Utiliza����o de ��guas residu��rias provenientes do tratamento biol��gico de esgotos dom��sticos na produ����o de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis Hill. ex. maiden

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

An��lise da adi����o de res��duo oriundo do tratamento de esgotos em massa cer��mica utilizada para fabrica����o de telhas

Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) disposal is a problem for any municipality, for this reason the amount of sludge production is now a key issue in selecting treatment methods. It is necessary to investigate new applications for this waste type, due to the restrictions imposed by the environmental organs. The raw materials used in the Red Ceramic, are generally very heterogeneous, for this reason, such materials can tolerate the presence of different types of wastes. In Rio Grande do Norte, the roof tiles production corresponds to 60,61% from the total of ceramic units produced. Due to the importance of the ceramic industry of roof tiles for the state, allied to the environmental problem of the sludge disposal, this work had for objective to verify the possibility of the incorporation of sewage sludge in ceramic body used for production of roof tiles. In the research, sludge originating from drying beds of WTP of the Central Campus from UFRN and clays originating from a ceramic industry from Goianinha/RN were used. The raw materials were characterized by techniques of: analysis of particles distribution by diffraction to laser; real density; consistence limits; chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence; mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction; organic matter; and solids content. Five batches of roof tiles were manufactured in the approximate dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To evaluate the properties of each final product, tests of water absorption, impermeability, bending strength, leachability and solubility were accomplished. The roof tiles manufactured with sludge presented characteristics similar to the roof tiles without sludge in relation to the environmental risk. The results showed that it is possible to use approximately up to 4% of sludge in ceramic bodies for production of roof tiles. However, it is observed that the high amount of organic matter (71%) present in the sludge is shown as factor that limits the sludge incorporation in ceramic bodies, worsening the quality of the roof tiles. It is necessary the use of mixtures of different raw materials under point of view of the granulometry and of the other chemical and mineralogical properties for the obtaining of a satisfactory mass to the production of ceramic roof tiles

Caracteriza����o dos res��duos esgotados de sistemas de tratamento individual de esgotos de Natal

In Natal still dominates the use of individual disposal systems for domestic sewage, once only 29% of the city has a sewarage system. Wastes that are accumulated in these individual treatment systems should be exhausted periodically, service provided by collector entrepreneurs. Some of these companies causing major damage to the environment. In Natal, only two companies have their own septage (RESTI) treatment system, which were designed with parameters from domestic sewage generating strain and inefficient systems. Therefore, the characterization becomes essential as a source of parameters for their design. Thus, this work presents the physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of waste pumped from individual sewage treatment systems. Samples collections were made weekly from 5 different trucks at the reception point on the treatment plant on the point of the preliminary treatment. From each truck it was taken 5 samples during the discharge in order to make a composite sample. Afterwards, samples were carried out to laboratory and analyses for determination of temperature, pH, conductivity, BOD, COD, nitrogen (ammonia e organic), alkalinity, oils, phosphorus, solids, faecal coliforms and helminth egg. The results were treated as a single database, and ranked according to its generating source (multi and single house, lodging, health, services and / or food), area of origin (metropolitan, south and north) and type of system (cesspits, septic tank and / or sink). Through these data it was possible to verify that the type of system adopted by most in Natal and the metropolitan region is cesspit, besides to confirm the difference between the septage of areas with a population have different social and economical characteristics. It was found that the septage have higher concentrations than domestic sewage, except for thermotolerant coliforms that showed concentrations of 1,38E+07. Among the parameters studied, is the median values identified for COD (3,549 mg / L), BOD (973mg / L) and total solids (3.557mg / L). The volatile fraction constitutes about 70% of the total solids of the septage. For helminths has been a median of 7 eggs/L. In general, the characteristics of the waste followed the variability found in the literature reviewed for all variables, showing high amplitudes

Utiliza����o de membranas no p��s-tratamento de esgotos para reuso do permeado e aproveitamento do concentrado

