Activity patterns of urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) reduce the risk of traffic-induced mortality

Traffic collisions can be a major source of mortality in wild populations, and animals may be expected to exhibit behavioral mechanisms that reduce the risk associated with crossing roads. Animals living in urban areas in particular have to negotiate very dense road networks, often with high levels of traffic flow. We examined traffic-related mortality of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the city of Bristol, UK, and the extent to which roads affected fox activity by comparing real and randomly generated patterns of movement. There were significant seasonal differences in the number of traffic-related fox deaths for different age and sex classes; peaks were associated with periods when individuals were likely to be moving through unfamiliar terrain and would have had to cross major roads. Mortality rates per unit road length increased with road magnitude. The number of roads crossed by foxes and the rate at which roads were crossed per hour of activity increased after midnight when traffic flow was lower. Adults and juveniles crossed 17% and 30% fewer roads, respectively, than expected from randomly generated movement. This highly mobile species appeared to reduce the mortality risk of minor category roads by changing its activity patterns, but it remained vulnerable to the effects of larger roads with higher traffic flows during periods associated with extraterritorial movements.

Como el Uruguay no hay - : terror de Estado e segurança nacional Uruguai (1968-1985) : do pachecato à ditadura civil-militar

O presente trabalho analisa a ditadura civil-militar uruguaia (1973-1984) a partir da perspectiva da política de Terror de Estado, mecanismo implementado para aplicar as premissas da Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e defender os interesses dos setores dominantes locais. Da mesma forma, possibilitou o disciplinamento da força de trabalho, exigência implícita nas novas demandas do capitalismo mundial, o que significou, na prática, a destruição do questionamento social e das manifestações por mudanças promovidas pelas distintas organizações populares nos anos 60 e 70. Este período, aliás, foi marcado, na América Latina, tanto pela efervescência produzida pela Revolução Cubana quanto pelo esforço dos EUA em disseminar as concepções contra-insurgentes e reforçar a pentagonização regional. Foi durante as administrações de Pacheco Areco e de Bordaberry (1968-1973), marcadas por acentuada guinada autoritária ainda em regime democrático, que começaram a ser aplicadas determinadas práticas repressivas de Terror de Estado, fato que se projetou, ampliou e consolidou posteriormente, com o regime de exceção. O objetivo norteador da pesquisa foi estudar o conceito de Terror de Estado e analisar sua aplicação na experiência concreta da ditadura uruguaia enquanto metodologia de atuação de um sistema repressivo complexo que abrangeu as múltiplas dimensões da sociedade Assim, procurou-se destacar a diversidade e articulação das diferentes modalidades de atuação implementadas: a interdição do Poder Legislativo; a subordinação do Poder Judiciário à Justiça Militar; a proibição de partidos políticos, sindicatos e organizações sociais; a intervenção no sistema de ensino; a imposição de uma política global de censura; a iniciativa de refundação societária; a subjugação e destruição do “inimigo interno”; a aplicação de ações contra-insurgentes (a tortura, o “grande encarceramento”, a política de “reféns” e os seqüestros seguidos de desaparecimentos forçados); etc. A participação ativa uruguaia na conexão repressiva internacional (Operação Condor) expressou o deslocamento da violência estatal da “guerra interna” contra os núcleos exilados nos países vizinhos. Em síntese, a dinâmica imposta caracterizou o Terror de Estado implementado no Uruguai como sendo abrangente, prolongado, indiscriminado, preventivo, retroativo e extraterritorial além de conter pretensões pedagógicas e ser gerador de seqüelas que se projetaram no período democrático posterior.

Global governance, currency and trade: implications of one on the other, common problems and how to address cooperation through law at the international level

How to deal with the impacts of the exchange rate on the trade balance of Brazil? There is not a single answer to such question. In order to find out some legal approaches for this matter, this paper aims to describe and analyze the role of the IMF, WTO and the governments of Brazil and the United States on the currency misalignments, especially the extraterritorial effects of such misalignment on the Brazil’s bilateral trade with the United States. The article concludes that the Currency Swap Agreements and other bilateral solutions may minimize the distortions that the Brazilian balance of payment against the USA is carrying, due to the lack of legal solutions for the problem of the exchange rate misalignments that Brazil is facing.

