Zapiski Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva po obshcheĭ geografīi.

Mode of access: Internet.

Zami︠e︡tki po geografīi drevneĭ rusi. Po povodu sochinenīi︠a︡ N. P. Barsova : Ocherki russkoĭ istoricheskoĭ geografīi. Geografīi︠a︡ nachalʹnoĭ li︠e︡topisi, Varshava, 1873.

Romanized record.

Ekonomisk tidskrift

Editor, 1899- D. Davidson

Geografía del Perú : obra postuma /

Mode of access: Internet.

Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana.

Title from cover.

Apéndice al Diccionario universal de historia y de geografía. Colección de artículos relativos á la República mexicana ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Lärobok i Finlands historia och geografi.

Mode of access: Internet.

Haandbog i den gammel-nordiske geografi : eller systematisk fremstilling af de gamle nordboers geografiske kundskab i almindelighed, samt de dem bekjendte lande og historisk mækelige steder i særdeleshed /

On t.p.: v.1; no more published.

Objetivos y resultados de mis trabajos en Europa en favor de la República Argentina, 1882-1890 : cuestiones de immigración, colonización y tierras, económicas, comerciales, industriales, finacieras, bancarias y de circulación, de propaganda general, de estadistica, geografía, etnografia y antropología, de limites y jurisdicción nacional, históricas y de derecho público internacional /

Mode of access: Internet.

Geografía comercial de las naciones latino americanas,

Mode of access: Internet.

Framstallning af Torbern Bergmans fysiska geografi : I.

Thesis (doctoral)--Upsala.

Geografía y estadística de la República Mexicana.

t. 1. México.--t. 2. Sinaloa.--t. 3. Veracruz.--t. 4. Nuevo León.--t. 5. Guanajuato.--t. 6. Michoacán.--t. 7. Morelos.--t. 8. Querétaro.--t. 9. Oaxaca.--t. 10. Guerrero.--t. 11. Tlaxcala.--t. 12. Tamaulipas.--t. 13. Durago.--t. 15. Zacatecas.--t. 16. Campeche.--t. 17. Aguascalientes.--t. 18. Colima.--t. 19. Coahuila de Zaragoza.--t. 20. Chiapas.

Kratkoe nachertanīe geografīi dli︠a︡ nachinai︠u︡shikh obuchatʹsi︠a︡ seĭ nauki︠e︡, s prīobshchennīem kratkago opisanīi︠a︡ Rossīi po nyni︠e︡shnemu ei︠a︡ razdi︠e︡lenīi︠u︡.

Mode of access: Internet.

Intensity, productivity and efficiency in agriculture in Finland and implications for N and P fertiliser management

The purpose of this study was to evaluate intensity, productivity and efficiency in agriculture in Finland and show implications for N and P fertiliser management. Environmental concerns relating to agricultural production have been and still are focused on arguments about policies that affect agriculture. These policies constrain production while demand for agricultural products such as food, fibre and energy continuously increase. Therefore the importance of increasing productivity is a great challenge to agriculture. Over the last decades producers have experienced several large changes in the production environment such as the policy reform when Finland joined the EU 1995. Other and market changes occurred with the further EU enlargement with neighbouring countries in 2005 and with the decoupling of supports over the 2006-2007 period. Decreasing prices a decreased number of farmers and decreased profitability in agricultural production have resulted from these changes and constraints and of technological development. It is known that the accession to the EU 1995 would herald changes in agriculture. Especially of interest was how the sudden changes in prices of commodities on especially those of cereals, decreased by 60%, would influence agricultural production. The knowledge of properties of the production function increased in importance as a consequence of price changes. A research on the economic instruments to regulate productions was carried out and combined with earlier studies in paper V. In paper I the objective was to compare two different technologies, the conventional farming and the organic farming, determine differences in productivity and technical efficiency. In addition input specific or environmental efficiencies were analysed. The heterogeneity of agricultural soils and its implications were analysed in article II. In study III the determinants of technical inefficiency were analysed. The aspects and possible effects of the instability in policies due to a partial decoupling of production factors and products were studied in paper IV. Consequently connection between technical efficiency based on the turnover and the sales return was analysed in this study. Simple economic instruments such as fertiliser taxes have a direct effect on fertiliser consumption and indirectly increase the value of organic fertilisers. However, fertiliser taxes, do not fully address the N and P management problems adequately and are therefore not suitable for nutrient management improvements in general. Productivity of organic farms is lower on average than conventional farms and the difference increases when looking at selling returns only. The organic sector needs more research and development on productivity. Livestock density in organic farming increases productivity, however, there is an upper limit to livestock densities on organic farms and therefore nutrient on organic farms are also limited. Soil factors affects phosphorous and nitrogen efficiency. Soils like sand and silt have lower input specific overall efficiency for nutrients N and P. Special attention is needed for the management on these soils. Clay soils and soils with moderate clay content have higher efficiency. Soil heterogeneity is cause for an unavoidable inefficiency in agriculture.

