鰋鮡鱼类(Glyptosternoid fishes)的系统进化和动物地理学研究

鰋鮡鱼类共包括9 属43 种（亚种），隶属于鲇形目（Siluriformes）鮡科 （Sisoridae）鰋鮡亚科（Glyptosternae）中鰋鮡族（Tribe Glyptosternini）的鰋鮡 亚族（Subtribe Glyptosternina）。鰋鮡鱼类形态上的共同特征为：无胸吸着器，胸、 腹鳍水平展开，第一根鳍条完全分节或在外缘生出许多软骨细条，被外表皮所裹， 在腹面看到的是许多与分节或软骨细条大致对应的横纹皱褶。鰋鮡鱼类集中分布 于青藏高原周边的水系中，部分属种向西分布到了中亚地区的阿姆河上游，是适 应山区急流环境的一群鱼类。近年来一系列的研究表明，鰋鮡鱼类为一单系类群， 它的起源和演化与青藏高原的隆升有着直接的关系。鰋鮡鱼类的系统发育研究， 可以为青藏高原隆升的年代、幅度和形式提供间接的证据，其系统发育树的拓扑 结构也直接反映了东喜马拉雅地区诸水系的形成与演变。 本研究对鰋鮡鱼类9 属进行了系统整理。1. 发现并描述了异齿鰋属 （Oreoglanis）两新种，分别为分布于景东无量山（澜沧江水系）的景东异齿鰋 （O. jingdongensis）和分布于怒江水系南景河和南滚河的无斑异齿鰋（O. immaculatus）。认为分布于中国的异齿鰋属鱼类均属于尖须异齿鰋种组（O. siamensis species group）。指出区分异齿鰋属两个种组：尖须异齿鰋种组和细尾 异齿鰋种组（O. delacouri species group）的特征是下唇中部是否具有中央缺刻， 尾型的差别（新月型尾或凹型尾）不能用来区分两个种组，给出了异齿鰋属的检 索表，并绘制了异齿鰋属鱼类分布图。2. 对鮡属（Pareuchiloglanis）鱼类进行了 系统整理，通过外部形态度量性状的比较，认为分布于澜沧江水系的，曾经被鉴 定为扁头鮡（P. kamengensis）的标本，应属于大鳍鮡（P. macropterus），扁头鮡 和大鳍鮡之间的最明显的差别在于腹鳍前长的不同。前者的腹鳍前长为体长的 53.2-64.9%，后者的腹鳍前长均不达体长的50%。3. 通过比较金沙江水系分布的 5 种鮡属鱼类，中华鮡（P. sinensis）、前臀鮡（P. anteanalis）、壮体鮡（P. robusta）、 四川鮡（P. sichuanensis）和天全鮡（P. tianquanensis），认为天全鮡和四川鮡之 间分布水系重叠，外部形态亦无差别，天全鮡很可能为四川鮡的同物异名。给出 了鮡属鱼类的系统检索表，并绘制了鮡属鱼类分布图。利用分子系统学的原理和方法对鰋鮡鱼类进行系统发育研究。