Técnicas de criação em laboratório e dispersão do parasitóide de pupas Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: eulophidae) no campo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Density of Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Parasitizing Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Pupae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Palmistichus elaeisis (Delvare & LaSalle, 1993) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), possible agent for the biological control of Urbanus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Bases biológicas para utilização de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) para controle de Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Dinâmica populacional e manejo de leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em plantações de eucalipto

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Evaluation of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as parasitoid of the Sarsina violascens Herrich-Schaeffer (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

This is the first report on the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis, genus Eulophidae, found in the field parasitizing pupae of defoliating eucalyptus. Lepidopterous pests occur in eucalyptus plantations in Brazil, reaching high population levels. Due to the complexity of pest control in eucalyptus forests, alternative control methods have been proposed, for instance biological control through use of parasitoids. Natural enemies play an important role in regulating host populations because their larvae feed on the eggs, larvae, pupae or adults of other insects. The parasitic Hymenoptera are important agents in biological control programs against forest pests, and may provide economic and environmental benefits. The generalist endoparasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) can develop in its host’s pupae, which overcome the host’s physiology and can therefore be used for biological control of agricultural and forest pests. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of P. elaeisis as a pupal parasitoid of S. violascens in providing a potential alternative to chemical control of the pest and creation of an alternative host. The experiment was developed in the Laboratory for Biological Control of Forest Pests, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio Mesquita Filho”. Parasitoids used in this test were originally collected on pupae of E. eucerus. (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in eucalyptus plantations at Lençois Paulistas, São Paulo state, Brazil, in 2011. Thereafter, a laboratory culture has been maintained, using pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae) as hosts. S. violascens eggs were collected in a eucalyptus clonal plantation in Sao Paulo state (Brazil). Larvae were reared under ambient conditions on Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (Myrtaceae) leaves. The following parameters were determined: parasitism level, numbers of emerged and non-emerged parasitoids and duration of egg-adult cycle. The S. violascens pupae were dissected to evaluate the non-emerged parasitoids. The parasitism level reached 100%, with a 100% emergence rate. It was verified that 113.2±0.8 parasitoids emerged per individual pupa versus only 0.7±0.1 that did not emerge. The P. elaeisis egg-adult cycle was 20.3±0.6 days in S. violascens pupae. This opens new perspectives for utilizing this parasitoid in biological control programs against caterpillars important to forestry. Sarsina violascens in Brazil.

Musca domestica as a host for mass rearing of parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Natural parasitism of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) nymphs by Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in Sao Paulo orange groves

Natural parasitism of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) nymphs by Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in Sao Paulo orange groves. The psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1908 has become the main citrus pest species in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, after the introduction of the huanglongbing or citrus greening. This study evaluated the parasitism of 3rd, 4th and 5th instar D. citri nymphs by Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) in citrus groves under a regimen of regular insecticide applications in ten producing regions: Araraquara, Barretos, Bauru, Botucatu, Franca, Itapetininga, Jau, Limeira, Lins and Sao Joao da Boa Vista. Sixty-nine samples of new branches infested with nymphs of D. citri were collected from 2005 to 2008 in orange groves ranging from 1 to 20 years old, of the varieties Hamlin, Pera, Valencia and Natal. The parasitoid T. radiata is widely distributed in Sao Paulo orange groves, and was identified in 50 (72%) of the samples, showing a mean parasitism rate of 12.4%. The highest parasitism rate was observed in the "summer" (from January through March), with a mean of 25.7%. Nymphal parasitism was above 90% in two samples. The probable causes of the variations in parasitism of D. citri by T. radiata are discussed.

Natural parasitism of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) nymphs by Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in São Paulo orange groves

The psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1908 has become the main citrus pest species in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, after the introduction of the huanglongbing or citrus greening. This study evaluated the parasitism of 3rd, 4th and 5th instar D. citri nymphs by Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) in citrus groves under a regimen of regular insecticide applications in ten producing regions: Araraquara, Barretos, Bauru, Botucatu, Franca, Itapetininga, Jaú, Limeira, Lins and São João da Boa Vista. Sixty-nine samples of new branches infested with nymphs of D. citri were collected from 2005 to 2008 in orange groves ranging from 1 to 20 years old, of the varieties Hamlin, Pera, Valencia and Natal. The parasitoid T. radiata is widely distributed in São Paulo orange groves, and was identified in 50 (72%) of the samples, showing a mean parasitism rate of 12.4%. The highest parasitism rate was observed in the "summer" (from January through March), with a mean of 25.7%. Nymphal parasitism was above 90% in two samples. The probable causes of the variations in parasitism of D. citri by T. radiata are discussed.

