Magnetoelectric coefficient in strontium ruthenate buffered lanthanum modified bismuth ferrite thin films grown by chemical method

This paper focuses on the magnetoelectric coupling (ME) at room temperature in lanthanum modified bismuth ferrite thin film (BLFO) deposited on SrRuO 3-buffered Pt/TiO 2/SiO 2/Si(100) substrates by the soft chemical method. BLFO film was coherently grown at a temperature of 500 °C. The magnetoelectric coefficient measurement was performed to evidence magnetoelectric coupling behavior. Room temperature magnetic coercive field indicates that the film is magnetically soft. The maximum magnetoelectric coefficient in the longitudinal direction was close to 12 V/cmOe. Dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss demonstrated only slight dispersion with frequency due the less two-dimensional stress in the plane of the film. Polarization reversal was investigated by applying dc voltage through a conductive tip during the area scanning. We observed that various types of domain behavior such as 71 ° and 180° domain switching, and pinned domain formation occurred. Copyright © 2009 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

Soluções analíticas da equação de Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Modelo fractal para resistividade complexa de rochas: interpretação petrofísica e aplicação à exploração geoelétrica

Rochas contendo metálicos disseminados ou partículas de argila em ambiente natural onde soluções eletrolíticas normalmente preenchem os poros das rochas, exibem um tipo de polarização em baixas freqüências conhecido como polarização induzida. Nesta tese foi desenvolvido um novo modelo para descrever o fenômeno de polarização das rochas, não apenas em baixas freqüências, mas compreendendo todo o espectro eletromagnético, possível de utilização na prospecção geoelétrica. Este novo modelo engloba a maioria dos modelos utilizados até o momento como casos especiais, além de superar as limitações dos mesmos. Seu circuito analógico inclui uma impedância não linear do tipo r (iwtf)^-n que simula o efeito das superfícies rugosas das interfaces entre os grãos bloqueadores (partículas metálicas e/ou de argilas) e o eletrólito. A impedância de Warburg generalizada está em série com a resistência dos grãos bloqueadores da passagem de corrente e em paralelo com a impedância da dupla camada associada a essas interfaces. Esta combinação está em série com a resistência do eletrólito nas passagens dos poros bloqueados. Os canais não bloqueados são representados por uma resistência que corresponde à resistividade normal CC da rocha. A combinação desta resistência com a capacitância "global" da rocha é finalmente conectada em paralelo ao resto do circuito mencionado acima. Os parâmetros deste modelo incluem a resistividade CC (p₀), a cargueabilidade (m), três tempos de relaxação (t, Tf and T2), um fator de resistividade de grãos (δ_r), e o expoente de freqüência (η). O tempo de relaxação fractal (Tf), e o expoente de frequencia (η) estão relacionados à geometria fractal das interfaces rugosas entre os minerais condutivos (grãos metálicos e/ou partículas de argila bloqueando os canais dos poros) e o eletrólito. O tempo de relaxação (T) é um resultado da relaxação em baixa freqüência das duplas camadas elétricas formadas nas interfaces eletrólito-cristais, enquanto (T₀) é o tempo de relaxação macroscópico da amostra como um todo. O fator de resistividade dos grãos (δ_r) relaciona a resistividade dos grãos condutivos com o valor de resistividade CC da rocha. A resistividade CC da rocha (p₀), e δ_r estão relacionados à porosidade, à condutividade do eletrólito e às relações mineralógicas entre a matriz e os grãos condutivos. O modelo foi testado sobre um intervalo largo de freqüências contra dados experimentais de amplitude e fase da resistividade bem como para dados de constante dielétrica complexa. Os dados utilizados neste trabalho foram obtidos a partir da digitalização de dados experimentais publicados, obtidos por diversos autores e englobando amostras de rochas sedimentares, ígneas e metam6rficas. É mostrado neste trabalho que os parâmetros deste modelo permitem identificar diferenças texturais e mineralógicas nas rochas. Bote modelo foi introduzido, primeiramente, como propriedade intrínseca de um semiespaço homogêneo sendo demonstrado, neste trabalho, que a resposta observada em superfície reflete as propriedades intrínsecas do meio polarizável, sendo o acoplamento eletromagnético desprezível em freqüências menores que 104 Hz. Em seguida, o meio polarizável foi embebido em um pacote de N camadas sendo demonstrado que os parâmetros fractais do meio polarizável podem ser obtidos do levantamento em superfície para diferentes espessuras dessa camada. Isto justifica a utilização pura e simples de modelos de polarização desenvolvidos para amostras em laboratório para ajustar dados de campo, o que vem sendo feito sem uma justificativa bem fundamentada. Estes resultados demonstram a importância para a prospecção geolétrica do modelo proposto nesta tese.