测定了6 属 15 种鰋鮡鱼类和鮡科中非鰋鮡鱼类4 属7 种共28 个体的线粒体Cyt b 基因部分 片段和全序列（1138 bp），结合从GenBank 下载的相关类群相同的基因序列，以 魾属（Bagarius）的巨魾（B. yarrelli），纹胸鮡属（Glyptothorax）的穴形纹胸鮡 （G. cavia）、亮背纹胸鮡（G. dorsalis）、扎那纹胸鮡（G. zainaensis），福建纹胸 鮡（G. fukiensis fukiensis）、海南纹胸鮡（G. fukiensis hainanensis），黑鮡属（Gagata） 的长丝黑鮡（G. dolichonema）以及褶鮡属（Pseudecheneis）的黄斑褶鮡（P. sulcatus） 和无斑褶鮡（P. immaculatus）作为外类群，采用贝叶斯法（Bayesian）、最简约 法（maximum pasimony, MP）和邻接法（neighbour-joining, NJ）构建系统发育树。 结果显示： 1. 鰋鮡鱼类为一单系类群，并且与褶鮡属互为姐妹群关系； 2. 原鮡属、鰋属和凿齿鮡属是鰋鮡鱼类的三个基部类群； 3. 异齿鰋属构成为一个单系群，大鳍异齿鰋最早从该属的基部分化出来； 4. 石爬鮡属构成一个单系，并与分布于金沙江水系的中华鮡＋前臀鮡构成姐妹 群，黄石爬鮡和青石爬鮡的单倍型相互交错；显示两个物种的分类是不合适的， 而是同一水系不同支流种群之间梯度变异的例子，依据本次研究所得出的三个分 支图，结合青石爬鮡自西至东分布于金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河、青衣江、岷江等 的分布格局以及形态特征的分布，显示形态特征的分布变化有以下趋势：自西至 东，腹鳍位置逐渐前移；颌须渐趋缩短；胸鳍趋向发达、伸达腹鳍起点。这些变 化趋势是同一水系不同支流种群之间梯度变异的极好例子； 5. 分布于澜沧江以西（包括澜沧江）水系的鮡属鱼类（扁头鮡、细尾鮡、短鳍 鮡）与分布于怒江和伊洛瓦底江水系的拟鰋属鱼类构成为一支，并且二者共同与 分布于元江上游（红河水系）的大孔鮡构成为单系。其中，短体拟鰋和拟鰋互为 姐妹种；而扁头鮡和短鳍鮡也互为姐妹种；细尾鮡的系统地位则尚不能确定； 6. 无论在MP 树、贝叶斯树还是NJ 树中，石爬鮡属、鮡属、拟鰋属和异齿鰋属 构成一个单系，并且支持率达到了100％。 7. 鰋属位于鰋鮡鱼类的基部，是较早就从鰋鮡鱼类祖先中演化出来的一个类群， 鰋类的口吸盘是一个趋同性状，是在急流环境条件下形成的一种适应性性状，在 鰋类各属中不是同源特征； 8. 鮡属鱼类不是一个单系类群，分布于金沙江流域的鮡属鱼类与同流域分布的石爬鮡属鱼类聚成一支；澜沧江及其以西水系分布的鮡属鱼类与同流域分布的拟 鰋属鱼类聚成一支，之后这两支又同异齿鰋属共同构成为一个大支。 结合鰋鮡鱼类的系统发育分支图对其动物地理学进行研究。鰋鮡鱼类是由类 似纹胸鮡属（Glyptothorax）鱼类的祖先演化而来，鰋属（Exostoma）和凿齿鮡 属（Glaridoglanis）是较早就从从类似原鮡的祖先中演化出来，鮡属、石爬鮡属、 拟鰋属和异齿鰋属这一大支由类似原鮡的祖先演化而来。在青藏高原强烈隆起等 重大地理隔离事件发生之前，类似于现生的原鮡属鱼类已经广布喜马拉雅山脉东 西两侧。在青藏高原强烈隆起等重大地理隔离事件发生后，鰋鮡鱼类在相同的地 理隔离下独自演化为现在的分布格局。

