两种黄酮醇苷同分异构体的电喷雾质谱区分

Two flavonol glycoside isomers of Icariside Ⅰ and Caohuoside C were differentiated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) method.In the negative ion mode,the two compounds with different glycosyl moieties showed the same ESI-MS spectrum,but obvious different MS2 spectra and thus they can be distinguished rapidly,accurately and easily by ESI-MS.

Structure identification of a prenylflavonol glycoside from Epimedium koreanum by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A novel prenylflavonol glycoside, named acetylicariin, has been isolated from the aerial parts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. The structure has been identified by electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) and other chemical evidence, which has been elucidated as 8-prenylkaempferol-4'-methoxyl-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-beta-D-(2''-O-acetyl)glucopyranoside.

Synthesis of tamarixetin and isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside

Two isomeric flavonol 3-O-glycosides, tamarixetin and isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperido side (1 and 2), were synthesized. The natural product from Costus spicatus assigned as the former compound is revised to the latter structure. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phenolic compounds from forest industrial by-products

Em Portugal, as indústrias corticeira e de pasta de papel constituem um importante sector económico, contudo, gerando elevadas quantidades de subprodutos. Estes subprodutos poderiam ser explorados em aplicações de alto valor acrescentado, como fonte de compostos fenólicos, por exemplo, em vez de serem apenas queimados para produção de energia. Estes compostos são conhecidos pelas suas inúmeras propriedades, entre as quais, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e anti-trombótica. Neste estudo as frações fenólicas da maior parte dos subprodutos gerados nas indústrias corticeira e de pasta de papel foram caracterizados em detalhe, com vista à sua valorização. A fração fenólica das cascas de Eucalyptus globulus, E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii, bem como da cortiça de Quercus suber e resíduos provenientes da sua exploração, nomeadamente, o pó de cortiça e os condensados negros, foi obtida por processos convencionais de extração sólido-líquido. No caso da casca de E. globulus, foi ainda avaliado o potencial de metodologias “verdes” no processo de extração de compostos fenólicos, usando extração com CO2 supercrítico. Esta técnica foi otimizada com recurso a metodologias de superfície de resposta. Na identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos foi usada cromatografia líquida de alta resolução aliada a técnicas de espectrometria de massa. O teor de fenólicos totais foi ainda determinado pelo método de Folin- Ciocalteu, essencialmente para efeitos comparativos. A caracterização da fração fenólica de cada extrato foi ainda complementada com a análise da atividade antioxidante, usando o radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Foram identificados trinta compostos fenólicos na casca de E. globulus, 17 deles referenciados pela primeira vez como seus constituintes, nomeadamente os ácidos quínico, di-hidroxifenilacétic, cafeico e metil-elágico, bis-hexahidroxidifenoil( HHDP)-glucose, galoil- bis-HHDP-glucose, galoil-HHDPglucose, isoramnetina—hexosídeo, quercetina-hexosídeo, ácido metil-elágicopentosídeo, miricetina-ramnosídeo, isoramnetina-ramnosídeo, mearnsetina, floridzina, mearnsetina-hexosídeo, luteolina e uma proantocianidina B. Neste trabalho, foi estudada pela primeira vez a composição fenólica das cascas de E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii. Treze, doze e vinte e quatro compostos fenólicos foram identificados nas cascas de E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii, respetivamente. Entre estes compostos encontram-se os ácidos quínico, gálico, metilgálico, protocatequínico, clorogénico e elágico, catequina, galoil-bis-HHDP-glucose, digaloilglucose, epicatequina, quercetina-glucoronídeo, di-hidroxiisopropilcromona- hexosídeo, isoramnetina-hexosídeo, ácido elágicoramnosídeo, taxifolina, quercetina-hexosídeo, di-hidroxi- (metilpropil)isopropilcromona-hexosídeo, ácido metil-elágico-pentosídeo, miricetina-ramnosídeo, isoramnetina-ramnosídeo, aromadendrina-ramnosídeo, mearnsetina, mearnsetina-hexosídeo, eriodictiol, quercetina, isoramnetina e naringenina. A análise da fração fenólica da cortiça permitiu identificar vinte e dois compostos fenólicos, dez deles referenciados pela primeira vez como seus constituintes, nomeadamente, os ácidos quínico, salicílico, p-hidroxifenillático e metilgálico, ácido carboxílico da brevifolina, eriodictiol, naringenina, um éster isoprenílico do ácido cafeico, isoramnetina-ramnosídeo e isoramnetina. No pó de cortiça industrial foram identificados dezasseis compostos fenólicos, nomeadamente os ácidos quínico, gálico, protocatequínico, cafeico, ferúlico, elágico e metilgálico, esculetina, ácido carboxílico da brevifolina, coniferaldeído, um éster isoprenílico do ácido cafeico, uma dilactona do ácido valoneico, ácido elágico-pentosídeo, ácido elágico-ramnosídeo, isoramnetinaramnosídeo e isoramnetina. Destes, apenas o ácido elágico foi previamente referenciado como componente do pó de cortiça. Do mesmo modo, treze compostos fenólicos foram identificados no condensado negro, doze deles referenciados pela primeira vez como seus constituintes. São eles os ácidos quínico, gálico, p-hidroxifenil-láctico, protocatequínico, p-coumarico, cafeico e elágico, vanilina, esculetina, coniferaldeído, um éster isoprenílico do ácido cafeico e o eriodictiol. A extração supercrítica de compostos fenólicos da casca de eucalipto permitiu não só verificar os parâmetros que afetam a qualidade e quantidade finais dos extratos, como também obter os valores ótimos para estes parâmetros. Esta extração mostrou ainda ser bastante seletiva para determinados grupos de compostos fenólicos, como as flavanonas eriodictiol e naringenina e para o flavonol O-metilado isoramnetina. Este é também o primeiro estudo envolvendo a determinação da atividade antioxidante de extratos da cortiça e dos resíduos da sua exploração, bem como da casca de E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii. A vasta gama de compostos fenólicos identificados em cada extrato analisado, assim como as prominentes atividades antioxidantes, todas na mesma gama de valores do bem conhecido antioxidante comercial, ácido ascórbico, são claramente um grande contributo para a valorização destes subprodutos industriais.