Variaciones numéricas de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae) y del Ectoparasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) en una plantación de naranjos de Entre Ríos, Argentina

Diaphorina citri es vector de la bacteria que produce la enfermedad HLB en cítricos, una de las más destructivas. En lotes comerciales de naranja dulce en Entre Ríos se analizó la abundancia espacio-temporal de adultos de D. citri y del ectoparasitoide Tamarixia radiata. Quincenalmente y durante tres años se colectaron adultos en 10 trampas cromotrópicas y los datos obtenidos fueron relacionados con el porcentaje medio de brotación de otra plantación. El número de D. citri/trampa/quincena se analizó mediante Kruskal-wallis y prueba de Mantel y la respuesta de agregación de T. radiata mediante correlación. Ambas poblaciones exhibieron la mayor abundancia el primer año: las frecuentes aplicaciones de abamectina en el segundo y tercero provocaron una marcada reducción. Espacialmente, la diferencia numérica de D. citri entre árboles no estuvo asociada a su cercanía pero la correlación entre ellos fue significativa. Temporalmente se evidenciaron cuatro picos de abundancia: tres asociados a brotación (invernal, primaveral y estival), y un cuarto no asociado a brotación. La mayor abundancia de T. radiata ocurrió en los árboles con mayor abundancia de D. citri y hubo una significativa correlación espacial entre ambas especies. El enrollamiento anti-horario del gráfico entre D. citri - T. radiata en árboles individuales sugiere una interacción huésped- parasitoide, estructurada como poblaciones locales.

Lack of intraspecific biological variation between two geographical populations of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious larval–pupal parasitioid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The chalcid, Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov has been recorded in many parts of the world as a major larval-pupal, gregarious endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), a serious pest of brassica vegetable crops worldwide. This study investigated intraspecific variation between two populations of O. sokiolowskii, one from Cape Verde Islands, West Africa and the other from Hangzhou, China. In all crosses and backcrosses between the two geographical populations, the numbers of progeny and sex ratio of progeny were similar to those obtained within each of the populations, demonstrating complete reproductive compatibility between the two populations. The two populations showed similar responses to temperature with respect to development time and survival of immature stages. Observations on the interactions between the two O. sokolowskii populations and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), another major parasitoid of P. xylostella, showed that neither population could achieve successful parasitism of P. xylostella larvae already parasitized by C. plutellac. However, both O. sokolowskii populations could achieve hyperparasitism by ovipositing into a mid-late stage larva of C. plutellae developing inside the primary host. Contrary to earlier reports, no evidence of intraspecific variations in ability to hyperparasitize between these two populations of O. sokolowskii was found.

Parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera pupae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Tetrastichus howardi and Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

2016

: Parasitoids of the painted apple moth Teia anartoides Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Australia.

Painted apple moth Teia anartoides Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), a native to Australia, was discovered in Auckland, New Zealand in late 1999 and eradicated by 2006. It was recognised in 2002 that biological control would be the most effective long-term control strategy if eradication was unsuccessful, and a search was initiated for potential biocontrol agents in Australia. In 2003, autumn and spring surveys were undertaken in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia of the guild of parasitoid natural enemies of T. anartoides. Eggs, larvae and pupae were collected and held to rear out any parasitoids. In addition, localised searches were made in Queensland in late 2003 early 2004 and laboratory-reared juvenile stages of T. anartoides were released for recapture in both Victoria and Queensland. Acacia dealbata Link (Fabales: Fabaceae) was the main plant from which T. anartoides was recovered, followed by apple. Most T. anartoides samples were collected from Victoria and Tasmania. Eighteen species from 13 genera of egg, larval and pupal parasitoids were reared and included Diptera (Tachinidae) and Hymenoptera (Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Ichneumonidae). Of the seven Hymenopteran genera recovered from the larval stage, the most common in Victoria and Tasmania was a previously unidentified larval parasitoid Cotesia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) sp. Echthromorpha intricatoria (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the dominant pupal parasitoid. The survey showed that the parasitoid complex associated with T anartoides is structurally very similar to that on other pest Lymantriidae in the northern hemisphere such as gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was recorded for the first time in Australia.

Insectos y enemigos naturales asociados que colonizan troncos de pino en el municipio de San Fernando, Nueva Segovia, 2009

Con el objetivo de conocer los insectos que colonizan troncos cortados de pino y sus enemigos naturales asociados, se realizó el presente estudio en tres sitios: la Unión, Las Tapias y San José del municipio de San Fernando en Nueva Segovia durante el periodo comprendido entre Diciembre 06 a Mayo 07. Varios tipos de insectos descortezadores, barrenadores y descomponedores de la madera a ser: Ips sp, Xyleborus sp, Lochmaeocles sp y termites fueron encontrados. Comparativamente Ips sp fue mas abundante en el sitio Las Tapias con un total de 179 emergencias, que representó el 44,58 % de los Ips sp que emergieron de los tres sitios de estudio. Asociados a Ips sp tres tipos de enemigos naturales fueron encontrados: el depredador Medetera sp (Diptera: Dolich opodidae), el parasitoide Heterospilus sp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) y un parasitoide de identificado (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). En los tres sitios de estudio el depredador Medetera sp fue el más abundante con 170 individuos que representaron el 88,54 % del total de todos los parasitoides emergidos en los tres sitios. El periodo y patrón de emergencia de Ips sp y los tres enemigos naturales observados fue similar para los tres sitios de estudio. La referencia de los dos parasitoides observados constituye la primera referencia de estos insectos afectando insectos descortezadores en Nicaragua, así también lo constituye la primer referencia del cerambicido Lochmaeocles sp como colonizador de trozas de pino en nuestro país.