating along the interface between a two-dimensional two-fluid with a flat bottom and a rigid upper boundary. There is a light fluid layer overlying a heavier one in the system, and a small density difference exists between the two layers. It just focuses on the weakly non-linear small amplitude waves by introducing two small independent parameters: the nonlinearity ratio epsilon, represented by the ratio of amplitude to depth, and the dispersion ratio mu, represented by the square of the ratio of depth to wave length, which quantify the relative importance of nonlinearity and dispersion. It derives an extended KdV equation of the interfacial waves using the method adopted by Dullin et al in the study of the surface waves when considering the order up to O(mu(2)). As expected, the equation derived from the present work includes, as special cases, those obtained by Dullin et al for surface waves when the surface tension is neglected. The equation derived using an alternative method here is the same as the equation presented by Choi and Camassa. Also it solves the equation by borrowing the method presented by Marchant used for surface waves, and obtains its asymptotic solitary wave solutions when the weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive terms are balanced in the extended KdV equation.

What is the shape of an air bubble on a liquid surface?

We have calculated the equilibrium shape of the axially symmetric meniscus along which a spherical bubble contacts a flat liquid surface, by analytically integrating the Young-Laplace equation in the presence of gravity, in the limit of large Bond numbers. This method has the advantage that it provides semi-analytical expressions for key geometrical properties of the bubble in terms of the Bond number. Results are in good overall agreement with experimental data and are consistent with fully numerical (Surface Evolver) calculations. In particular, we are able to describe how the bubble shape changes from hemispherical, with a shallow flat bottom, to lenticular, with a deeper, curved bottom, as the Bond number is decreased.

Potencial de alimentação de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) em diferentes densidades de Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Técnica de criação e parâmetros biológicos de Stegasta bosquella em amendoim

Studies with Stegasta bosquella in peanut crop are little explored by researchers, mainly by the need of obtaining, in the field, a large quantity of closed leaflets. Therefore, it was sought a way of rearing in a natural diet that facilitates the attainment of the insect. The research was developed at the Laboratorio de Resistencia de Plantas a Insetos (FCAV/Jaboticabal) (T: 25 +/- 2 degrees C, RH 60 +/- 10% and photophase: 12 hours) (Runner IAC 886). The rearing stock of was carried out by collecting caterpillars from the field and keeping them in flat bottom glass tubes until adult emergence and test performance. Caterpillars were individualized in Petri dish plates, lined with moistened filter paper, which contained closed and early opened leaflets, but closed with paper clips (imitating the closed leaflet). A randomized design with two treatments and 36 repetitions was used. After the pupae formation, they were separated into five couples and the adults were kept in transparent plastic cages containing a peanut stem with leaves for oviposition, and fed with a 10% honey solution. The duration and viability of the larval and pupal periods, male and female longevity with and without food, and fertility were evaluated. The two forms of larvae rearing (closed leaflet and leaflet closed with clips) did not influence on any of the studied parameters. Therefore, the rearing of S. bosquella becomes feasible in natural diet, which means there is no need to use the enclosed leaflets for this purpose, and implies the easiness for rearing.