Antioxidant activities of eight Algerian plant extracts and two essential oils

Total phenol, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavone/flavonol and flavanones/dihydroflavonol contents of hydro-alcoholic extracts, obtained by sonication, from the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris L., Anthemis arvensis L., Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, Juniperus phoenicea L., Arbutus unedo L., Cytisus monspessulanus L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss et Reut, Zizyphus lotus L (Desf.) collected in Djebel Amour (Sahara Atlas, Algeria) were quantified by spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Artemisia campestris L. and Juniperus phoenicea I aerial parts were also evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the extracts and essential oils was assessed measuring the capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation using two lipidic substrates (egg yolk and liposomes), the capacity for scavenging DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxyl radicals. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the capacity for inhibiting lipoxygenase. Reducing power and chelating capacity were also assayed. The results showed different amounts of total phenols depending on the method used: A. campestris extract had the highest levels of total phenols when the measurement was made at lambda = 280 nm, whereas H. scoparium and A. unedo extracts showed the highest levels of total phenols with Folin-Ciocalteau. C. monspessulanus had the highest levels of flavones/flavonols and flavanones/dihydroflavonols. The essential oils of A. campestris and J. phoenicea were mainly constituted by alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and sabinene; and a-pinene, respectively. The methods used for assaying the capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation revealed to be inadequate for extracts due to the great interferences detected. The essential oils were more active than the generality of extracts for scavenging peroxyl radicals and for inhibiting lipoxygenase, whereas A. unedo extract was the most active for scavenging ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion radicals and it also had the best reducing capacity. In a general way, the great majority of the antioxidant activities correlated well with the phenol content although such correlation was not so clear with the flavonoid content. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemical characterisation of wild populations of Thymus from different climatic regions in southeast Spain