镇海棘螈繁殖群体生态和遗传结构研究

genetics, such as: population size, reproduction, mating system, growth, development,genetic structure and systematics status; The main results are presented below: The seasonal variation of the operational sexual ratio of this animal was found in the field and the ration always bias the female in the breeding season. Aiming at this character and considering the distance of time and space of both sexual habitat in breeding season, we census female population first by toe-clipping mark-recapture method, then estimated the population size with the definitive sexual ratio. Up to now, this species was found only at the Beilun district of the Ningbo City. The population size of the Ruiyan Temple Forest Park approximates to 369. The status of this population is extremely endangered, so besides protecting this population at the original locality, we also suggested to breed the salamander in fenced locality and to hatch embryos artificially, and send metamorphosed juveniles back to nature. We can transfer some individuals to other similar habitats or breed them under artificial conditions for saving this species from extinction. The early developmental stage of the Chinhai salamander is the same as its relative species, E. andersoni. Their balanceres are poorly developed and disappear very early. Temperature and moisture significantly influence the embryonic development of the Chinhai salamander. The embryonic stage is approx. 29 days under room temperature. The hatchling grows in a logarithmic curve. The larvae stage in water is approx. 58- 88 days. Many factors influence the nomal development, including two aspects of internal and external. Due to these factors, the effective protected measures were presented in detail. The breeding migration of E. chinhaiensis takes place at late March～late April every year. This salamander's hatching rate is high, but the rate of hatchling migrating into water is low. The average effectiveness of all the nest sites is 36.7%. The maternal self-conservation was contrary to the reproductive success of the egg-laying strategy. In the strategy of egg-laying behavior, the first factor selected by the female was its self-conservation, the second is embryonic survival rate, and the last is rate of hatchling survival rate. The oviposition selection is significant for the survival of the larvae. Based on the analysis of the evolutionary process of reproductive behaviors nad egg-laying site selections of all genera of the family Salamandridae, we deduced that perhaps Echinotriton is a transitional type in the evolutionary process from water to land. Due to its location in the adaptive stage in the terrestrial evolution, Echinotriton chinhaiensis's terrestrial nest may be one of important reason that causes this species to be endangered. The genetic deversity analysis shows that although the population size of the Chinhai salamander is quite small compared to other Chinese salamandrid species, the genetic diversity of this population is not reduce remarkably. We explain this phenomena with the polygamy mating system of this species. The result of 4 families' parenthood determinations shows that the parenhood determination can be taken without any paternal information. The "children" of every female include rich genetic information from at least two "fathers". It implies that female Chinhai salamander mates more than once with different males in a breeding season. The molecular evidence, the behavioral observation evidences and the sperm evidence in the female cloaca proved that this species has a polygamy mating system. The kin recognition in the mating of adult salamander was first discussed. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of 12 species representing 6 genera in the family Salamandridae were studied using DNA fingerprinting. The results showed that the DNA fingerprinting. The results showed that the DNA fingerprinting patterns demonstrated rich genetic diversity and species diversity, and also revealed the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationshipes of higher taxa to a certain extent. The results are highly consistent with those obtained from the studies based on the morphology, ecology, cytology and molecular biology. The compreshensive analysis indicate that Tylototrition hainanensis and T. wenxianensis should be valid species; Echinotriton should be a valid genus;Tylotortriton is a natural cluster; Tylotortriton asperrimus should be put in Tylototrition rather than in Echinotriton, Hypselotriton and Allomestriton are synonyms of Cynops and Paramesotriton, respectively. There are three main groups in Chinese salamandride: Cynops, Paramesotriton and Pachytrition from the first group, the species of the Tylototriton from the second, and E. chinhaiensis composes the third.

古白蚁属（Isoptera: Termopsidae）分类及云南某些白蚁种生物学研究

本文研究分为两部分，第一部分主要对原白蚁科古白蚁属及云南大白蚁亚科白蚁进行了分类学研究，第二部分主要是云南地区某些白蚁生物学研究。 第一部分：1. 古白蚁属Archotermopsis隶属于等翅目Isoptera，原白蚁科Termopdidae，是中国新记录属，本文详细描述了古白蚁属中国新记录种罗夫顿古白蚁Archotermopsis wronghtoni特征，同时编写了原白蚁属分种检索表以及整理了等翅目分科、原白蚁科分亚科、原白蚁亚科分属检索表。 2. 检视了中国科学院昆明动物研究所昆虫标本馆大白蚁亚科白蚁Macrotermitidae馆藏标本，发现3新记录种，分别为：近三型大白蚁Macrotermes peritrimorphus，海南大白蚁M. hainanensis 和 梯头大白蚁M. trapezoides. 第二部分：1. 大白蚁亚科白蚁是一类与蚁巢伞共生的白蚁，作者通过在云南绿春观察大白蚁亚科4种土白蚁的分飞活动，得知：大白蚁亚科不同种类的白蚁分飞孔形状亦不相同，分飞时分布于孔口周围的白蚁型、数目和扩散范围存在差异，这些蚁巢外露部分的特征可以作为白蚁种类识别的辅助依据。 2. 采集了32巢白蚁及其巢上生长的蚁巢伞，结果显示大白蚁亚科每一个白蚁巢仅生长一种蚁巢伞子实体。与小果蚁巢伞共生的白蚁也与其他蚁巢伞共生，据此推测真菌能改变白蚁的行为。对白蚁种类和蚁巢伞种类对应关系研究表明在小地域内，白蚁和蚁巢伞不仅存在属间高度专一性，而且种间也显示较高的共生专一性。 3. 本文还对大白蚁亚科白蚁对蚁巢伞是否存在共生选择进行了初步研究，当海南土白蚁新建巢的第一个工蚁出巢觅食时，提供真根蚁巢伞、盾形蚁巢伞孢子与其取食，结果表明，海南土白蚁工蚁并不仅仅消极的取食含有孢子的木材而获得蚁巢伞，它能主动识别蚁巢伞孢子并取食之，从而增大白蚁新建巢成活的机会。海南土白蚁工蚁对与其共生的真根蚁巢伞孢子的主动取食率为30%，对与其非共生的盾形蚁巢伞孢子的取食率同样为30%，两者取食率无差异，P值为0.634在同时提供两种蚁巢伞孢子的培养皿中，20%白蚁巢的工蚁同时取食了真根蚁巢伞孢子和盾形蚁巢伞孢子，而10%白蚁巢的工蚁仅取食了盾形蚁巢伞孢子，两者取食率也无显著性差异（P=0.376），表明在工蚁出巢觅食这个阶段，白蚁对蚁巢伞并无选择作用。