The use of membrane filters in the post-treatment of sewage has been increasingly employed to obtain water quality, applicable to various forms of reuse. Despite the advantages presented using the permeate membranes, such as saving water and reducing water pollution, the concentrate generated in the process ends up being an inconvenience to the deployment of this technology due to lack of sustainable solutions for their management. Thus, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the use of membranes for microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrated in agriculture, using it as liquid fertilizer. The permeated membranes were also assessed in order to identify activities in which they could be reused. Five configurations were established from four types of membranes, so that each configuration represents a different system. The tests were conducted in batch mode, with triplicate for each configuration. The results indicated that permeated the microfiltration and ultrafiltration can be used in urban areas, in non-potable uses. Have the nanofiltration permeate can be reused in the industry, replacement cooling towers, and other non -potable uses required in the manufacturing unit. The permeate obtained in reverse osmosis met the intended uses for nanofiltration as well as the standards required for boiler feed, adding alkalizing being required to raise the pH to the recommended value. Concentrates generated in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis can be availed as liquid fertilizer in agriculture, but they must be diluted in the irrigation water, in order to adjust the salt concentration allowed for the least tolerant crops patterns

Estudo de degrada����o t��rmica e caracteriza����o de lodos provenientes de diferentes sistemas de tratamento de esgotos

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Atendimento �� norma NBR 12.209/2011 na implanta����o de uma Esta����o de Tratamento de Esgotos no munic��pio de Guaratinguet�� (SP)

The progressive growth of the population and the increase of sewage generated has demanded of society and public policies that, besides the collection network deployment is carried out the treatment and proper disposal of treated sewage in all brazilian municipalities. The aim of this study was to monitor and evaluate the work of implementation of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Guaratinguet�� city of S��o Paulo state, to identify the compliance with legal requirements and the NBR 12,209/2011. The construction of this ETE met all the requirements of NBR 12209/2011 and benefited a large portion of population with the sewage treatment. Based on the results of this assessment it was concluded that the construction of a STP is relatively simple, differing only on the legal requirements related to the location, area for the construction and materials used in the work. The knowledge generated in this study will assist the public policies in the implementation of STPs in municipalities that do not yet have this basic sanitation

Caracteriza����o qu��mica e estudo t��rmico de lodos provenientes da esta����o de tratamento de esgotos de Ribeir��o Preto, SP, Brasil

P��s-gradua����o em Qu��mica - IQ

Uso de reator aer��bio de leito fluidizado com circula����o como dispositivo de p��s-tratamento do efluente de um reator uasb compartimentado tratando esgotos sanit��rios

P��s-gradua����o em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Avalia����o de um sistema descentralizado de tratamento de esgotos dom��sticos em escala real composto por tanque s��ptico e wetland constru��da h��brida

