Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards, 1837: resumo das conclusões dos cruzeiros de pesca exploratória entre 1979 e 1983 no banco de Sofala em Moçambique

From 1979 to 1983, several surveys were carried out with research and fishing vessels at Sofala Bank in Mozambique. Their main objective was the assessment of shallow water prawn stocks, as this resource is of great economic importance for the country. A summary of the conclusions of these surveys regarding the species Penaeus indicus is presented. During the rainy season the species occurs closer to the shore than during the dry season. Estimates of biomass are very variable. The spawning peak seems to occur at the beginning of the rainy season (September-October). The spawning areas are located very close to the shore in the northern part of Sofala Bank and South of 17 degree 10'S in the 15-25 m depth interval.

In Bello, Pax: a responsabilidade penal dos brasileiros em Operações de Paz

Esta Tese analisa a possibilidade de responsabilização penal dos brasileiros que têm participado de operações de paz capitaneadas ou delegadas pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Além de apresentar como se procede esta responsabilização no ambiente nacional, também analisa a possibilidade de sua responsabilização internacional diante da evolução que esta tem constatado desde o final do período conhecido como guerra-fria. Para tanto, parte de uma contextualização histórica da evolução e modificação das operações de paz, mostrando como o Brasil também modificou sua inserção nesta questão, em especial depois de 1990. Decorrente desse relevante aumento de responsabilidades e numérico de brasileiros engajados nestas operações apresenta como a fundamentação doutrinária legal e normativa também sofreu significativas mudanças nas últimas décadas. A partir deste ponto, fazendo uso de metodologia analítico-descritiva, apresenta as qualificações jurídicas admitidas, análise dos principais documentos internacionais que abordam a responsabilização penal dos integrantes de operações de paz e como se processa a relação entre estes documentos e o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Procura analisar como se processa, no ambiente interno, a jurisdição e competência para julgamento destas questões. Apresenta como o direito internacional tem sido influenciado pelo crescimento do direito internacional penal e como este pode se manifestar diante de integrantes de operações de paz, fazendo, inclusive, uma abordagem de como outras cortes internacionais têm se manifestado sobre a questão. Parte de decisões de direito interno de outros países, mostra a contribuição que os tribunais Ad Hoc instituídos pela ONU trouxeram para culminar na análise da possibilidade (ou não) de responsabilização destes integrantes pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional, ou mesmo, por terceiros Estados fazendo uso da Jurisdição Universal. Assim, a tese demonstra que efetivamente o Brasil dispõe de meios para exercer sua plena jurisdição perante seus nacionais envolvidos nestas operações internacionais, no entanto, a fim de garantir maior adensamento de juridicidade e sustentação legal, aponta possíveis soluções como contribuição para dirimir eventuais ponderações internas e internacionais.

Bioconversion efficiency and growth in the white shrimp Penaeus indicus (Milne Edwards), fed with decomposed mangrove leaves

Food conversion efficiency and growth in the white shrimp Penaeus indicus fed with decomposed mangrove leaves of Avicennia marina and A. officinalis were monitored under laboratory conditions. It was observed that test animals fed with the decomposed leaves of A. marina had higher assimilation efficiency (87.96%), gross growth efficiency (10.82%), net growth efficiency (12.3%) and relative growth rate (0.0603 g/day) than those fed with A. officinalis. The relatively higher growth registered in the animals fed with decomposed leaves of A. marina was attributed to its high calorific and protein content.

Chemoreception studies in relation to feeding responses in the marine shrimps H. Milne Edwards (Penaeus indicus) and Miers (Metapenaeus dobsonii)

A study of chemoreception in relation to feeding and other factors involved showed that feeding behavior in shrimps can be triggered by chemical stimuli. However, Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus dobsoni differ significantly in their chemotactic response to different stimuli.

Dietary cholesterol requirement of larvae and postlarvae of the prawn Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

Two sets of experiments were conducted to determine the dietary cholesterol requirement of larvae and postlarvae 1-10 of Penaeus indicus. Seven approximately isocaloric and isonitrogenous purified experimental diets were tried with graded levels of cholesterol ranging from 0 to 4%. The control feed for larvae and postlarvae 1-10 were phytoplankton and compounded feed NPCL-17, developed by CMFRI, Cochin respectively. Result of these experiments indicates that cholesterol is an essential nutrient in the diet of larvae and postlarvae 1-10. Survival and growth of larvae and postlarvae 1-10 were greatly affected by cholesterol deficiency in the diet. The optimal cholesterol requirement for larvae appeared to be 0.5% of the diet, while it was higher for postlarvae where inclusion of cholesterol at a level of 2% in the diet gave higher growth.

Comparison of growth and conversion efficiency of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards) juveniles fed with formulated and commercial feeds

A nutritional study was carried out to know the feasibility of formulated and commercial feeds on the growth of juveniles of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. Best relative growth rate was observed for feed 1 followed by feeds 2 and 3. Animals fed with feed 1 showed higher production than the other feeds. Higher assimilation efficiency was noticed in the animals provided with feeds 5 and 4. Higher gross and net growth efficiencies were observed in the animals offered feed 1. Among the commercial feeds, feed 3 may considered to be suitable alternative to feed 1.

Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards, 1837: a summary of the conclusions from the fishing exploratory surveys between 1979 and 1837 at Sofala Bank, Mozambique

From 1979 to 1983, several surveys were carried out with research and fishing vessels at Sofala Bank in Mozambique. Their main objective was the assessment of shallow water prawn stocks, as this resource is of great economic importance for the country. A summary of the conclusions of these surveys regarding the species Penaeus indicus is presented. During the rainy season the species occurs closer to the shore than during the dry season. Estimates of biomass are very variable. The spawning peak seems to occur at the beginning of the rainy season (September-October). The spawning areas are located very close to the shore in the northern part of Sofala Bank and South of 17 degree 10'S in the 15-25 m depth interval.

Preliminary study on the rearing of Chilka prawn ('Kantala') Penaeus indicus H. Milne-Edwards in the brackish water ponds at Keshpur (Orissa)

Results of experimental rearing of Penaeus indicus without supplemental feeding in unfertilized brackish water ponds in fore-shore of Chilka lake are presented in this paper. Higher rate of survival was recorded where advanced juveniles were stocked and lower rate of survival was recorded where early juveniles were stocked. The average growth rate recorded from the rearing experiments was higher than the average growth rate of Penaeus indicus recorded from the adjoining Chilka Lake which indicates the promising future of prawn farming in and around the lake. Analysis of gut contents revealed that Penaeus indicus could efficiently utilise algal and higher plant matter present in the ponds. No noticeable differences in daily growth rates were noticed between early and advanced juveniles in rearing experiments.

Survival, maturation, fecundity and hatching rates of unablated and ablated Penaeus indicus H.M. Edwards from brackishwater ponds

Penaeus indicus harvested after three months of rearing in brackishwater ponds and averaging 6.9 g for females and 5.6 g for males were stocked in two 12 cu m flowthrough ferrocement tanks at 240 females and 200 males per tank. The females were ablated on one eyestalk in one tank and remained unablated in the other tank; all males were unablated. Ablated females spawned up to 7 times per female; unablated females spawned up to only 3 times during the two month duration of the experiment. Ablated females produced a total number of 17.5 x 10⁶ eggs, 6.6 x 10⁶ nauplii, and an average of 23,480 eggs/spawning and 37.8% hatching rate from a total of 757 spawnings. Unablated females produced a total of 2.0 x 10⁶ eggs, 1.1 x 10⁶ nauplii, and an average of 26.990 eggs/spawning and 53.9% hatching rate from a total of 74 spawnings. Survival of ablated females was 53.5% compared to 69.4% for unablated females; males in both tanks averaged more than 90% survival.

Differentiation of subspecies of asiatic striped squirrels (Tamiops swinhoei) (Milne-Edwards) (Rodentia : Sciuridae) in China with description of a new subspecies

Based on the pelage characteristics and results of multivariate and univariate analyses, a new subspecies is described in this study, and a taxonomic revision of Tamiops swinhoei from China is presented. In total, 123 specimens of Tamiops swinhoei were in

Geographic variation of Chevrier's field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri) (Milne-Edwards, 1868) (Muridae : Murinae) from southwestern China based on cranial morphometric variables

Geographic variation of Chevrier's field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri) (Milne-Edwards, 1868) (Muridae: Murinae) from southwestern China based on cranial morphometric variables. Zoological Studies 47(4): 393-401. A sample of 134 specimens of Apodemus chevrieri was investigated in the present study. Individuals were divided into male and female groups, and these were respectively subjected to multivariate analysis. Results indicated that 3 geographic populations of A. chevrieri inhabit southwestern China: a Sichuan population in western Sichuan Province; a northwestern Yunnan population ranging from northwestern Yunnan Province eastward to southern Sichuan Province; and a central Yunnan population in central Yunnan Province. In addition, a coefficient of difference analysis was performed among these 3 geographic populations. The results suggested that these 3 geographical populations of A. chevrieri belonged to 2 subspecies. Furthermore, we discuss the relationships of the subspecific differentiation of A. chevneri with changes in latitude in southwestern China.

Geographic variation of the Perny's Long-nosed squirrels (Dremomys pernyi) (Milne-Edwards, 1867) (Rodentia : Sciuridae) from southwestern China based on cranial morphometric variables

A sample of 114 specimens of Dremomys pernyi was investigated, 73 of which had intact skulls and were subjected to multivariate, coefficient of difference (C. D.), and cluster analyses. Results indicate that 4 subspecies (groups) of Dremomys pernyi inhabi

The effects of CpG-C oligodeoxynucleotides on innate immune responses in Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can stimulate the immune system, and therefore are widely used as a therapeutic vaccination and immune adjuvant in human. In the present study, CpG-C, a combination of A- and B-class ODN, was injected into Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis at three doses (0.1, 1 and 10 mu g crab-1), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, activities of total intracellular phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme-like activities, the mRNA transcripts of EsproPO, EsCrustin and EsALF were assayed to evaluate its modulating effects on the immune system of crab. The ROS levels in all treated and control groups were significantly increased from 6 to 24 h, except that ROS in 0.1 mu g CpG-C-treated crabs was comparable to that of the blank at 6 h. The PO activity was significantly enhanced and EsproPO transcripts were down-regulated (P < 0.01) at 6 h after the injection of 0.1 mu g CpG-C, with no significant changes in the other dosage treatments. The lysozyme-like activities and EsCrustin transcripts in the CpG-C-treatment groups were significantly higher than those of controls. The mRNA expression of EsALF remained almost constant in all the groups during the treatment. These results collectively suggested that CpG-C could activate the immune responses of E. sinensis, and might be used as a novel immunostimulant for disease control in crabs.