Study of XHEP33 during the heart embryonic development of Xenopus laevis

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Effect of temperature on embryonic development, larval viability and biomarkers in the first stages of life of Octopus Vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Aquacultura e Pescas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Role of the homeodomain transcription factor Hoxa13 in embryonic development and formation of extra-embryonic structures

La famille des gènes Hox code pour des facteurs de transcription connus pour leur contribution essentielle à l’élaboration de l’architecture du corps et ce, au sein de tout le règne animal. Au cours de l’évolution chez les vertébrés, les gènes Hox ont été redéfinis pour générer toute une variété de nouveaux tissus/organes. Souvent, cette diversification s’est effectuée via des changements quant au contrôle transcriptionnel des gènes Hox. Chez les mammifères, la fonction de Hoxa13 n’est pas restreinte qu’à l’embryon même, mais s’avère également essentielle pour le développement de la vascularisation fœtale au sein du labyrinthe placentaire, suggérant ainsi que sa fonction au sein de cette structure aurait accompagné l’émergence des espèces placentaires. Au chapitre 2, nous mettons en lumière le recrutement de deux autres gènes Hoxa, soient Hoxa10 et Hoxa11, au compartiment extra-embryonnaire. Nous démontrons que l’expression de Hoxa10, Hoxa11 et Hoxa13 est requise au sein de l’allantoïde, précurseur du cordon ombilical et du système vasculaire fœtal au sein du labyrinthe placentaire. De façon intéressante, nous avons découvert que l’expression des gènes Hoxa10-13 dans l’allantoïde n’est pas restreinte qu’aux mammifères placentaires, mais est également présente chez un vertébré non-placentaire, indiquant que le recrutement des ces gènes dans l’allantoïde précède fort probablement l’émergence des espèces placentaires. Nous avons généré des réarrangements génétiques et utilisé des essais transgéniques pour étudier les mécanismes régulant l’expression des gènes Hoxa dans l’allantoïde. Nous avons identifié un fragment intergénique de 50 kb capable d’induire l’expression d’un gène rapporteur dans l’allantoïde. Cependant, nous avons trouvé que le mécanisme de régulation contrôlant l’expression du gène Hoxa au sein du compartiment extra-embryonnaire est fort complexe et repose sur plus qu’un seul élément cis-régulateur. Au chapitre 3, nous avons utilisé la cartographie génétique du destin cellulaire pour évaluer la contribution globale des cellules exprimant Hoxa13 aux différentes structures embryonnaires. Plus particulièrement, nous avons examiné plus en détail l’analyse de la cartographie du destin cellulaire de Hoxa13 dans les pattes antérieures en développement. Nous avons pu déterminer que, dans le squelette du membre, tous les éléments squelettiques de l’autopode (main), à l’exception de quelques cellules dans les éléments carpiens les plus proximaux, proviennent des cellules exprimant Hoxa13. En contraste, nous avons découvert que, au sein du compartiment musculaire, les cellules exprimant Hoxa13 et leurs descendantes (Hoxa13lin+) s’étendent à des domaines plus proximaux du membre, où ils contribuent à générer la plupart des masses musculaires de l’avant-bras et, en partie, du triceps. De façon intéressante, nous avons découvert que les cellules exprimant Hoxa13 et leurs descendantes ne sont pas distribuées uniformément parmi les différents muscles. Au sein d’une même masse musculaire, les fibres avec une contribution Hoxa13lin+ différente peuvent être identifiées et les fibres avec une contribution semblable sont souvent regroupées ensemble. Ce résultat évoque la possibilité que Hoxa13 soit impliqué dans la mise en place de caractéristiques spécifiques des groupes musculaires, ou la mise en place de connections nerf-muscle. Prises dans leur ensemble, les données ici présentées permettent de mieux comprendre le rôle de Hoxa13 au sein des compartiments embryonnaires et extra-embryonnaires. Par ailleurs, nos résultats seront d’une importance primordiale pour soutenir les futures études visant à expliquer les mécanismes transcriptionnels soutenant la régulation des gènes Hoxa dans les tissus extra-embryonnaires.