Spatial and temporal variability in midge (Nematocera) assemblages in shallow Finnish lakes (60−70 °N) : community-based modelling of past environmental change

Multi- and intralake datasets of fossil midge assemblages in surface sediments of small shallow lakes in Finland were studied to determine the most important environmental factors explaining trends in midge distribution and abundance. The aim was to develop palaeoenvironmental calibration models for the most important environmental variables for the purpose of reconstructing past environmental conditions. The developed models were applied to three high-resolution fossil midge stratigraphies from southern and eastern Finland to interpret environmental variability over the past 2000 years, with special focus on the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and recent anthropogenic changes. The midge-based results were compared with physical properties of the sediment, historical evidence and environmental reconstructions based on diatoms (Bacillariophyta), cladocerans (Crustacea: Cladocera) and tree rings. The results showed that the most important environmental factor controlling midge distribution and abundance along a latitudinal gradient in Finland was the mean July air temperature (TJul). However, when the dataset was environmentally screened to include only pristine lakes, water depth at the sampling site became more important. Furthermore, when the dataset was geographically scaled to southern Finland, hypolimnetic oxygen conditions became the dominant environmental factor. The results from an intralake dataset from eastern Finland showed that the most important environmental factors controlling midge distribution within a lake basin were river contribution, water depth and submerged vegetation patterns. In addition, the results of the intralake dataset showed that the fossil midge assemblages represent fauna that lived in close proximity to the sampling sites, thus enabling the exploration of within-lake gradients in midge assemblages. Importantly, this within-lake heterogeneity in midge assemblages may have effects on midge-based temperature estimations, because samples taken from the deepest point of a lake basin may infer considerably colder temperatures than expected, as shown by the present test results. Therefore, it is suggested here that the samples in fossil midge studies involving shallow boreal lakes should be taken from the sublittoral, where the assemblages are most representative of the whole lake fauna. Transfer functions between midge assemblages and the environmental forcing factors that were significantly related with the assemblages, including mean air TJul, water depth, hypolimnetic oxygen, stream flow and distance to littoral vegetation, were developed using weighted averaging (WA) and weighted averaging-partial least squares (WA-PLS) techniques, which outperformed all the other tested numerical approaches. Application of the models in downcore studies showed mostly consistent trends. Based on the present results, which agreed with previous studies and historical evidence, the Medieval Climate Anomaly between ca. 800 and 1300 AD in eastern Finland was characterized by warm temperature conditions and dry summers, but probably humid winters. The Little Ice Age (LIA) prevailed in southern Finland from ca. 1550 to 1850 AD, with the coldest conditions occurring at ca. 1700 AD, whereas in eastern Finland the cold conditions prevailed over a longer time period, from ca. 1300 until 1900 AD. The recent climatic warming was clearly represented in all of the temperature reconstructions. In the terms of long-term climatology, the present results provide support for the concept that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index has a positive correlation with winter precipitation and annual temperature and a negative correlation with summer precipitation in eastern Finland. In general, the results indicate a relatively warm climate with dry summers but snowy winters during the MCA and a cool climate with rainy summers and dry winters during the LIA. The results of the present reconstructions and the forthcoming applications of the models can be used in assessments of long-term environmental dynamics to refine the understanding of past environmental reference conditions and natural variability required by environmental scientists, ecologists and policy makers to make decisions concerning the presently occurring global, regional and local changes. The developed midge-based models for temperature, hypolimnetic oxygen, water depth, littoral vegetation shift and stream flow, presented in this thesis, are open for scientific use on request.