中国海豆蟹科Family Pinnotheridae分类学研究

本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所收藏的豆蟹科标本和国内外相关文献，进行了中国海域豆蟹科的分类学研究。作者克服了豆蟹科分类难度大，研究积累较少，种的界限不清等困难，在短期内初步查清了中国海域豆蟹科种类及分布情况，共记述5亚科12属 40种。发现4新记录属，9新记录种，和豆蟹属1未定种Pinnotheres sp.，丰富了中国海豆蟹科区系内容，列出了共栖种中国海域全部记录过的宿主。 作者对鉴定过程中出现的疑难问题：“中型三强蟹Tritodynamia intermedia Shen, 1935是否为霍氏三强蟹 Tritodynamia horvathi Nobili, 1905的同物异名” 进行了细致比较、研究，否定了通行多年的Sakai（1976）的“T. intermedia Shen为T. horvathi Nobili的次异名”的结论，肯定了二者均为有效种。 对中国海域豆蟹科种类地理分布初步研究表明其分布与日本海域和东南亚海域都有相似之处，但有显著不同：仅发现于中国海域而未见于日本海域的豆蟹属Pinnotheres多达8种：涨腹豆蟹Pinnotheres excussus Dai et al., 1980，球豆蟹Pinnotheres pilulus Dai et al., 1980，锯颚豆蟹Pinnotheres serrignathus Shen, 1932，宽豆蟹Pinnotheres dilatatus Shen, 1932，青岛豆蟹Pinnotheres tsingtaoensis Shen, 1932，海阳豆蟹Pinnotheres haiyangensis Shen, 1932，钝颚豆蟹Pinnotheres obtusidentata（Dai et al., 1980），光豆蟹Pinnotheres luminatus Dai et al., 1980）；仅发现于中国海域的三强蟹属Tritodynamia有4种：福建三强蟹Tritodynamia fujianensis Chen, 1979，长腿三强蟹Tritodynamia longipropodum Dai et al., 1980，宽身三强蟹 Tritodynamia dilatatum Yang et Sun,1996和海南三强蟹 Tritodynamia hainanensis Dai et al.g, 1980；而未发现于中国海域的日本特有种多达13种。结果表明这一类群由于共栖和地域分化程度较高乃至地区性特有种数显著较多。 论文通过对豆蟹科系统分类和初步的动物地理学研究，搞清了中国海豆蟹科的种和分布、多样性及其宿主等基本情况。为今后研究豆蟹科种类生物学、生态学特性提供了基础资料。

First record of the genus Gigantione (Epicaridea: Bopyridae: Pseudioninae) from Chinese waters, with description of three new species

