Felix Epstein Collection 1844-1978

Epstein, Felix, 1972

Epstein-Barr Virus Large Tegument Protein BPLF1 Contributes to Innate Immune Evasion through Interference with Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

Viral infection triggers an early host response through activation of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR signaling cascades induce production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines involved in establishing an anti-viral state as well as in orchestrating ensuing adaptive immunity. To allow infection, replication, and persistence, (herpes)viruses employ ingenious strategies to evade host immunity. The human gamma-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a large, enveloped DNA virus persistently carried by more than 90% of adults worldwide. It is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several malignant tumors. EBV activates TLRs, including TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9. Interestingly, both the expression of and signaling by TLRs is attenuated during productive EBV infection. Ubiquitination plays an important role in regulating TLR signaling and is controlled by ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs). The EBV genome encodes three proteins reported to exert in vitro deubiquitinase activity. Using active site-directed probes, we show that one of these putative DUBs, the conserved herpesvirus large tegument protein BPLF1, acts as a functional DUB in EBV-producing B cells. The BPLF1 enzyme is expressed during the late phase of lytic EBV infection and is incorporated into viral particles. The N-terminal part of the large BPLF1 protein contains the catalytic site for DUB activity and suppresses TLR-mediated activation of NF-κB at, or downstream of, the TRAF6 signaling intermediate. A catalytically inactive mutant of this EBV protein did not reduce NF-κB activation, indicating that DUB activity is essential for attenuating TLR signal transduction. Our combined results show that EBV employs deubiquitination of signaling intermediates in the TLR cascade as a mechanism to counteract innate anti-viral immunity of infected hosts.

Effect of vitamin D on Epstein-Barr (EBV)-specific CD8+T cells in patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS)

Background: Infection with EBV and a lack in vitamin D may be important environmental triggers of MS. 1,25-(OH)2D3 mediates a shift of antigen presenting cells (APC) and CD4+ T cells to a less inflammatory profile. Although CD8+ T cells do express the vitamin D receptor, a direct effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on these cells has not been demonstrated until now. Since CD8+ T cells are important immune mediators of the inflammatory response in MS, we examined whether vitamin D directly affects the CD8+ T cell response, and more specifically if it modulates the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response. Material and Methods: To explore whether the vitamin D status may influence the pattern of the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response, PBMC of 10 patients with early MS and 10 healthy controls (HC) were stimulated with a pool of immunodominant 8-10 mer peptide epitopes known to elicit CD8+ T cell responses. PBMC were stimulated with this EBV CD8 peptide pool, medium (negative control) or anti- CD3/anti-CD28 beads (positive control). The following assays were performed: ELISPOT to assess the secretion of IFN-gamma by T cells in general; cytometric beads array (CBA) and ELISA to determine whichcytokines were released by EBV-specific CD8+ T cells after six days of culture; and intracellular cytokine staining assay to determine by which subtype of T cells secreted given cytokines. To examine whether vitamin D could directly modulate CD8+ T cell immune responses, we depleted CD4+ T cells using negative selection. Results: We found that pre-treatment of vitamin D had an antiinflammatory action on both EBV-specific CD8+ T cells and on CD3/ CD28-stimulated T cells: secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNgamma and TNF-alpha) was decreased, whereas secretion of antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-5 and TGF-beta) was increased. At baseline, CD8+ T cells of early MS patients showed a higher secretion of TNFalpha and lower secretion of IL-5. Addition of vitamin D did not restore the same levels of both cytokines as compared to HC. Vitamin D-pretreated CD8+T cells exhibited a decreased secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, even after depletion of CD4+ T cells from culture. Conclusion: Vitamin D has a direct anti-inflammatory effect on CD8+ T cells independently from CD4+ T cells. CD8+ T cells of patients with earlyMS are less responsive to the inflammatory effect of vitamin D than HC, pointing toward an intrinsic dysregulation of CD8+ T cells. The modulation of EBV-specific CD8+T cells by vitaminDsuggests that there may be interplay between these twomajor environmental factors of MS. This study was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Foundation (PP00P3-124893), and by an unrestricted research grant from Bayer to RDP.

Association of the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 with lipid rafts is mediated through its N-terminal region.