Equipamento eletromagnético para prospecção geofísica e modelamento reduzido

Nas últimas décadas, a prospecção por métodos eletromagnéticos vem-se constituindo numa técnica eficiente para prospecção mineral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um equipamento para prospecção eletromagnética quantitativa de corpos condutores, através do método dipolo-dipolo, podendo ainda ser usado em modelos reduzidos. Eletricamente, o sistema mede grandezas relacionadas ao acoplamento indutivo entre duas bobinas: transmissora e receptora. Elas são dispostas na superfície da terra, afastadas entre si, e a terra, desse modo, constitui o núcleo acoplador. Quando existem corpos condutores nas proximidades, estes são denunciados por alterações no comportamento do sinal induzido na bobina receptora. O equipamento compreende dois conjuntos: o transmissor e o receptor, além de acessórios. O transmissor gera um campo eletromagnético nas freqüências de 520 e 3.090 Hz, e um sinal de referência para o receptor, o qual é enviado através de um cabo. O receptor, inicialmente, separa o sinal induzido pelos campos secundários gerados por condutores, do campo normalmente recebido, quando a condutividade da subsuperfície é relativamente uniforme (campo primário). Em seguida, decompõe esse sinal em duas componentes ortogonais, uma em fase, e outra em quadratura com o campo primário. Através de duas escalas de precisão, as amplitudes dessas componentes são mostradas como percentagens do campo primário, com precisão de 1%. A sensibilidade do receptor é de 0,5 μV. O circuito eletrônico foi rigorosamente testado com preciso instrumental de laboratório. Em seguida, testou-se sua aplicação no Laboratório de Modelo Reduzido Eletromagnético do NCGG, refazendo-se experiências clássicas, encontradas na literatura especializada. No campo, foi experimentado próximo da cidade de Araci no Estado da Bahia, em áreas prospectadas pela "Rio Doce Geologia e Mineração S/A-DOCEGEO". Em ambos os casos, verificaram-se bons resultados.

Corroborating the equivalence between the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau and the Klein-Gordon and Proca equations

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Ionized cluster beam deposition: Modeling, cluster size measurement and applications