Políticas de competencia y acuerdos de libre comercio en América Latina y el Caribe: aprendiendo de la experiencia internacional

Incluye Bibliografía

Los derechos de propiedad intelectual en el mundo de la OMC

Incluye Bibliografía

Los retos de la migración en México. Un espejo de dos caras

Incluye Bibliografía

A política externa brasileira para os emigrantes e seus descendentes

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

A política externa brasileira para os emigrantes e seus descendentes

Que políticas o Estado brasileiro tem adotado em relação a seus emigrantes? Como essa política tem evoluído? Quais são as motivações e os propósitos dessa orientação e a quem se destina prioritariamente? Estas são algumas das questões que Fernanda Rais Ushijima analisa e para as quais ela busca respostas neste trabalho. Fruto das indagações da autora sobre as responsabilidades e a atuação dos países de origem dos emigrantes de modo geral e, em especial, do Brasil, em relação à emigração, a obra aborda a adaptação do Estado brasileiro nessa área entre 1990 e 2010, enfocando as mudanças estruturais promovidas no Ministério das Relações Exteriores. As conclusões da autora sustentam-se nessas mudanças. Ela escreve: A política para os brasileiros no exterior representa uma tentativa de extensão da soberania para além do território contíguo, por meio da extensão de direitos, que implica também deveres, e da formalização das remessas, o que as colocam sob controle fiscal. A obra trata não somente da política voltada para os brasileiros que deixaram o país, mas também à destinada a seus descendentes nascidos no exterior, mostrando que a legislação abrange, além da cidadania emigrante, a cidadania extraterritorial.

The Jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization 2014

In 2014, the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted seven panel reports and six Appellate Body rulings. Two of the cases relate to anti-dumping measures. Three cases, comprising five complaints, are of particular interest and these are summarized and discussed below. China – Rare Earths further refines the relationship between protocols of accession and the general provisions of WTO agreements, in particular the exceptions of Article XX GATT. Recourse to that provision is no longer excluded but depends on a careful case-by-case analysis. While China failed to comply with the conditions for export restrictions, the case reiterates the problem of insufficiently developed disciplines on export restrictions on strategic minerals and other commodities in WTO law. EC – Seals Products is a landmark case for two reasons. Firstly, it limits the application of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) resulting henceforth in a narrow reading of technical regulations. Normative rules prescribing conditions for importation are to be dealt with under the rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) instead. Secondly, the ruling permits recourse to public morals in justifying import restrictions essentially on the basis of process and production methods (PPMs). Meanwhile, the more detailed implications for extraterritorial application of such rules and for the concept of PPMs remain open as these key issues were not raised by the parties to the case. Peru – Agricultural Products adds to the interpretation of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), but most importantly, it confirms the existing segregation of WTO law and the law of free trade agreements. The case is of particular importance for Switzerland in its relations with the European Union (EU). The case raises, but does not fully answer, the question whether in a bilateral agreement, Switzerland or the EU can, as a matter of WTO law, lawfully waive their right of lodging complaints against each other under WTO law within the scope of their bilateral agreement, for example the Agreement on Agriculture where such a clause exists.

La abyección y las fronteras en Copi

Partiendo de una tesis doctoral sobre "la abyección como categoría analítica en la obra de Witold Gombrowicz", escrita por Silvana Mandolessi, se toman en cuenta sus investigaciones en torno a la noción de "abyección" (desde un enfoque en parte psicoanalítico y en parte sociopolítico, teniendo en consideración la potencia de resistencia que podría tener "lo abyecto"), para intentar un acercamiento a la obra de otro "extraterritorial", el escritor franco- argentino Copi, considerando la posible productividad del término en la lectura de su novela La ciudad de las ratas (La cité des rats, 1979), donde se percibe un trabajo intenso de ridiculización de las jerarquías que separan lo "aceptable" de lo "inaceptable" dentro de la organización de las sociedades. El desmantelamiento resultante lleva a una reconfiguración de las fronteras entre el "buen" y el "mal" gusto, entre "lo humano" y "lo animal" entre otras, remitiendo así a otras de las obras de Copi donde se realizan planteos similares. A lo largo de su producción, Copi cuestiona ese tipo de fronteras, pero el papel que el potencial político de "lo abyecto" cumple en ese cuestionamiento tiene en La ciudad de las ratas una de sus manifestaciones quizá más importantes

La abyección y las fronteras en Copi

Partiendo de una tesis doctoral sobre "la abyección como categoría analítica en la obra de Witold Gombrowicz", escrita por Silvana Mandolessi, se toman en cuenta sus investigaciones en torno a la noción de "abyección" (desde un enfoque en parte psicoanalítico y en parte sociopolítico, teniendo en consideración la potencia de resistencia que podría tener "lo abyecto"), para intentar un acercamiento a la obra de otro "extraterritorial", el escritor franco- argentino Copi, considerando la posible productividad del término en la lectura de su novela La ciudad de las ratas (La cité des rats, 1979), donde se percibe un trabajo intenso de ridiculización de las jerarquías que separan lo "aceptable" de lo "inaceptable" dentro de la organización de las sociedades. El desmantelamiento resultante lleva a una reconfiguración de las fronteras entre el "buen" y el "mal" gusto, entre "lo humano" y "lo animal" entre otras, remitiendo así a otras de las obras de Copi donde se realizan planteos similares. A lo largo de su producción, Copi cuestiona ese tipo de fronteras, pero el papel que el potencial político de "lo abyecto" cumple en ese cuestionamiento tiene en La ciudad de las ratas una de sus manifestaciones quizá más importantes