Thymus is taxonomically a very complex genus with a high frequency of hybridisation and introgression among sympatric species. The variation in accumulation of leaf-surface flavonoids was investigated in 71 wild populations of Thymus front different putative hybrid swarm areas in Andalucia, Spain. Twenty-two flavones, five flavanones, two dihydroflavonols, a flavonol and two unknowns were detected by HPLC-DAD combined with LC-APCI-MS analysis. The majority of compounds were flavones with a lutelin-type substitution of the B-ring, in contrast to previous reports on Macedonian taxa, which predominantly accumulate flavones with apigenin-type substitution of the B-ring. Anatomical and morphometric studies, supported by cluster analysis, identified pure Thymus hyemalis and Thymus baeticus populations, and a large number of putative hybrids. Flavonoid variation was closely related to morphological variation in all populations and is suspected to be a result of genetic polymorphism. Principal component analysis identified the presence of species-specific and geographically linked chemotypes and putative hybrids with mixed morphological and chemical characteristics. Qualitative and quantitative flavonoid accumulation appears to be genetically regulated, while external factors play a secondary role. Flavonoid profiles can thus provide diagnostic markers for the taxonomy of Thymus and are also useful in detecting hybridising taxa. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Intra- and interspecific variations in vacuolar flavonoids among Ficus species from the Budongo Forest, Uganda

Leaves of 14 species of Ficus growing in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, were analysed for vacuolar flavonoids. Three to six accessions were studied for each species to see whether there was intraspecific chemical variation. Thirty-nine phenolic compounds were identified or characterised, including 14 flavonol O-glycosides, six flavone O-glycosides and 15 flavone C-glycosides. In some species the flavonoid glycosides were acylated. Ficus thonningii contained in addition four stilbenes including glycosides. Most of the species could be distinguished from each other on the basis of their flavonoid profiles, apart from Ficus sansibarica and Ficus saussureana, which showed a very strong intraspecific variation. However, on the whole flavonoid profiles were sufficiently distinct to help in future identifications.

Variations in lipophilic and vacuolar flavonoids among European Pulicaria species

Four European Pulicaria species, P. odora, P. paludosa, P. sicula and P. vulgare, were analysed for their surface and vacuolar constituents for comparison with previous data obtained for P. dysenterica. Each species had a distinct flavonoid pattern with notable differences between leaf and inflorescence. 6-Hydroxyflavonols were the major lipophilic components in all of the species and tissues except in the leaves of P. paludosa and P. vulgare, where scutellarein 6-methyl ether was the main constituent. In the leaves of P. sicula a more unusual flavone, 6-hydroxyluteolin 5,6,7,3′,4′-pentamethyl ether, was a major component. Pulicaria odora was distinguished by the presence of a series of methylated 6-hydroxykaempferol derivatives including a 3,5,6,7,4′-pentamethyl ether. Quercetagetin hexamethyl ether occurred in both tissues of P. sicula together with the 3,7,3,4′-tetra methyl ether and other quercetagetin derivatives, which were 5-methylated. Quercetagetin 3,7,3′-methyl ether was present in all species except P. odora. Flavonol glucuronides were characteristic vacuolar constituents of all the taxa studied. Two rare glycosides, patuletin and 6-hydroxykaempferol 6-methyl ether 7-glucuronides were identified in the inflorescence of P. odora. Pulicaria vulgaris, a rare plant of southern England, had the vacuolar flavonoid profile most similar to the other more abundant British plant, P. dysenterica.

The genotypic variation of the antioxidant potential of different tomato varieties

There is increasing interest in the ability of diets rich in polyphenols to modulate age-related diseases and promote healthy ageing. We have conducted a pilot experiment with eight tomato varieties to correlate the total antioxidant capacity of the tomato variants with the specific constituent flavonoids present. A strong correlation was observed with the flavonol rhamnoglucoside rutin but not with other flavonoids, such as naringenin chalcone, or hydroxycinnamates, such as chlorogenic, which are also present in the tomato. To test the rigor of this correlation a second study was undertaken with a further 37 tomato varieties selected for low, medium and high rutin levels. We show that the flavonol rutin contributes to the greatest extent to the antioxidant capacity of tomatoes and suggest that this flavonoid may be a useful target for up-regulation in tomatoes in order to improve their antioxidant status.