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus acts like a constitutively activated receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family and is enriched in lipid rafts. We showed that LMP1 is targeted to lipid rafts in transfected HEK 293 cells, and that the endogenous TNFR-associated factor 3 binds LMP1 and is recruited to lipid rafts upon LMP1 expression. An LMP1 mutant lacking the C-terminal 55 amino acids (Cdelta55) behaves like the wild-type (WT) LMP1 with respect to membrane localization. In contrast, a mutant with a deletion of the 25 N-terminal residues (Ndelta25) does not concentrate in lipid rafts but still binds TRAF3, demonstrating that cell localization of LMP1 was not crucial for TRAF3 localization. Moreover, Ndelta25 inhibited WT LMP1-mediated induction of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1. Morphological data indicate that Ndelta25 hampers WT LMP1 plasma membrane localization, thus blocking LMP1 function.

Étude de l’infection lytique du Virus Epstein-Barr dans le développement de tumeurs post-greffe

Le virus Epstein-Barr (VEB) est un pathogène opportuniste qui a la capacité d’immortaliser les lymphocytes B et de provoquer une prolifération maligne, appelée syndrome lymphoprolifératif post-transplantation (SLP), chez les individus immunodéprimés. A l’intérieur de ce groupe, les personnes à plus haut risque sont les enfants, puisqu’ils sont à risque de développer une infection primaire par le VEB pendant leur régime d’immunosuppression post-greffe. Dans le but de développer un anticorps préventif, notre laboratoire s’est attardé au rôle du cycle lytique du VEB dans le développement du SLP. À cette fin, le premier objectif du présent projet vise à fournir la preuve expérimentale de l’existence ou non d’une phase réplicative productive pendant l’infection aiguë des lymphocytes B sanguins. Un examen des événements qui se déroulent au tout début de l’infection par le VEB tant au niveau de la réplication virale qu’au niveau de l’expression des gènes lytiques précoces et tardifs a révélé l’existence d’une phase réplicative productive pendant l’infection aiguë. Ceci a permis de justifier l’élaboration, dans notre laboratoire, d’un anticorps chimère (murin-humain) neutralisant, dirigé contre la protéine gp350 située sur l’enveloppe virale. Le deuxième objectif, quant à lui, vise à fournir la preuve expérimentale de la capacité neutralisante de cet anticorps chimère. Des essais de caractérisation in vitro ont démontré une capacité de reconnaissance de la protéine cible, notamment la gp350, et une capacité de neutralisation du virus par l’anticorps chimère. L’anticorps chimère anti-gp350 pourra faire l’objet d’essais précliniques in vivo en vue d’évaluer sa capacité à reconnaître le virus et à prévenir l’apparition de tumeurs de type SLP chez les souris SCID. Il pourrait être éventuellement utilisé, par la suite, comme traitement préemptif contre les tumeurs dans l’espoir de mieux gérer les patients à risque de développer un SLP.

Les immunoglobulines intraveineuses et la réponse spécifique des cellules T dans la prévention de la maladie lymphoproliférative post-greffe associée au virus Epstein-Barr chez les enfants greffés de cellules souches hématopoïétiques.

La maladie lymphoproliférative post-greffe (MLP) est une complication grave chez les greffés (d’organes solides ou de cellules souches hématopoïétiques) immunosupprimés suite à l'infection par le virus Epstein-Barr (VEB). En l’absence d'une réponse efficace des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques, les cellules B infectées par le VEB peuvent proliférer et donner lieu à la MLP. Dans le cas des receveurs de greffe immunosupprimés, les cellules B infectées par le VEB de façon lytique, produisent activement de nouveaux virions. Ces derniers infectent les cellules B voisines, entraînant leur expansion polyclonale. La gp350, une protéine du cycle lytique située dans l'enveloppe virale, joue un rôle important dans l'infection par le VEB. Elle interagit avec le récepteur CD21 exprimée à la surface des cellules B pour permettre l’entrée du virus. Ainsi, des anticorps neutralisants anti-gp350 sont considérés être des acteurs clés dans le blocage de l'infection, empêchant ainsi le développement de la MLP. L'effet protecteur des immunoglobulines intraveineuses (IgIV) à titre prophylactique contre le VEB et la MLP chez les greffés de cellules souches hématopoïétiques n’est pas clairement démontré. Par conséquent, le premier objectif de cette thèse a proposé d'évaluer l'efficacité des IgIV contre l'infection par le VEB et la MLP chez les receveurs de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Le deuxième objectif a proposé de déterminer, en utilisant la technique ELISpot, si la présence d'une réponse forte des lymphocytes T contre l'antigène précoce BMLF1 du cycle lytique du VEB pourrait constituer un marqueur de protection contre la MLP chez les greffés de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Les résultats ont montré d'une part que, si les IgIV peuvent neutraliser efficacement l'infection par le VEB in vitro, ils ne protègent pas efficacement les patients greffés contre l'infection par le VEB in vivo. D'autre part, l'étude de la réponse des lymphocytes T contre des antigènes du VEB a démontré que les cellules T de certains patients sont capables de reconnaître l'antigène lytique BMLF1. Cette réponse spécifique des lymphocytes T peut s’avérer un bon marqueur de la protection contre la MLP. Les résultats de cette thèse démontrent que l’infection lytique au VEB joue un rôle fondamental dans le développement de la MLP. Les données indiquent également que la présence d'une réponse spécifique des lymphocytes T contre un antigène du cycle lytique du VEB peut constituer un bon marqueur de la protection contre la MLP. Cependant, le traitement des patients recevant des greffes de cellules souches hématopoïétiques avec les IgIV n’apparaît pas efficace dans la prévention de la MLP.