Embryonic Development of Ampheres leucopheus and lporangaia pustulosa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

The first studies concerning the embryonic development of harvestmen started in the late 19th century, and focused mostly on holarctic species, and only three species of the suborder Laniatores (the largest, among the four suborders considered presently) were studied. Moreover, the last studies on embryology of harvestmen were made during the late 1970s. This study focused on the embryonic development of Ampheres leucopheus (Gonyleptidae, Caelopyginae) and Iporangaia pustulosa (Gonyleptidae, Progonyleptoidellinae). The embryonic development was followed in the field, by taking daily photographs of different eggs during about 2 months. When laid, eggs of A. leucopheus and I pustulosa have approximately 1.13 and 1.30 mm in diameter, respectively, and the second is embedded in a large amount of mucus. The eggs grow, mainly due to water absorption at the beginning of the process, and they reach a diameter of about 1.35 and 1.59 mm, respectively, close to hatching. It took, respectively, 29-56 days and 35-66 days from egg laying to hatching. For the description of the embryonic development, we use photographs from the field, SEM micrographs, and histological analysis. This allowed us, for instance, to document the progression of structures and pigmentation directly from live embryos in the field, and to record microstructures, such as the presence of perforations in the cuticle of the embryo in the place where eyes are developing. Yet, contrary to what was expected in the literature, we record an egg tooth in one of the studied laniatoreans. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol) 314B:489-502, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Brycon gouldingi (Teleostei, Characidae): aspects of the embryonic development in a new fish species with aquaculture potential

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Observation of the embryonic development in Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) under light and scanning electron microscopy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Importance of sperm genotype (indicus versus taurus) for fertility and embryonic development at elevated temperatures

Heat stress has negative effects on bovine reproduction, particularly for European breeds (Bos taurus taurus) that are less thermotolerant than zebu cattle (Bos taurus indicus). Here, the evidence that spermatozoa and oocyte both contribute to early embryonic resistance to heat shock is demonstrated. In addition, the use of reproductive biotechnologies to improve bovine thermotolerance, are outlined by comparing data from taurus, indicus and crossbred genotypes. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Structural analysis of the embryonic development in Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Thermal requirements for the embryonic development of Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) with potential application in mass-rearing of egg parasitoids

The embryonic development of oothecae of Periplaneta americana was evaluated under four different constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C and also at different exposure times at <5 degrees C. Their suitability as hosts after the treatment for the parasitoids Evania appendigaster and Aprostocetus hagenowii was also assessed. Temperatures of 5, 10, 15, and 35 degrees C adversely affected the development of the cockroaches, and exposure times to <5 degrees C longer than 5 days sufficed to kill all the embryos in the oothecae. The lower thermal threshold for complete development of P. americana was estimated to be 6.8 degrees C, with a required total amount of 900.9 degree-days. Cold-killed oothecae were still fit for the development of parasitoids. Parasitism rates of A hagenowii were higher than those of E appendigaster, although with lower emergence rates. Our results can be useful in aiding mass-rearing of these parasitoids for biological control programmes of A americana, and may help forecast the time of emergence of nymphs of American cockroaches in infested areas. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Post-Embryonic Development of Larvae of the Weaver Ant Camponotus textor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Structural and ultrastructural analysis of embryonic development of Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiforme ; Prochilodontidae)