Aspectos Biológicos dos Estádios Imaturos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) e Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Alimentados com Ovos e Ninfas de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Foram avaliados os aspectos biológicos dos estádios imaturos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) e Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider), alimentados com ovos e ninfas de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B. Ovos dos predadores foram individualizados em recipientes de vidro de fundo chato com 2,5 cm de diâmetro e 8,5 cm de altura que foram mantidos à temperatura de 25±2ºC, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 14h. Após a eclosão das larvas, discos de folhas de tomateiro e de couve com 2 cm de diâmetro, contendo ovos e ninfas de B. tabaci, respectivamente, foram colocados nos recipientes. A duração e a viabilidade de cada ínstar e da fase pupal de ambas as espécies predadoras alimentadas com diferentes estágios da presa foram avaliados. Larvas de primeiro ínstar de C. externa apresentaram desenvolvimento mais lento quando alimentadas com ovos de B. tabaci biotipo B monstrando influência do estágio da presa fornecida no período de desenvolvimento do predador. O mesmo não ocorreu para a espécie C. cincta. O desenvolvimento de larvas de primeiro ínstar de ambas as espécies predadoras foi semelhante quando foram alimentadas com ovos de B. tabaci; porém C. cincta apresentou período de desenvolvimento mais longo (5,4 dias) comparada a C. externa (4,0 dias) quando alimentada com ninfas da presa. Para larvas de segundo e terceiro ínstares e para a duração da fase larval não houve influência do estágio da presa fornecida (ovo ou ninfa) no período de desenvolvimento. A duração do segundo ínstar foi maior para C. cincta do que para C. externa (4,8 e 4,1 dias, respectivamente). Porém a duração do terceiro instar foi maior e da fase larval foi menor para C. externa (6,6 e 15,3 dias, respectivamente) do que para C. cincta (6,4 e 16,7 dias, respectivamente). A viabilidade dos ínstares foi acima de 90% para ambas as espécies. No entanto, menor porcentagem de viabilidade da fase de pupa foi registrada para C. cincta, quando alimentada com ovos (30%) ou ninfas (55,6%).

Evaluation of the Effects of Endodontic Materials on Fibroblast Viability and Cytokine Production

Introduction: Recently, a new sealer composed of Portland cement named Endo-CPM-Sealer was developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Endo-CPM-Sealer (EGEO SRL, Buenos Aires, Argentina), Sealapex (Sybron Endo, Glendora, CA), and Angelus MTA (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) on cell viability and cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1 beta and IL-6) production by mouse fibroblasts. Methods: Millipore culture plate inserts with polyethylene tubes filled with materials were placed into 24-well cell culture plates with mouse fibroblasts. Cells cultured with only empty polyethylene tubes were used as the control. After 24 hours, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. For cytokine assay, mouse fibroblasts were incubated in 24-well flat-bottom plates with set material disks at the bottom. Cells cultured without the material disks served as the negative control. After 24 hours of incubation, culture media were collected for cytokine evaluation by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction. Results: Endo-CPM-Sealer, Sealapex, and Angelus MTA did not inhibit the cell viability. All materials induced IL-6 releasing, but the amount was not statistically significant compared with the control group. Angelus MTA induced IL-1 beta releasing significantly more than the control. Conclusions: All materials were not considered cytotoxic in fibroblast culture. (J Endod 2009;35:1577-1579)

Optimal Boussinesq model for shallow-water waves interacting with a microstructure

In this paper, we consider the propagation of water waves in a long-wave asymptotic regime, when the bottom topography is periodic on a short length scale. We perform a multiscale asymptotic analysis of the full potential theory model and of a family of reduced Boussinesq systems parametrized by a free parameter that is the depth at which the velocity is evaluated. We obtain explicit expressions for the coefficients of the resulting effective Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations. We show that it is possible to choose the free parameter of the reduced model so as to match the KdV limits of the full and reduced models. Hence the reduced model is optimal regarding the embedded linear weakly dispersive and weakly nonlinear characteristics of the underlying physical problem, which has a microstructure. We also discuss the impact of the rough bottom on the effective wave propagation. In particular, nonlinearity is enhanced and we can distinguish two regimes depending on the period of the bottom where the dispersion is either enhanced or reduced compared to the flat bottom case. © 2007 The American Physical Society.