Clusters are aggregations of atoms or molecules, generally intermediate in size between individual atoms and aggregates that are large enough to be called bulk matter. Clusters can also be called nanoparticles, because their size is on the order of nanometers or tens of nanometers. A new field has begun to take shape called nanostructured materials which takes advantage of these atom clusters. The ultra-small size of building blocks leads to dramatically different properties and it is anticipated that such atomically engineered materials will be able to be tailored to perform as no previous material could.^ The idea of ionized cluster beam (ICB) thin film deposition technique was first proposed by Takagi in 1972. It was based upon using a supersonic jet source to produce, ionize and accelerate beams of atomic clusters onto substrates in a vacuum environment. Conditions for formation of cluster beams suitable for thin film deposition have only recently been established following twenty years of effort. Zinc clusters over 1,000 atoms in average size have been synthesized both in our lab and that of Gspann. More recently, other methods of synthesizing clusters and nanoparticles, using different types of cluster sources, have come under development.^ In this work, we studied different aspects of nanoparticle beams. The work includes refinement of a model of the cluster formation mechanism, development of a new real-time, in situ cluster size measurement method, and study of the use of ICB in the fabrication of semiconductor devices.^ The formation process of the vaporized-metal cluster beam was simulated and investigated using classical nucleation theory and one dimensional gas flow equations. Zinc cluster sizes predicted at the nozzle exit are in good quantitative agreement with experimental results in our laboratory.^ A novel in situ real-time mass, energy and velocity measurement apparatus has been designed, built and tested. This small size time-of-flight mass spectrometer is suitable to be used in our cluster deposition systems and does not suffer from problems related to other methods of cluster size measurement like: requirement for specialized ionizing lasers, inductive electrical or electromagnetic coupling, dependency on the assumption of homogeneous nucleation, limits on the size measurement and non real-time capability. Measured ion energies using the electrostatic energy analyzer are in good accordance with values obtained from computer simulation. The velocity (v) is measured by pulsing the cluster beam and measuring the time of delay between the pulse and analyzer output current. The mass of a particle is calculated from m = (2E/v$\sp2).$ The error in the measured value of background gas mass is on the order of 28% of the mass of one N$\sb2$ molecule which is negligible for the measurement of large size clusters. This resolution in cluster size measurement is very acceptable for our purposes.^ Selective area deposition onto conducting patterns overlying insulating substrates was demonstrated using intense, fully-ionized cluster beams. Parameters influencing the selectivity are ion energy, repelling voltage, the ratio of the conductor to insulator dimension, and substrate thickness. ^

Numerical Modelling of Eddy Current Probes for CANDU® Fuel Channel Inspection

Multi-frequency Eddy Current (EC) inspection with a transmit-receive probe (two horizontally offset coils) is used to monitor the Pressure Tube (PT) to Calandria Tube (CT) gap of CANDU® fuel channels. Accurate gap measurements are crucial to ensure fitness of service; however, variations in probe liftoff, PT electrical resistivity, and PT wall thickness can generate systematic measurement errors. Validated mathematical models of the EC probe are very useful for data interpretation, and may improve the gap measurement under inspection conditions where these parameters vary. As a first step, exact solutions for the electromagnetic response of a transmit-receive coil pair situated above two parallel plates separated by an air gap were developed. This model was validated against experimental data with flat-plate samples. Finite element method models revealed that this geometrical approximation could not accurately match experimental data with real tubes, so analytical solutions for the probe in a double-walled pipe (the CANDU® fuel channel geometry) were generated using the Second-Order Vector Potential (SOVP) formalism. All electromagnetic coupling coefficients arising from the probe, and the layered conductors were determined and substituted into Kirchhoff’s circuit equations for the calculation of the pickup coil signal. The flat-plate model was used as a basis for an Inverse Algorithm (IA) to simultaneously extract the relevant experimental parameters from EC data. The IA was validated over a large range of second layer plate resistivities (1.7 to 174 µΩ∙cm), plate wall thickness (~1 to 4.9 mm), probe liftoff (~2 mm to 8 mm), and plate-to plate gap (~0 mm to 13 mm). The IA achieved a relative error of less than 6% for the extracted FP resistivity and an accuracy of ±0.1 mm for the LO measurement. The IA was able to achieve a plate gap measurement with an accuracy of less than ±0.7 mm error over a ~2.4 mm to 7.5 mm probe liftoff and ±0.3 mm at nominal liftoff (2.42±0.05 mm), providing confidence in the general validity of the algorithm. This demonstrates the potential of using an analytical model to extract variable parameters that may affect the gap measurement accuracy.

An electromagnetic-field method modeling of a radial line planar antenna with coupling probes

This communications describes an electromagnetic model of a radial line planar antenna consisting of a radial guide with one central probe and many peripheral probes arranged in concentric circles feeding an array of antenna elements such as patches or wire curls. The model takes into account interactions between the coupling probes while assuming isolation of radiating elements. Based on this model, computer programs are developed to determine equivalent circuit parameters of the feed network and the radiation pattern of the radial line planar antenna. Comparisons are made between the present model and the two-probe model developed earlier by other researchers.

