Equity Of Access To Pap Smears: Population-based Study In Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

To determine the prevalence of the Papanicolaou exam among women aged 20 to 59 years in the city of Campinas (state of São Paulo, Brazil) and to analyze associations between this test and affiliation to private health insurance plans as well as socioeconomic/demographic variables and health-related behavior. To do so, a population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out. Statistical analyses took the study design into account. Despite the significant socioeconomic differences between women with and without private health plans, no differences between these groups were found regarding having been submitted to the Papanicolaou test. In fact no differences were found as to socioeconomic and health variables analyzed. Among all variables analyzed, only marital status was significantly associated with having undergone the test. The Brazilian public health system accounted for 55.7% of the exams. The present findings indicate social equity in the city of Campinas regarding the preventive exam for cervical cancer in the age group studied.

A importância da Química Analítica Qualitativa nos cursos de Química das instituições de ensino superior brasileiras

The results of a survey of institutions offering undergraduate studies, with the objective of evaluating the importance of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry for Chemistry courses in Brazil, are presented and discussed. Judging by the data, the content of the course of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry is considered by the Brazilian institutions offering undergraduate studies to be a body of knowledge essential for the formation of the chemist. This aspect is deemed valid for both baccalaureate and teaching license studies.

Pesquisa qualitativa em Educação Física: possibilidades de construção de conhecimento a partir do referencial cultural

This work indicates presuppositions for the qualitative research in Physical Education, starting with a literature review based on the cultural frame of reference. Firstly, we introduce the debate concerning the natural and the human sciences and implications for the Physical Education; we then use a cultural axis as a ground basis for the research in the area, proposing the 'dense description' as a possibility for knowledge building; finally, we bring up examples of studies conducted with such an approach. This theoretical methodological approach allows the study of the human being as a cultural being, thus opposed to the naturalised view of a human - predominant in Physical Education.

Cervical screening: population-based comparisons between self-reported survey and registry-derived Pap test rates

Objective: To compare self-reported cervical screening rates, as recorded in the 1998 NSW Health Survey, with registry-based cervical screening rates for NSW for the same period; and to examine factors associated with over-estimates of cervical screening rates by self-report. Methods: Self-reported cervical screening data was extracted from the 1998 NSW Health Survey, biennial screening rates estimated and compared with biennial cervical screening rates for 1997-98, as recorded on the NSW Pap Test Register (PTR). Rates and differences were related to socio-demographic characteristics of the 17 Area Health Services of NSW. Results: According to the 1998 NSW Health Survey, 74% of women reported having a Pap test during the previous two years. The equivalent rate recorded on the NSW PTR for 1997-98 was 62% (p

Screening Anal Dysplasia in HIV-Infected Patients: Is There an Agreement Between Anal Pap Smear and High-Resolution Anoscopy-Guided Biopsy?

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the agreement between anal Pap smear and high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy in diagnosing anal dysplasia in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional analysis of HIV-infected patients receiving anal dysplasia screening as part of routine care. Agreement between measures was estimated by weighted kappa statistics, using a three-tiered cytologic and histologic grading system (normal, low-grade dysplasia, and high-grade dysplasia). Estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated using a two-tiered cytologic and histologic grading system (""without dysplasia"" and ""with dysplasia of any grade""). Estimates were also calculated for the detection of high-grade dysplasia. RESULTS: During a one-year period, 222 patients underwent 330 anal Pap smears followed by high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsies. There were 311 satisfactory Pap smears with concurrent biopsies. Considering histology the standard, the frequency of anal dysplasia was 46%. Kappa agreement between anal Pap smear and biopsy was 0.20. For detection of anal dysplasia of any grade, anal Pap smear showed sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 60%, positive predictive value of 56%, and negative predictive value of 64%. For high-grade dysplasia, anal Pap smear showed sensitivity of 16% and specificity of 97%. CONCLUSION: Anal Pap smears alone were not sensitive enough to rule out anal dysplasia. We recommend that high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy be incorporated as a complementary screening test for anal dysplasia in high-risk patients. Following baseline high-resolution anoscopy, these individuals could be followed with serial anal cytology to dictate the need for future high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsies.

Problemas no casamento : uma análise qualitativa

O presente trabalho objetiva identificar e analisar os tipos de problemas vividos no casamento referidos por mulheres casadas há mais de 15 anos e pertencentes a estrato econômico médio e alto residentes na Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo. Foram entrevistadas 20 mulheres utilizando roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada. As entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, foram analisadas utilizando-se a análise do discurso. Foram relacionados dois grupos de problemas: os problemas referidos pelas entrevistadas e os problemas identificados pelas pesquisadoras. Os problemas refletem as mudanças ocorridas no cenário social que, ao incidirem sobre o casamento, resultam em alterações nas expectativas sociais quanto ao projeto de relação afetivo-sexual. De um projeto marcado por sua durabilidade assegurada mesmo antes do casamento, as novas formas de conjugalidade apontam para o caráter distópico das relações na qual a premissa de sua durabilidade é contestada mesmo antes do início do relacionamento.

Perdas na colheita mecanizada de soja: uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa

As perdas que ocorrem durante a colheita mecanizada de cereais implicam grandes prejuízos para agricultores e para o País. Na colheita da soja, boa parte das perdas poderia ser evitada. Assim sendo, com este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as perdas físicas e fisiológicas de sementes de soja, durante a colheita, em diferentes dias e horários. As perdas quantitativas foram agrupadas em perdas na plataforma de corte, perdas nos mecanismos internos e perdas totais, e foram avaliadas em dois horários do dia, entre 9 h e 10 h, e entre 14 h e 15 h, nos dias 18 e 29 de Março e 20 de abril, e, em um experimento paralelo, em três horários, entre 9 h e 10 h, entre 14 h e 15 h e entre 20 h e 21 h, no dia 20 de Abril. As perdas qualitativas foram avaliadas, para sementes colhidas, entre 14 h e 15 h, nos dias 18 e 29 de Março e 20 de Abril, por meio de teste de tetrazólio e de condutividade elétrica. Verificou-se aumento significativo das perdas totais, de 121%, entre o primeiro e o último dia de colheita. A variação das perdas totais durante o dia mostrou-se significativa, atingindo 387,3 kg ha-1, às 21 h. A qualidade fisiológica diminuiu ao longo do período. O horário entre 14 e 15 h apresentou maior perda na plataforma de corte; porém, as perdas totais foram menores. A análise de correlação mostra que as perdas totais são fortemente influenciadas pela umidade da palha.

Resolução de equações booleanas: aplicação a um problema de decisão empresarial qualitativa

Este trabalho é uma atualização do artigo publicado pelo autor na RAE em 1974 e tem por finalidade: a) definir o Problema da Decisão Qualitativa (PDQ); b) mostrar como certos tipos de problemas lógicos podem ser formulados como PDQs; c) apresentar um método de resolução do PDQ, o qual utiliza resolução de equações booleanas; d) apresentar um processo original de resolução destas equações, o Algoritmo RQ, facilmente programável em computadores. Os resultados apresentados são produto de trabalhos desenvolvidos no antigo Departamento de Engenharia de Eletricidade da EPUSP, os quais deram origem a diversas publicações, entre elas 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,20,23, 24, 25, 28,29 (veja bibliografia no final do artigo). Partes deste artigo são adaptações de trechos de livro do mesmo autor(11), onde se encontram os fundamentos teóricos, aplicações, sugestões para novos desenvolvimentos e listagens para microcomputador do SDB/3, um sistema de auxílio à tomada de decisões que resolve o PDQ.