地下滴灌的经济与环境效益研究综述

地下滴灌是一种新型的节水灌溉技术 ,具有诸多优点 ,不仅在技术和经济方面 ,而且在生态环境保护方面都是最有发展前途的节水灌溉技术。对地下滴灌技术的发展历史、经济与环境效益进行了综述 ,并讨论了存在的问题 ,对研究的开展提出了一些建议

贵阳城市污水、河流及养鱼水域抗生素的地球化学行为

抗生素是广泛应用于人类和动物疾病治疗的药物，近年来在养殖业中抗生素更是常常作为动物催长剂。这些抗生素会通过人畜排泄物、药品的丢弃、污水排放、农业废物堆积等途径进入到环境中。环境中抗生素的残留会导致细菌耐药性的产生、微生态平衡的破坏，以及对生态环境和人类难以预知的影响。抗生素污染是近十年来才在国际上引起注意的新型环境问题，目前研究非常薄弱，要深入认识抗生素的环境影响特征就迫切需要对抗生素在环境中的迁移、归宿等地球化学行为进行针对性的研究。本文研究了贵阳城市污水、南明河及乌江渡水库中氯霉素（CAP）、土霉素（OTC）、四环素（TC）和金霉素（CTC）的环境地球化学特征，包括抗生素的分布、迁移特征及影响因素，并分析了贵阳市动物源性食品中抗生素的残留特征，探讨了环境因素对抗生素稳定性及吸附/解吸的影响，以期了解抗生素在环境中的降解、迁移等环境行为的特征，并据此评价抗生素的环境影响特点，为认识抗生素的污染特点、发展相应的控制、治理措施提供科学依据。主要内容包括： 1. 对环境样品中CAP和TCs的前处理过程和检测方法进行了优化。对水样的前处理采用固相萃取的方法，对土壤和沉积物的前处理采用EDTA-McIlvaine振荡萃取、SAX-HLB净化富集的方法；选择HPLC-UV作为分析的手段，对样品中的4种抗生素进行了检测，各化合物得到了很好的分离，该方法简便、快捷、重现性好。 2. 证实了抗生素在城市污水中的普遍存在。贵阳城市污水中以CAP的污染最为突出，其含量明显高于广州地区的城市污水；污水中四环素类药物（TCs）的含量和大多数欧美国家及地区城市污水中TCs的含量相当。这一结果证明，污水中抗生素的污染非常严重，对地表水环境形成严重的威胁。污水中抗生素的来源包括：人服用抗生素药物以及食用含有抗生素残留的食品之后的排泄物；食品中残留的抗生素随剩余食品的丢弃而进入污水。污水中抗生素的含量都具有明显的季节变化规律，冬春季含量明显高于夏秋季，我们认为这与各季节用水量和疾病特点有关。污水中抗生素的大量存在说明：1）抗生素存在滥用的现象，特别是CAP可能存在严重的违法使用，这一现象应当重视；2）污水中的抗生素会威胁水环境质量，应加强处理和控制技术。 3. 证明了城市河流受到多种来源的抗生素影响，其中城市污水是最重要的源，而且抗生素在河流中呈现一定的持久性。南明河上游河段中抗生素的来源包括郊区城镇污水、养鱼场、制药厂污水排放及地表垃圾。城市污水是抗生素的一大排放源，受其影响，排污口下游的河段受到的抗生素污染尤为严重，此外还有来自下游郊区城镇和农业污水的影响。对南明河中抗生素的来源及行为特点的剖析表明：1）抗生素在南明河的水和沉积物中具有不同的分布特征：河水中以CAP的污染最为严重，各水样中CAP的含量基本都高于TCs；而大部分沉积物中TCs的含量都高于CAP。CAP和TCs在水－沉积物之间的分布特征表明，它们在水环境中的地球化学行为明显受到吸附/解吸特点的影响，CAP的亲水性强，而TCs的亲粒性强。2）虽然在养殖业中已禁止使用CAP，但河水和污水中CAP的大量存在，这一结果揭露了CAP仍然存在大量违法使用的事实。3）河水中抗生素含量的季节差异明显，冬春季抗生素的含量高于夏秋季，其原因主要是夏秋季河水流量大，对河水中抗生素的稀释作用强。沉积物中抗生素的含量没有明显的季节变化规律，各季节抗生素的平均含量差异较小。4）受污水影响，各季节排污口下游的南明河水受到的抗生素污染尤为严重，污水口上下游之间的含量差异明显。沉积物在冬季受城市污水的影响大，在排污口下游的抗生素的含量明显高于上游，而春、夏、秋季受污水影响不明显。