A concentra����o demogr��fica e de sistemas coletivos de esgotamento sanit��rio dentro do per��metro urbano da maioria dos munic��pios brasileiros, dificulta a viabiliza����o do fornecimento de servi��os de tratamento de esgotos dom��sticos �� habita����es e n��cleos habitacionais isolados situados em ��reas periurbanas e rurais, intensificando os danos provocados pela polui����o de origem antr��pica ao meio ambiente e �� preserva����o da sa��de p��blica. Para contribuir no equacionamento deste problema, o presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar uma wetland constru��da h��brida em escala real, composta por uma unidade com fluxo cont��nuo subsuperficial vertical seguida por uma unidade de fluxo cont��nuo subsuperficial horizontal, cultivadas com capim Vetiver, para o tratamento de efluente proveniente de tanque s��ptico. A presente configura����o experimental busca uma solu����o de baixo custo e simplificada para o tratamento descentralizado de esgotos dom��sticos. A esta����o experimental de tratamento de esgotos, parte integrante e um dos produtos da Rede Nacional de Tratamento de Esgotos Descentralizados RENTED, foi constru��da no Centro Tecnol��gico de Hidr��ulica CTH / Escola Polit��cnica EPUSP, campus Butant�� da USP, em S��o Paulo. O esgoto bruto foi proveniente do Conjunto Residencial da USP e do restaurante central da Cidade Universit��ria. As vaz��es m��dia e m��xima de esgoto bruto, respectivamente, de 640L.d-1 e 1600L.d-1, foram aplicadas �� entrada do TS de 5.000L e deste escoaram por gravidade �� entrada da wetland constru��da h��brida, com TDH total de 2,8d e 1,1d, respectivamente, sob aplica����o das vaz��es m��dia e m��xima de projeto. O monitoramento do experimento em campo, incluindo o per��odo inicial de partida, durou 6 meses consecutivos. Foram avaliados os par��metros f��sico-qu��micos e microbiol��gicos do esgoto bruto e do efluente do tanque s��ptico e das c��maras da wetland constru��da h��brida durante 97 dias consecutivos. Os resultados indicaram que tanto as mudas jovens quanto as adultas de capim Vetiver adaptaram-se bem ��s condi����es ambientais. As efici��ncias m��dias de remo����o no efluente tratado final quanto �� mat��ria org��nica carbon��cea foram de 96 por cento para DBO5,20 e 90 por cento para DQO, 40 por cento para N-total, 23 por cento para N-amoniacal total, 60 por cento para P-total, 52 por cento para P-PO4, 74 por cento para SST, 96 por cento para SSV, 75 por cento para s��lidos sediment��veis, 44 por cento para SDV, 88 por cento para sulfeto total, e 97 por cento para ��leos e graxas totais, variando entre 73 por cento a 100 por cento . Cerca de 80 por cento da fra����o org��nica da mat��ria nitrogenada presente no esgoto bruto foi removida. A remo����o de coliformes termotolerantes foi, em m��dia, de 2 e 3 unidades log, e de Escherichia Coli, m��dia de 1 e 3 unidades log, respectivamente, sob aplica����o das vaz��es m��xima e m��dia, Giardia sp, m��dia de 99,995 por cento , Cryptosporidium sp, m��dia de 98,7 por cento , Enterov��rus, m��dia de 99,6 por cento , e Ascaris sp, m��dia de 0,10 ovo/L. A remo����o de sulfetos propiciou a gera����o de efluente tratado sem odores desagrad��veis. A diminui����o da vaz��o aplicada e a eleva����o do TDH influenciaram positivamente no desempenho do sistema com rela����o ��s remo����es dos par��metros f��sico-qu��micos e microbiol��gicos. Com base no presente estudo, ficou evidente o benef��cio da associa����o de wetlands constru��das com fluxo vertical e horizontal no tratamento de efluente de tanque s��ptico. O capim Vetiver apresentou bom potencial de utiliza����o em wetlands 8 constru��das para tratamento de esgotos dom��sticos. O sistema experimental de tratamento apresentou flexibilidade operacional, mantendo bom desempenho inclusive nos per��odos de sobrecarga. A qualidade do efluente tratado final obtido no presente estudo atende ��s exig��ncias de lan��amento e aos padr��es de emiss��o de efluentes l��quidos em corpos d��gua e em sistemas p��blicos de esgotamento sanit��rio definidos na legisla����o ambiental federal e do Estado de S��o Paulo. A tecnologia de wetlands constru��das h��bridas associada ao tratamento de efluentes de tanque s��ptico apresentou bom potencial para o tratamento descentralizado de esgotos dom��sticos, inclusive em regi��es com pouca disponibilidade de ��rea livre.

Influ��ncia da press��o e da vaz��o de concentrado sobre o desempenho de ultrafiltra����o no p��s-tratamento de esgotos

Despite the numerous advantages resulting from the use of membrane filters technology, intrinsic limitations fouling process become relevant to its applicability. The control of operating conditions is an important tool to mitigate fouling and achieve good levels of efficiency. In this sense, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of transmembrane pressure and concentrate flow in the performance of ultrafiltration, applied to the post-treatment of domestic sewage. The process was evaluated and optimized by varying the pressure (0.5 and 1.5 bar) and the concentrate flow (300 and 600 L/h), using a 22 factorial design, in order to investigate the effects on the permeate flow and quality of effluents generated at each operating condition. We evaluated the following quality indicators for permeate: pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, turbidity, calcium and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In all tests, we observed marked reduction in the permeate flux at the early stages, followed by a slow decline that lasted until it reaches a relatively constant level, around 120 minutes of filtration. The increased pressure resulted in a higher initial permeate flux, but the decrease of the flow with time is greater for tests at higher pressure, indicating a more pronounced fouling process. On the other hand, increasing the concentrate flow resulted in a slower decline in permeate flux with the filtration time. Regarding the quality of permeate, the transmembrane pressure of 0,5 bar was the one that allowed better results, and was statistically confirmed through the two-way ANOVA test with repeated measures, significant effect of pressure on the turbidity of the permeate. The concentrate flow, in turn, showed no significant influence on any of the quality parameters. Thus, we conclude that, from an economic and environmental point of view, it is more interesting to operate ultrafiltration membrane system with a lower concentrate flow associated with a low transmembrane pressure, since under these conditions will produce less waste, and the permeate will present lower concentrations of the analyzed constituent, especially lower turbidity.