The parasitic isopod genus Gigantione is first recorded from China. Four species are reported infesting xanthid and goneplacid crabs, three are new to science, and one is a new record from China. Gigantione ishigakiensis Shiino, 1941, infesting Liagore rubromaculata (De Haan); G. hainanensis sp. nov., infesting Atergatis floridus (L.) and Atergatis sp., which differs from other recorded species in the shape of its barbula, first oostegite and subrectangular maxilliped; G. rhombos sp. nov., infesting Heteroplax dentata Stimpson, Eucrate alcocki Serene and Eucrate sp., its female distinguished from other species of Gigantione by having a prominent rhombic projection on the barbula; and G. tau sp. nov., infesting Carcinoplax longimanus (De Haan), the female of which differs from other species mainly by its T-shaped pigmentation on the head. Four brachyuran crabs are first reported as hosts of bopyrids. A list of all brachyuran species so far recorded as bopyrid hosts in China is provided.

Agricultural crops in the diet of bearded capuchin monkeys, Cebus libidinosus Spix (Primates: Cebidae), in forest fragments in southeast Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Neogene floras and palaeoclimatic estimates from various sites of South-West China

Neogene climates and vegetation history of western Yunnan are reconstructed on the basis of known fossil plants using the Coexistence Approach (CA) and Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA). Four Neogene leaf floras from Tengchong, Jianchuan and Eryuan in southwestern China are analyzed by the CA, and the paleoclimatic data of one Miocene carpoflora from Longling and three Pliocene palynofloras from Longling, Yangyi and Eryuan are used for comparison. The Miocene vegetation of the whole of West Yunnan is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and a similar mean annual precipitation is inferred for Tengchong, Longling and Jianchuan. However, by the Late Pliocene a large difference in vegetation occurred between the two slopes of Gaoligong Mountain, western Yunnan. The region of Tengchong retained a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest vegetation, whereas in Yangyi and Eryuan a vertical vegetation zonation had developed, which consists, in ascending order, of humid evergreen broad-leaved, needle and broad-leaved mixed evergreen, and coniferous forests. Distinctively, the Late Pliocene vegetational patterns of West Yunnan were already very similar to those of the present, and the Pliocene mean annual precipitation in Tengchong was markedly higher than that of Yangyi and Eryuan. Considering that the overall vegetation of West Yunnan and the precipitation at Yangyi and Eryuan have undergone no distinct change since the Late Pliocene, we conclude that the Hengduan Mountains on the northern boundary of West Yunnan must have arisen after the Miocene and approached their highest elevation before the Late Pliocene. Furthermore, the fact of the eastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau underwent a slight uplift after the Late Pliocene is also supported.

Late Holocene pollen and organic walled dinoflagellate cysts analyses of sedimet cores from the Java Sea

The pollen, spore and organic walled dinoflagelletas cyst associations of two marine sediment cores from the Java Sea off the mouths of Jelai River (South Kalimantan) and Solo River (East Java) reflect environment and vegetation changes during the last ca 3500 years in the region. A decline in primary forest taxa (e.g. Agathis, Allophylus, Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Dipterocarpaceae, Phyllocladus, and Podocarpus) suggest that the major change in vegetation is caused by the forest canopy opening that can be related to human activity. The successively increase of pollen of pioneer canopy and herb taxa (e.g. Acalypha, Ficus, Macaranga/Mallotus, Trema, Pandanus) indicate the development of a secondary vegetation. In Java these changes started much earlier (ca at 2950 cal yr BP) then in Kalimantan (ca at 910 cal yr BP) and seem to be more severe. Changes in the marine realm, reflected by the dinoflagellate cyst association correspond to changes in vegetation on land. They reflect a gradual change from relatively well ventilated to more hypoxic bottom/pore water conditions in a more eutrophic environment. Near the coast of Java, the shift of the water trophic status took place between ca 820 and 500 cal yrs BP, while near the coast of Kalimantan it occurred as late as at the beginning of the 20th century. We observe an increasing amount of the cyst of Polykrikos schwarzii, cyst of P. kofoidii, Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthus and Selenopemphix nephroides at times of secondary vegetation development on land, suggesting that these species react strongly on human induced changes in the marine environment, probably related to increased pollution and eutrophication.