这可能是因为在春、夏和秋季其它污染源的影响较大，因此污水的影响强度减弱。夏季上游沉积物中CAP的含量甚至高于下游，原因一方面是因为夏季城市污水中抗生素含量低，对南明河的影响减小，另一方面可能因为夏季雨水多、水量大，将上游的地表垃圾以及积累在小河沟中的垃圾冲刷到南明河中，而这些工业及生活垃圾通常是抗生素的一大来源。 抗生素在河流中呈现了一定的持久性，在20 km的范围内水和沉积物显示了明显的污染水平，可能会对水生生态以及流域的环境造成一定的影响。此外，贵阳市南明河两岸的农田通常是用河水进行灌溉的，从而可能使抗生素的污染危及到食物链，对人体的健康有潜在的威胁。 4. 由于食品（如鱼肉、猪肉等）中残留的抗生素是污水中抗生素的重要来源，因此我们研究了养殖业（水产养殖区）中抗生素的环境行为特点，还研究了常见动物源性食品中抗生素的残留特点。对养鱼区的研究表明，养鱼饲料中含有大量的抗生素，是养鱼区水环境中抗生素的来源。由于饲料的颗粒大，且河水流速快，因此饲料中的抗生素不会对水体造成很大的影响，但是在网箱区的沉积物中形成了高含量的残留，除此以外，在乌江渡主航道的河心沉积物中抗生素的含量也相当可观。这说明该区水产养殖的抗生素主要影响沉积物，且相应的污染不是局部的，而会影响到整个养鱼区。从沉积物中抗生素平均含量的季节差异来看，各季TCs的用药量可能不同，秋季的用量可能最大，而其它季节用量相当；CAP在每个季节的用量可能相当。尽管分析的饲料中CAP的含量高于TCs，但在各季节乌江渡水库主航道沉积物中TCs的含量几乎都远高于CAP，这是由于TCs比CAP更易存在于沉积物中。乌江渡水库上下游主航道沉积物中抗生素的含量差异日益减小，说明了乌江渡水库的污染已日益严重。这些抗生素虽然暂时被固定在了沉积物中，活性相对较小，但是在外界条件的影响下，它们的吸附/解吸作用是可以改变的。因此，乌江渡沉积物中高含量的抗生素残留对水生生态环境具有潜在的威胁。 对贵阳市动物源性食品（鱼肉、猪肉和牛奶）中抗生素的残留特征的分析表明，这些食品中普遍残留有高含量的抗生素，被人食用后，其中的抗生素也会被人体摄入，一部分抗生素会随着人的排泄物而进入到污水中，并最终进入环境中；另一部分抗生素会积蓄在人体中，到一定浓度后就会对人体造成伤害。鲩鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、鳙鱼和鲢鱼中CAP、OTC、TC和CTC的平均含量范围分别在57.1～365.5 µg/kg、37.0～60.7µg/kg、34.3～72.4 µg/kg和22.3～68.0 µg/kg之间。秋季的长吻鲍、团头鲂、鲈鱼、长江洄鱼、对虾、黄鳝、泥鳅和猪肉中CAP、OTC、TC和CTC的平均含量分别为88.1 µg/kg、76.8 µg/kg、343.7 µg/kg和34.2 µg/kg；牛奶中的含量分别为4.2 µg/L、1.6 µg/L和2.5 µg/L和22.0 µg/L。 5. 确定了抗生素的稳定性、吸附/解吸作用与各因素的关系，据此可以探讨环境中抗生素的行为特点及机理，并为环境中抗生素的污染防治提供依据。在短时的加热中，TCs发生了部分降解，而CAP却几乎没有发生分解，说明烹饪过程中的加热不能去除食品中的抗生素，这些抗生素则会进入到人体和污水中。当pH在2～8之间时，TCs的性质较稳定；CAP在pH＝1～10的范围内性质都比较稳定。地表和地下水体的pH一般为7左右，说明了水环境中TCs受pH的影响小，而CAP几乎不受影响。在6个月的时间内，TCs在3种介质中都发生了不同程度的降解，但仍有大部分残留；CAP几乎没有发生明显的降解，这说明CAP和TCs的污染具有一定的持久性。TCs的吸附/解吸受颗粒物粒径的影响大，粒径越小，吸附越强；CAP不受影响。这证明了在环境中CAP更易以水溶态的形式存在，而TCs更易吸附在沉积物中。颗粒物中CaCO3含量越高，TC和CTC的吸附越强，证明CaCO3可以用来增强TC、CTC的吸附，这为环境中抗生素的治理提供了一条思路。