Utiliza����o de esgotos dom��sticos tratados atrav��s de um sistema biol��gico na produ����o de mudas de Croton floribundus Spreng. (Capixingui) E Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Copa��ba)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o aproveitamento da ��gua residu��ria proveniente de um sistema biol��gico de tratamento de esgotos dom��sticos como alternativa �� fertirriga����o convencional de viveiros florestais, visando a produ����o de mudas de Croton floribundus (capixingui) e Copaifera langsdorffii (Copa��ba) via subirriga����o. As vari��veis avaliadas mensalmente foram altura e di��metro do coleto da muda e, ao final do experimento, peso da mat��ria seca da parte a��rea e da raiz, ��rea foliar, raz��o parte a��rea/ raiz, an��lise nutricional foliar, an��lises qu��micas do substrato antes e ap��s o ensaio e an��lises nutricionais peri��dicas da ��gua residu��ria. O crescimento das plantas, em geral, foi superior no tratamento convencional com adubos minerais. O desenvolvimento do sistema radicular foi favorecido no tratamento com ��gua residu��ria, o que pode ser caracter��stica desej��vel para maior sobreviv��ncia das mudas no campo. Os resultados mostraram que a ��gua residu��ria pode ser utilizada na fertirriga����o de viveiros para produ����o das esp��cies estudadas, pois todas as plantas se mostraram vigorosas, com bom desenvolvimento, sem mortalidade, defici��ncia ou toxidez. Entretanto, constatou-se que essas mudas necessitar��o de um maior tempo no viveiro, quando comparadas com as produzidas com fertilizantes minerais.