Colonic metabolism of dietary polyphenols: influence of structure on microbial fermentation products

The metabolism of chlorogenic acid., naringin, and rutin, representative members of three common families of dietary polyphenols, the hydroxycinnamates, the flavanones, and the flavonols, respectively, was studied in an in vitro mixed culture model of the human colonic microflora. Time- and concentration-dependent degradation of all three compounds was observed, which was associated with the following metabolic events after cleavage of the ester or glycosidic bond: reduction of the aliphatic double bond of the resulting hydroxycinnamate caffeic acid residue; dehydroxylation and ring fission of the heterocyclic C-ring of the resulting deglycosylated flavanone, naringenin, and of the deglycosylated flavonol, quercetin (which differed depending on the substitution). The metabolic events, their sequences, and major phenolic end products, as identified by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS, were elucidated from the structural characteristics of the investigated compounds. The major phenolic end products identified were 3-D-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid for chlorogenic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid and 3-phenylpropionic acid for naringin, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid for rutin. The degree of degradation of the compounds studied was significantly influenced by the substrate concentration as well as individual variations in the composition of the fecal flora. The results support extensive metabolism of dietary polyphenols in the colon, depending on substrate concentration and residence time, with resultant formation of simple phenolics, which can be considered biomarkers of colonic metabolism if subsequently absorbed. It is also apparent that a relatively small number of phenolic degradation products are formed in the colon from the diverse group of natural polyphenols. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of a cellulase treatment on extraction of antioxidant phenols from black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) pomace

The effect of a commercial cellulase preparation on phenol liberation and extraction from black currant pomace was studied. The enzyme used, which was from Trichoderma spp., was an effective "cellulase-hemicellulase" blend with low P-glucosidase activity and various side activities. Enzyme treatment significantly increased plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation as well as increasing the availability of phenols for subsequent methanolic extraction. The release of anthocyanins and other phenols was dependent on reaction parameters, including enzyme dosage, temperature, and time. At 50 degrees C, anthocyanin yields following extraction increased by 44% after 3 h and by 60% after 1.5 h for the lower and higher enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S), respectively. Phenolic acids were more easily released in the hydrolytic mixture (supernatant) and, although a short hydrolysis time was adequate to release hydroxybenzoic acids (HBA), hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) required longer times. The highest E/S value of 0.16 gave a significant increase of flavonol yields in all samples. The antioxidant capacity of extracts, assessed by scavenging of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and the ferric reducing antioxidant potential depended on the concentration and composition of the phenols present.

Regulation of NF-κB activity in astrocytes: effects of flavonoids at dietary-relevant concentrations

Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Sustained activation of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Flavonoids have been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and we investigated whether flavonoids, at submicromolar concentrations relevant to their bioavailability from the diet, were able to modulate NF-κB signalling in astrocytes. Using luciferase reporter assays, we found that tumour necrosis factor (TNFα, 150 ng/ml) increased NF-κB-mediated transcription in primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes, which was abolished on co-transfection of a dominant-negative IκBα construct. In addition, TNFα increased nuclear localisation of p65 as shown by immunocytochemistry. To investigate potential flavonoid modulation of NF-κB activity, astrocytes were treated with flavonoids from different classes; flavan-3-ols ((−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin), flavones (luteolin and chrysin), a flavonol (kaempferol) or the flavanones (naringenin and hesperetin) at dietary-relevant concentrations (0.1–1 μM) for 18 h. None of the flavonoids modulated constitutive or TNFα-induced NF-κB activity. Therefore, we conclude that NF-κB signalling in astrocytes is not a major target for flavonoids.