Biofilmes heterotípicos formados por C.albicans e espécies não albicans: estudo da interação microbiana e da sensibilidade à terapia fotodinâmica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Padronização do teste dot blotting e comparação entre testes de diagnóstico de brucelose em bovinos

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of the ELISA tests developed by using EgHF, Em2 and EmII/3-10 antigens in the serological diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by larva stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the lethal parasitic diseases of man and a major public health problem in many countries in the northern hemisphere. When the living conditions and habits in Turkey were considered in terms of relation with the life cycle of the parasite, it was suggested that AE has been much more common than reported mainly from the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Since in vitro serologic diagnosis tests with high specificity for AE have not been used in our country, most of the cases with liver lesions were misdiagnosed by radiological investigations as malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the in-house ELISA methods developed by using three different antigens (EgHF, Em2, EmII/3-10) in the serological diagnosis of AE. The study samples included a total of 100 sera provided by Bern University Parasitology Institute where samples were obtained from patients with helminthiasis and all were confirmed by clinical, parasitological and/or histopathological means. Ten samples from each of the cases infected by E.multilocularis, E.granulosus, Taenia solium, Wuchereria bancrofti, Strongyloides stercolaris, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, Trichinella spiralis, Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma haematobium were studied. In the study, EgHF (E.granulosus hydatid fluid) antigens were prepared in our laboratory from the liver cyst fluids of sheeps with cystic echinococcosis, however Em2 (E.multilocularis metacestode-purified laminated layer) and EmII/3-10 (E.multilocularis recombinant protoscolex tegument) antigens were provided by Bern University Parasitology Institute. Flat bottom ELISA plates were covered with EgHF, Em2 and EmII/3-10 antigens in the concentrations of 2.5 µg, 1 µg and 0.18 µg per well, respectively, and all sera were tested by EgHF-ELISA, Em2-ELISA and EmII/3-10-ELISA methods. For each tests, the samples which were reactive above the cut-off value (mean OD of negative controls+2 SD) were accepted as positive. The sensitivity of the ELISA tests performed with EgHF, Em2 and Em2II/3-10 antigens were estimated as 100%, 90% and 90%, respectively, whereas the specificity were 63%, 91% and 91%, respectively. When Em2-ELISA and EmII/3-10-ELISA tests were evaluated together, the specificity increased to 96%. Our data indicated that the highest sensitivity (100% with EgHF-ELISA) and specificity (96% with Em2-ELISA + EmII/3-10-ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of AE can be achieved by the combined use of the ELISA tests with three different antigens. It was concluded that the early and accurate diagnosis of AE in our country which is endemic for that disease, could be supported by the use of highly specific serological tests such as Em2-ELISA ve EmII/3-10-ELISA contributing radiological data.

Diseño de una hoja Excel para un tanque de almacenamiento de gasóleo de automoción

El presente proyecto, consiste en el diseño básico de una hoja Excel para un tanque de almacenamiento de gasóleo de automoción (gasóleo A). El presente tanque se ha situado en el parque de almacenamiento de Loeches (Comunidad de Madrid). Se han realizado los cálculos necesarios para el diseño de todas las partes de dicho tanque, la envolvente, el fondo de tanque y el techo. Al igual que el cálculo de peso de éste, y un listado de accesorios adicionales necesarios para su puesta en marcha. Se ha desarrollado la programación en Excel, de una ficha para calcular los parámetros principales del tanque diseñado. Se ha llevado a cabo el diseño y fabricación de un tanque de acero, vertical, cilíndrico, de fondo plano, no enterrado, soldados, para el almacenamiento de líquidos a temperatura ambiente. La capacidad del tanque es de un volumen nominal de 25.000 m3 y una altura de 20 metros, se almacenará gasóleo de automoción, con una densidad de 835 kg/m3. Este tipo de gasóleo es el producto derivado del petróleo más consumido en España.This project consists of the basic design of an Excel spreadsheet to a storage tank of diesel fuel (oil A). This tank is located in the storage yard Loeches (Madrid). It have been made the necessary calculations for the design of all parts of the tank, the envelope, the tank bottom and roof. As the weight calculation thereof, and a list of additional accessories required for its implementation and location. It has been developed programming Excel, a record key parameters to calculate tank designed. It has been carried out the design and manufacture of a steel tank, vertical, cylindrical, flat bottom, not buried, soldiers, for storing liquids at room temperature. The tank capacity is of a nominal capacity of 25,000 m3 and a height of 20 meters, diesel fuel is stored, with a density of 835 kg/m3. This type of oil is the oil product most consumed in Spain.