Non-promoting diterpene esters can induce Epstein-Barr Virus early antigen expression in the Raji cell line

A range of diterpene ester ligands with selective biological activity (e.g., irritant but not tumour promoting) were tested for their ability to induce Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen expression in the lymphoblastoid Raji cell line. All substituted compounds were found to be capable of inducing some antigen expression at nM−μM levels, including desacetyl-α-sapinine, a compound largely devoid of biological activity. The non-promoting, fluorescent compound, sapintoxin A, was virtually equipotent with promoting compounds. It was concluded that, although the assay has relevance to the specific condition of chronic diterpene ester exposure occurring in conjunction with high EBV infection rates, there was relatively poor correlation with mouse skin tumour promoting potential.

Epstein-Barr virus: clinical and epidemiological revisits and genetic basis of oncogenesis

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is classified as a member in the order herpesvirales, family herpesviridae, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae and the genus lymphocytovirus. The virus is an exclusively human pathogen and thus also termed as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV4). It was the first oncogenic virus recognized and has been incriminated in the causation of tumors of both lymphatic and epithelial nature. It was reported in some previous studies that 95% of the population worldwide are serologically positive to the virus. Clinically, EBV primary infection is almost silent, persisting as a life-long asymptomatic latent infection in B cells although it may be responsible for a transient clinical syndrome called infectious mononucleosis. Following reactivation of the virus from latency due to immunocompromised status, EBV was found to be associated with several tumors. EBV linked to oncogenesis as detected in lymphoid tumors such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's disease (HD), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) and T-cell lymphomas (e.g. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas; PTCL and Anaplastic large cell lymphomas; ALCL). It is also linked to epithelial tumors such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), gastric carcinomas and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). In vitro, EBV many studies have demonstrated its ability to transform B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Despite these malignancies showing different clinical and epidemiological patterns when studied, genetic studies have suggested that these EBV- associated transformations were characterized generally by low level of virus gene expression with only the latent virus proteins (LVPs) upregulated in both tumors and LCLs. In this review, we summarize some clinical and epidemiological features of EBV- associated tumors. We also discuss how EBV latent genes may lead to oncogenesis in the different clinical malignancies

Recent advances on the possible neuroprotective activities of Epstein-Barr virus oncogene BARF1 protein in chronic inflammatory disorders of central nervous system

Multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases in which cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are lost or damaged are rapidly increasing in frequency, and there is neither effective treatment nor cure to impede or arrest their destructive course. The Epstein-Barr virus is a human gamma-herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of the human population worldwide and persisting for the lifetime of the host. It is associated with numerous epithelial cancers, principally undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma. Individuals with a history of symptomatic primary EBV infection, called infectious mononucleosis, carry a moderately higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). It is not known how EBV infection potentially promotes autoimmunity and central nervous system (CNS) tissue damage in MS. Recently it has been found that EBV isolates from different geographic regions have highly conserved BARF1 epitopes. BARF1 protein has the neuroprotective and mitogenic activity, thus may be useful to combat and overcome neurodegenerative disease. BARF1 protein therapy can potentially be used to enhance the neuroprotective activities by combinational treatment with anti-inflammatory antagonists and neuroprotectors in neural disorders.