Arsenic influence on genetic variation in grain trace-element nutrient content in Bengal delta grown rice

It has previously been shown that across different arsenic (As) soil environments, a decrease in grain selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) concentrations is associated with an increase in grain As. In this study we aim to determine if there is a genetic element for this observation or if it is driven by the soil As environment. To determine the genetic and environmental effect on grain element composition, multielement analysis using ICP-MS was performed on rice grain from a range of rice cultivars grown in 4 different field sites (2 in Bangladesh and 2 in West Bengal). At all four sites a negative correlation was observed between grain As and grain Ni, while at three of the four sites a negative correlation was observed between grain As and grain Se and grain copper (Cu). For manganese, Ni, Cu, and Se there was also a significant genetic interaction with grain arsenic indicating some cultivars are more strongly affected by arsenic than others.

Interactions between physical activity and the environment to improve adolescent psychological wellbeing: a randomised controlled trial

Natural environments promote physical activity (PA) and are psychologically restorative. In adults, performing PA in nature provides additive benefits for self-esteem (SE). Studies in adolescents indicate no such effect. However, they have not examined the effect of interaction with natural environments. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of exercising in natural and built environments on adolescent PA and SE. Sixty adolescents participated in a natural and built orienteering course in a randomised order. PA was assessed throughout whilst SE was assessed pre- and post-intervention. There was a significant effect for PA due to environment (P < 0.001) and sex (P < 0.01). Almost half the time in the natural environment was spent in moderate to vigorous PA, compared to a quarter in the built. The PA significantly improved SE (P < 0.05); however there was no environmental effect (P > 0.05). Natural environments should be used as a tool for engaging adolescents in PA.

A simple syllogism-solving test: empirical findings and implications for g research

It has been reported that the ability to solve syllogisms is highly g-loaded. In the present study, using a self-administered shortened version of a syllogism-solving test, the BAROCO Short, we examined whether robust findings generated by previous research regarding IQ scores were also applicable to BAROCO Short scores. Five syllogism-solving problems were included in a questionnaire as part of a postal survey conducted by the Keio Twin Research Center. Data were collected from 487 pairs of twins (1021 individuals) who were Japanese junior high or high school students (ages 13–18) and from 536 mothers and 431 fathers. Four findings related to IQ were replicated: 1) The mean level increased gradually during adolescence, stayed unchanged from the 30s to the early 50s, and subsequently declined after the late 50s. 2) The scores for both children and parents were predicted by the socioeconomic status of the family. 3) The genetic effect increased, although the shared environmental effect decreased during progression from adolescence to adulthood. 4) Children's scores were genetically correlated with school achievement. These findings further substantiate the close association between syllogistic reasoning ability and g.

Psychological and situational influences on commuter-transport-mode choice

The relative importance and relationship between psychological and situational factors in predicting commuter-transport-mode choice was tested by four hypotheses. First, the influence of individuals’ values on commuter behavior is mediated by their corresponding beliefs about the environmental threat of cars (mediation hypothesis). Second, the influence of these beliefs on behavior is moderated by individual consideration of future consequences and control beliefs (moderation hypothesis). Third, cost, time, and access factors contribute to individuals’ commuter choice (situational hypothesis). Fourth, situational and psychological factors jointly influence proenvironmental behavior (interaction hypothesis). A sample of 205 Australian university students completed a survey to measure these relationships. Regression analyses indicated support for the mediation, situational, and interaction hypotheses. It was concluded that to achieve a transport-mode shift to public transport, public policy strategies should focus on individuals’ transport-related environmental beliefs (personal control and environmental effect of cars) and situations (access to public transport at reduced cost).