Insights into dietary flavonoids as molecular templates for the design of anti-platelet drugs

Flavonoids are low-molecular weight, aromatic compounds derived from fruits, vegetables, and other plant components. The consumption of these phytochemicals has been reported to be associated with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, attributed to their anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-thrombotic actions. Flavonoids exert these effects by a number of mechanisms which include attenuation of kinase activity mediated at the cell-receptor level and/or within cells, and are characterized as broad-spectrum kinase inhibitors. Therefore, flavonoid therapy for CVD is potentially complex; the use of these compounds as molecular templates for the design of selective and potent small-molecule inhibitors may be a simpler approach to treat this condition. Flavonoids as templates for drug design are, however, poorly exploited despite the development of analogues based on the flavonol, isoflavonone, and isoflavanone subgroups. Further exploitation of this family of compounds is warranted due to a structural diversity that presents great scope for creating novel kinase inhibitors. The use of computational methodologies to define the flavonoid pharmacophore together with biological investigations of their effects on kinase activity, in appropriate cellular systems, is the current approach to characterize key structural features that will inform drug design. This focussed review highlights the potential of flavonoids to guide the design of clinically safer, more selective, and potent small-molecule inhibitors of cell signalling, applicable to anti-platelet therapy.

Glucosinolates, myrosinase hydrolysis products, and flavonols found in rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia)

Rocket species have been shown to have very high concentrations of glucosinolates and flavonols, which have numerous positive health benefits with regular consumption. In this review we highlight how breeders and processors of rocket species can utilize genomic and phytochemical research to improve varieties and enhance the nutritive benefits to consumers. Plant breeders are increasingly looking to new technologies such as HPLC, UPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS to screen populations for their phytochemical content to inform plant selections. Here we collate the research that has been conducted to-date in rocket, and summarise all glucosinolate and flavonol compounds identified in the species. We emphasize the importance of the broad screening of populations for phytochemicals and myrosinase degradation products, as well as unique traits that may be found in underutilized gene bank resources. We also stress that collaboration with industrial partners is becoming essential for long-term plant breeding goals through research.

Análise botânica, química e biológica comparativa entre flores das espécies sambucus nigra L. e sambucus australis cham. & Schltdt. e avaliação preliminar da estabilidade

Flores das espécies Sambucus nigra, de origem européia, e Sambucus australis, nativa da América do Sul (Caprifoliaceae), denominadas sabugueiro e sabugueirodo- brasil, respectivamente, são utilizadas popularmente sob forma de infusão, como antiinflamatórias, laxativas e para condições febris resultantes de afecções do trato respiratório. Estudos prévios para S. nigra indicam compostos fenólicos como principais constituintes químicos, sendo estes relacionados às principais atividades biológicas avaliadas. Objetivando comparar esta espécie com Sambucus australis, foram realizadas análises botânicas macro e microscópicas das flores, identificando as principais diferenças entre as espécies, tais como o número de lóculos no ovário e presença de idioblastos cristalíferos em algumas estruturas, e observando os possíveis contaminantes (pedicelos). Também foram determinados os parâmetros farmacopéicos: cinzas totais e perda por dessecação. Após a análise química, foi escolhido o flavonóide rutina como marcador das espécies, para realizar análises quantitativas nas 31 amostras adquiridas e / ou coletadas, utilizando método de CLAE previamente validado. Soluções hidroetanólicas apresentaram maior capacidade de extração do produto alvo. Os limites mínimos de rutina observados para ambas as espécies foram de aproximadamente 0,65%. Também foram quantificados, por método espectrofotométrico, os flavonóides totais expressos em quercetina, sendo 0,93% e 1,46% os teores mínimos determinados para S.nigra e S. australis, respectivamente. O estudo da estabilidade acelerada (50°C ± 90% U.R.), avaliando a degradação dos constituintes químicos presentes permitiu sugerir a cinética de degradação de segunda ordem para da rutina nas duas espécies. Comparações de atividades biológicas das espécies foram realizadas pelos ensaios das atividades antiinflamatória (inibição do edema em pata de rato induzido por carragenina) e antioxidante (DPPH). Os resultados para o primeiro ensaio demonstraram ação equivalente em ambas as espécies para extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% (86% de inibição) e aquosos (81%), com atividade semelhante ao padrão indometacina (~83%); para a atividade antioxidante os extratos hidroetanólicos a 80% foram mais ativos (CE50 = 16 μg/ml) que os aquosos (CE50 = 27 μg/ml) em S. australis, e ambos extratos, superiores ao 28 extrato padronizado Gingko biloba (CE50 = 40 μg/ml) e aos extratos de S. nigra (CE50= 50 μg/ml – hidroetanólico e CE50= 32 μg/ml – aquoso).