This survey was performed to characterize the embryogenesis of Prochilodus lineatus. Seven stages of embryo development were identified - zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, larval and hatching - after a period of incubation of 22h (24 degrees C) or 14h (28 degrees C). The following cleavage pattern was identified: the first plane was vertical (2 blastomeres); the second was vertical and perpendicular to the first (4 blastorneres); the third was vertical and parallel to the first (4 x 2); the fourth cleavage was vertical and parallel to the second (4 x 4); the fifth was vertical and parallel to the first (4 x 8); and the sixth cleavage was horizontal (64 blastomeres). At the blastula stage (3.0-4.0 h (24 degrees C); 1.66-2.0h (28 degrees C) irregular spaces were detected and periblast structuring was initiated. At the gastrula stage (4.0-8.0 h (24 degrees C); 3.0-6.0 h (28 degrees C) the epiboly, convergence and cell movements, as well as the formation of embryonic layers, had begun. The segmentation stage (10.0-15.0h (24 degrees C); 7.0-10.0h (28 degrees C)) was characterized by a rudimentary formation of organs and systems (somites, optic vesicle and intestinal delimitation). The embryo at the larval stage (16.0-21.0 h (24 degrees C); 11.0-13.0 h (28 degrees C)) showed a free tail, more than 25 somites, an optic vesicle and a ready-to-hatch larval shape. The blastomeres at cleavage stage had disorganized nuclei indicating high mitotic activity. At gastrula, the blastomeres and the periblast had euchromatic nuclei and a large number of mitochondria and vesicles. The yolk was organized into globose sacs, which were dispersed into small pieces prior to absorption.

Effect of thermal conditioning during embryonic development on aspects of physiological responses of broilers to heat stress

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of thermal conditioning, (through exposure to heat stress), during pre-hatch development on some physiological responses of post-hatch broilers to a post-natal heat stress challenge. Exposure to heat stress at this stage, we hope, may possibly induce epigenetic heat adaptation. Incubating eggs were exposed to temperature of 39.0degreesC for 2 h from Day 13 to 17 of incubation. At 33, 35, 37, 39, 41 and 43 d of age, the broilers hatched from these eggs were housed individually in open-circuit respiration cells. The climatic chambers were set to 22degreesC and increased to 30degreesC for 4 h. O-2 consumption and CO2 production of each chicken was monitored continuously in order to calculate the heat production. Blood samples were obtained before and during the 4 h heat stress. Thermal conditioning during incubation did not affect the plasma T-4, corticosterone, glucose, uric acid and CK concentrations. Temperature challenge, decreased plasma T-3 of broilers of both groups but the decrease was greater in pre-conditioned broilers compared with controls. A similar trend was observed for triglycerides. These changes did not affect total heat production. Since decreased T3 and triglyceride levels are part of the mechanisms for thermoregulation, these suggest that thermal conditioning during incubation can improve the broiler chicken capability for thermotolerance at later post-hatch age. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of Incubation Temperature and Relative Humidity on Embryonic Development in Eggs of Red-Winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens).

This study was conducted to assess the effects of incubation temperature (34 C, 36[degree]C and 38[degree]C) and relative humidity (RH, 50% and 60%) on egg weight loss, embryo mortality, hatchability, incubation time and chick weight in eggs from red-winged tinamou. The eggs were placed in incubators that were operated at 34[degree]C, 36[degree]C, or 38[degree]C and 50% or 60% RH (mean wet bulb temperatures of 28[degree]C and 30[degree]C, respectively) from day 1 to hatching. Each treatment had two replicate groups of 30 eggs each. Hatchability varied with incubation temperature and RH and was highest for eggs incubated at 36[degree]C and 60% RH and lowest for eggs incubated at 38[degree]C. Early, intermediate and late embryo mortality were highest at 38[degree]C, 38[degree]C/50% RH, and 50% RH, respectively. Incubation period was longest at 34[degree]C and shortest at 38[degree]C/50% RH. Present results show the highest hatchability of red-winged tinamou eggs after incubation at 36[degree]C and 60% RH; highest embryo sensitivity to high temperature in the early period of incubation (1 to 7 days), to high temperature and low RH in the second period of incubation (8-14 days) and to low RH in the late period of incubation (after 15 days) and shortest incubation period with increasing temperature and RH.