Electromagnetic atmosphere-plasma coupling: the global atmospheric electric circuit

A description is given of the global atmospheric electric circuit operating between the Earth’s surface and the ionosphere. Attention is drawn to the huge range of horizontal and vertical spatial scales, ranging from 10−9 m to 1012 m, concerned with the many important processes at work. A similarly enormous range of time scales is involved from 10−6 s to 109 s, in the physical effects and different phenomena that need to be considered. The current flowing in the global circuit is generated by disturbed weather such as thunderstorms and electrified rain/shower clouds, mostly occurring over the Earth’s land surface. The profile of electrical conductivity up through the atmosphere, determined mainly by galactic cosmic ray ionization, is a crucial parameter of the circuit. Model simulation results on the variation of the ionospheric potential, ∼250 kV positive with respect to the Earth’s potential, following lightning discharges and sprites are summarized. Experimental results comparing global circuit variations with the neutron rate recorded at Climax, Colorado, are then discussed. Within the return (load) part of the circuit in the fair weather regions remote from the generators, charge layers exist on the upper and lower edges of extensive layer clouds; new experimental evidence for these charge layers is also reviewed. Finally, some directions for future research in the subject are suggested.

Relativistic quark spin coupling effects in the nucleon electromagnetic form factors

We investigate the effect of different forms of relativistic spin coupling of constituent quarks in the nucleon electromagnetic form factors. The four-dimensional integrations in the two-loop Feynman diagram are reduced to the null-plane, such that the light-front wave function is introduced in the computation of the form factors. The neutron charge form factor is very sensitive to different choices of spin coupling schemes, once its magnetic moment is fitted to the experimental value. The scalar coupling between two quarks is preferred by the neutron data, when a reasonable fit of the proton magnetic momentum is found. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.

Electromagnetic absorption cross section of Reissner-Nordstroumlm black holes revisited

The absorption cross section of Reissner-Nordstroumlm black holes for the electromagnetic field is computed numerically for arbitrary frequencies, taking into account the coupling of the electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations. We also compute the conversion coefficients of electromagnetic to gravitational waves by scattering from a Reissner-Nordstroumlm black hole.

Minimal anomaly-free chiral fermion sets and gauce coupling unification

We look for minimal chiral sets of fermions beyond the standard model that are anomaly free and, simultaneously, vectorlike particles with respect to color SU(3) and electromagnetic U(1). We then study whether the addition of such particles to the standard model particle content allows for the unification of gauge couplings at a high energy scale, above 5.0 x 10(15) GeV so as to be safely consistent with proton decay bounds. The possibility to have unification at the string scale is also considered. Inspired in grand unified theories, we also search for minimal chiral fermion sets that belong to SU(5) multiplets, restricted to representations up to dimension 50. It is shown that, in various cases, it is possible to achieve gauge unification provided that some of the extra fermions decouple at relatively high intermediate scales.

Interaccion among systems of finite size in predictive relativistic mechanics -II. Electromagnetic and gravitational interactions

We explicitly construct a closed system of differential equations describing the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions among bodies to first order in the coupling constants, retaining terms up to order c-2. The Breit and Barker and O'Connell Hamiltonians are recovered by means of a coordinate transformation. The method used throws light on the meaning of these coordinates.

CR1Dmod: A Matlab program to model 1D complex resistivity effects in electrical and electromagnetic surveys

We have constructed a forward modelling code in Matlab, capable of handling several commonly used electrical and electromagnetic methods in a 1D environment. We review the implemented electromagnetic field equations for grounded wires, frequency and transient soundings and present new solutions in the case of a non-magnetic first layer. The CR1Dmod code evaluates the Hankel transforms occurring in the field equations using either the Fast Hankel Transform based on digital filter theory, or a numerical integration scheme applied between the zeros of the Bessel function. A graphical user interface allows easy construction of 1D models and control of the parameters. Modelling results are in agreement with other authors, but the time of computation is less efficient than other available codes. Nevertheless, the CR1Dmod routine handles complex resistivities and offers solutions based on the full EM-equations as well as the quasi-static approximation. Thus, modelling of effects based on changes in the magnetic permeability and the permittivity is also possible.