Genetic parameters for first lactation test-day milk flow in Holstein cows

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Genetic parameters and relationships between heifers rebreeding and hip height in Nellore cattle

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Comparação de modelos de regressão aleatória para estimação de parâmetros genéticos em caprinos leiteiros

Objetivou-se avaliar a melhor modelagem para as variâncias genética aditiva, de ambiente permanente e residual da produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC) de caprinos. Utilizaram-se modelos de regressão aleatória sobre polinômios ortogonais de Legendre com diferentes ordens de ajuste e variância residual heterogênea. Consideraram-se como efeitos fixos os efeitos de grupo de contemporâneos, a idade da cabra ao parto (co-variável) e a regressão fixa da PLDC sobre polinômios de Legendre, para modelar a trajetória média da população; e, como efeitos aleatórios, os efeitos genético aditivo e de ambiente permanente. O modelo com quatro classes de variâncias residuais foi o que proporcionou melhor ajuste. Os valores do logaritmo da função de verossimilhança, de AIC e BIC apontaram para seleção de modelos com ordens mais altas (cinco para o efeito genético e sete para o efeito de ambiente permanente). Entretanto, os autovalores associados às matrizes de co-variâncias entre os coeficientes de regressão indicaram a possibilidade de redução da dimensionalidade. As altas ordens de ajuste proporcionaram estimativas de variâncias genéticas e correlações genéticas e de ambiente permanente que não condizem com o fenômeno biológico estudado. O modelo de quinta ordem para a variância genética aditiva e de sétima ordem para o ambiente permanente foi indicado. Entretanto, um modelo mais parcimonioso, de quarta ordem para o efeito genético aditivo e de sexta ordem para o efeito de ambiente permanente, foi suficiente para ajustar as variâncias nos dados.

Random regression analyses using B-splines functions to model growth from birth to adult age in Canchim cattle

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estimation models of variance components for farrowing interval in swine

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a importância da inclusão dos efeitos genético materno, comum de leitegada e de ambiente permanente no modelo de estimação de componentes de variância para a característica intervalo de parto em fêmeas suínas. Foram utilizados dados que consistiam de 1.013 observações de fêmeas Dalland (C-40), registradas em dois rebanhos. As estimativas dos componentes de variância foram realizadas pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas. Foram testados oito modelos, que continham os efeitos fixos (grupos de contemporâneo e covariáveis) e os efeitos genético aditivo direto e residual, mas variavam quanto à inclusão dos efeitos aleatórios genético materno, ambiental comum de leitegada e ambiental permanente. O teste da razão de verossimilhança (LR) indicou a não necessidade da inclusão desses efeitos no modelo. No entanto observou-se que o efeito ambiental permanente causou mudança nas estimativas de herdabilidade, que variaram de 0,00 a 0,03. Conclui-se que os valores de herdabilidade obtidos indicam que esta característica não apresentaria ganho genético como resposta à seleção. O efeito ambiental comum de leitegada e o genético materno não apresentaram influência sobre esta característica. Já o ambiental permanente, mesmo sem ter sido significativo o seu efeito pelo LR, deve ser considerado nos modelos genéticos para essa característica, pois sua presença causou mudança nas estimativas da variância genética aditiva.

Avaliação de fatores de ambiente e estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para a característica dias para o parto na raça Nelore

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Random regression analyses using B-spline functions to model growth of Nellore cattle

The objective of this study was to estimate (co)variance components using random regression on B-spline functions to weight records obtained from birth to adulthood. A total of 82 064 weight records of 8145 females obtained from the data bank of the Nellore Breeding Program (PMGRN/Nellore Brazil) which started in 1987, were used. The models included direct additive and maternal genetic effects and animal and maternal permanent environmental effects as random. Contemporary group and dam age at calving (linear and quadratic effect) were included as fixed effects, and orthogonal Legendre polynomials of age (cubic regression) were considered as random covariate. The random effects were modeled using B-spline functions considering linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials for each individual segment. Residual variances were grouped in five age classes. Direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects were modeled using up to seven knots (six segments). A single segment with two knots at the end points of the curve was used for the estimation of maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects. A total of 15 models were studied, with the number of parameters ranging from 17 to 81. The models that used B-splines were compared with multi-trait analyses with nine weight traits and to a random regression model that used orthogonal Legendre polynomials. A model fitting quadratic B-splines, with four knots or three segments for direct additive genetic effect and animal permanent environmental effect and two knots for maternal additive genetic effect and maternal permanent environmental effect, was the most appropriate and parsimonious model to describe the covariance structure of the data. Selection for higher weight, such as at young ages, should be performed taking into account an increase in mature cow weight. Particularly, this is important in most of Nellore beef cattle production systems, where the cow herd is maintained on range conditions. There is limited modification of the growth curve of Nellore cattle with respect to the aim of selecting them for rapid growth at young ages while maintaining constant adult weight.

Genetic parameters for test-day yield of milk, fat and protein in buffaloes estimated by random regression models

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)