La abyección y las fronteras en Copi

Partiendo de una tesis doctoral sobre "la abyección como categoría analítica en la obra de Witold Gombrowicz", escrita por Silvana Mandolessi, se toman en cuenta sus investigaciones en torno a la noción de "abyección" (desde un enfoque en parte psicoanalítico y en parte sociopolítico, teniendo en consideración la potencia de resistencia que podría tener "lo abyecto"), para intentar un acercamiento a la obra de otro "extraterritorial", el escritor franco- argentino Copi, considerando la posible productividad del término en la lectura de su novela La ciudad de las ratas (La cité des rats, 1979), donde se percibe un trabajo intenso de ridiculización de las jerarquías que separan lo "aceptable" de lo "inaceptable" dentro de la organización de las sociedades. El desmantelamiento resultante lleva a una reconfiguración de las fronteras entre el "buen" y el "mal" gusto, entre "lo humano" y "lo animal" entre otras, remitiendo así a otras de las obras de Copi donde se realizan planteos similares. A lo largo de su producción, Copi cuestiona ese tipo de fronteras, pero el papel que el potencial político de "lo abyecto" cumple en ese cuestionamiento tiene en La ciudad de las ratas una de sus manifestaciones quizá más importantes

The New Financial Regulatory Paradigm: A transatlantic perspective. CEPS Policy Brief No. 287, 21 March 2013

This CEPS Policy Brief reviews key aspects of the new financial paradigm in a transatlantic perspective, focusing on the general approach in EU and US legislation in response to the financial crisis and the G-20 commitments and specifically as regards the extraterritorial implications. Following discussion of the institutional setting, conclusions are offered on what these changes mean in the context of the recently proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. In comparing the EU and the US efforts in re-engineering their regulatory regimes in response to the financial crisis, the paper finds, with the notable exception of the banking union, serious grounds for concern that the outcome may be an even more fragmented European financial market, access to which for third-country institutions is highly problematic.

Can border carbon taxes fit into the global trade regime? Bruegel Policy Brief 2013/06, 9 December 2013

One complement to domestic climate policies could be the regulation of carbon dioxide emissions arising during the production of imported products. Such ‘border carbon adjustments’ (BCAs) are said to have several benefits, but are also severely criticised. This Policy Brief highlights some weaknesses in the standard argumentation for BCAs. But there is an alternative argument for border carbon measures, based on the fact that countries expose each other to climate externalities. The reformulated argument is economically more convincing, and provides a more convincing justification for the extraterritorial feature of border carbon measures. However, there are also several important factors mitigating against the implementation of such measures, including the risk that these measures will be used for protectionism. One complement to domestic climate policies could be the regulation of carbon dioxide emissions arising during the production of imported products. Such ‘border carbon adjustments’ (BCAs) are said to have several benefits, but are also severely criticised. This Policy Brief highlights some weaknesses in the standard argumentation for BCAs. But there is an alternative argument for border carbon measures, based on the fact that countries expose each other to climate externalities. The reformulated argument is economically more convincing, and provides a more convincing justification for the extraterritorial feature of border carbon measures. However, there are also several important factors mitigating against the implementation of such measures, including the risk that these measures will be used for protectionism.

Humanitarian Visas: Option or obligation?. CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe No. 68, 27 October 2014

Third-country nationals seeking protection have no EU-wide legal channels at present for entering EU territory and triggering protection mechanisms under the Common European Asylum System. As a result, many embark on hazardous journeys, with concomitant risks and loss of human life. The absence of ‘protection-sensitive’ mechanisms for accessing EU territory, along with EU external and extraterritorial border and migration management and control, undermine Member States' refugee and human rights obligations. Humanitarian visas may offer a remedy in this regard by enabling third-country nationals to apply in situ for entry to EU territory on humanitarian grounds or because of international obligations. This study asks whether the existing Visa Code actually obliges Member States to issue humanitarian visas. It also examines past implementation of humanitarian visa schemes by Member States and considers whether more could be done to encourage them to make use of existing provisions in EU law. Finally, with a Commission proposal for Visa Code reform on the table, it asks whether there is now an opportunity to lay down clear rules for humanitarian visa schemes.