Desidrata����o de lodos de esta����o de tratamento de ��gua

As esta����es de tratamento de ��gua (ETAs), que utilizam sulfato de alum��nio f��rrico e possuem sistema de extin����o para a cal, geram dois principais res��duos: o lodo de ETA, retido nos decantadores durante a etapa de clarifica����o da ��gua, constitu��do principalmente por hidr��xidos de alum��nio, argilas, siltes, areia fina, material h��mico e microrganismos e o res��duo de cal, impureza insol��vel removida do processo de extin����o da cal virgem, constitu��do principalmente de carbonato e hidr��xido de c��lcio. A pesquisa realizada no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr��ulicas da UFRGS, em conjunto com o Departamento Municipal de ��gua e Esgotos (DMAE), avaliou se a adi����o de res��duo de cal ao lodo de ETA acelera o desaguamento do mesmo. Paralelamente, tamb��m foi avaliada a efici��ncia de uma modifica����o estrutural nos leitos de secagem convencionais, utilizando-se tijolos cer��micos na base do mesmo, com o objetivo de avaliar se a capilaridade dos tijolos auxilia o desaguamento do lodo. Uma vez que a quantidade de ��gua presente no lodo da ETA diminua, a utiliza����o deste res��duo na ind��stria talvez seja economicamente vi��vel. No primeiro experimento foram montados 12 (doze) leitos de secagem, seis convencionais e seis modificados. Foi analisado o teor de umidade nos leitos em fun����o do tempo, bem como monitorado o teor de umidade relativa do ar O segundo experimento foi realizado em escala de bancada, utilizando-se 18 (dezoito) leitos de secagem forrados internamente com manta geot��xtil do tipo bidim (OP-20). Os leitos possu��am um dreno de fundo, para captura do l��quido percolado. O experimento foi conduzido em triplicata, nas propor����es de 0,0%; 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5%, 10,0% e 100,0% em peso de res��duo de cal. Foi monitorado o volume de percolado em fun����o do tempo para cada leito. Tamb��m foi analisado o pH e a umidade inicial e final dos leitos, bem como o pH e a turbidez do l��quido percolado. No res��duo s��lido remanescente nos leitos de secagem foi realizada an��lise de fluoresc��ncia de RX. No experimento de modifica����o estrutural da base dos leitos com uso de tijolos, n��o foi observada nenhuma melhora no desaguamento do lodo. Acredita-se que os poros capilares dos tijolos saturaram no in��cio do experimento, perdendo seu poder de suc����o. No segundo experimento, foi observada uma melhora muito significativa em rela����o ao volume de l��quido percolado em fun����o do tempo, comprovando que a adi����o de res��duo de cal ao lodo favoreceu a r��pida desidrata����o do mesmo (chegando a ser 40 vezes maior) A rela����o ��tima foi verificada nos leitos que continham 5,0 % em massa de res��duo de cal. Todos os leitos que sofreram a adi����o de res��duo de cal aumentaram bruscamente o pH e solubilizaram o ��on alum��nio; por��m aprisionaram os ��ons ferro e magn��sio. Tanto a an��lise de fluoresc��ncia de raio X do lodo puro, bem como da mistura com res��duo de cal, remanescentes nos leitos de secagem, identificaram a presen��a de ��xidos de c��lcio, alum��nio, ferro e s��lica. Isso indica que estes res��duos (lodo ou lodo mais cal) podem ser incorporado �� mat��ria-prima do cimento. Ter-se-ia, desta forma, um destino ecologicamente correto para os lodos de ETAs, que deixaria de ser lan��ado em corpos d�����gua. A incorpora����o do lodo de ETA ao cimento traria como principal vantagem o aumento da vida ��til das jazidas de argila e de calc��reo, reduzindo a destrui����o da paisagem, flora e fauna.

Utiliza����o de esgotos dom��sticos tratados atrav��s de um sistema biol��gico na produ����o de mudas de Croton floribundus Spreng. (Capixingui) E Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Copa��ba)

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso da tecnologia de troca i��nica no tratamento de ��guas contaminadas com Nitrato do Aq����fero Dunas-Barreiras, Natal/RN-Brasil

The city of Natal comprises an area of about 170 km�� (65,63 squares miles). The Dunas-Barreiras Aquifer is the most important reservoir of the coastal basin of RN. It is being responsible for the water supplying of about 70% of the population, however, due to the sewage disposal system by cesspools and drains, it is presently affected in a great extent by nitrates contamination. Thus, the present work proposes to research the utilization of contaminated water by nitrates of this fountainhead and find cost of the potable water through the ionic exchange technology. This technology consists in the removal of mineral salts by the exchange of cations for one ion of hydrogen (H+), through the passage of water by cationic resin bed and, secondly, by the exchange of the anions for hydroxyl ions (OH-) through a anionic resin bed. The obtained results have showed the waters derived from fountains, big water holes and shallow wells were microbiologically contaminated, while the waters derived from deep wells (above 70 m 76,58 yards) were free of contamination. Thus, only these ones are suitable to the use of ionic technology. The experiments were conducted with the resin IMAC-HP-555 such as kinetic, thermodynamic, and adsorption by fixed bed studies, being obtained several project variables for the experimental column, as follow: work temperature of 25oC; resin maximum capacity maximum e mean of adsorption ==0,01692 g NO3-1/g R e 0,0110 g NO3-1/g R, respectively. On the experimental column were performed breakthrough tests which pointed for an average ideal average speed of work of 13.2 m / h, with an average efficiency of 45% of adsorption, an optimal concentration of NaCl desorption of 8%, and an ideal desorption time of 80 minutes for the equilibrium conditions of water from the Dunas-Barreiras aquifer. Scale projection for ion-exchange column for denitrification, for these variables, using a computer modeling programme, to project the column of ion exchange ROREX-420/2000, obtained a cost for the drinking water denitrified by this system of R$ 0,16 / m3