Molecular Validation of the Schizophrenia Spectrum

Background: Early descriptive work and controlled family and adoption studies support the hypothesis that a range of personality and nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders aggregate in families of schizophrenic probands. Can we validate, using molecular polygene scores from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), this schizophrenia spectrum? Methods: The predictive value of polygenic findings reported by the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) was applied to 4 groups of relatives from the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families (ISHDSF; N = s) differing on their assignment within the schizophrenia spectrum. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data for affected and unaffected relatives were used to construct per-individual polygene risk scores based on the PGC stage-I results. We compared mean polygene scores in the ISHDSF with mean scores in ethnically matched population controls (N = 929). Results: The schizophrenia polygene score differed significantly across diagnostic categories and was highest in those with narrow schizophrenia spectrum, lowest in those with no psychiatric illness, and in-between in those classified in the intermediate, broad, and very broad schizophrenia spectrum. Relatives of all of these groups of affected subjects, including those with no diagnosis, had schizophrenia polygene scores significantly higher than the control sample. Conclusions: In the relatives of high-density families, the observed pattern of enrichment of molecular indices of schizophrenia risk suggests an underlying, continuous liability distribution and validates, using aggregate common risk alleles, a genetic basis for the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In addition, as predicted by genetic theory, nonpsychotic members of multiply-affected schizophrenia families are significantly enriched for replicated, polygenic risk variants compared with the general population.

Polarisabilities of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids

The molar polarisability and molar volume for 71 ionic liquids were extracted from 157 measurements of their refractive index and density, which were then further deconstructed into atomic contributions by means of a Designed Regression analysis. Using this approach, the density and refractive index for any chosen ionic liquid with alkyl-substituted imidazolium cations can be predicted in good agreement with experimental data.

Undergraduate Student Anxiety-Management in Academia: Appraising the Value of Services and Strategies

This study explored strategies that Brock University undergraduate students value the most for managing anxiety in academia. Although previous literature indicates services and techniques such as academic advising, physical activity, and educator engagement help students, few if any have ranked students’ perceived value of anxiety-management strategies. The researcher recruited 54 undergraduate student participants (primarily from the Department of Community Health Sciences) through online invitation. Participants completed an online survey to rate their previous experience with anxiety-management strategies discussed in the literature. Survey findings identified the 4 most valuable resources students used to manage anxiety in academia: (a) educators who post academic material posted online (e.g., on Sakai) early in the term, (b) physical activity, (c) socialization, and (d) breaking large assignments into smaller portions. Conversely, student participants found disability services, counseling, and medication to be the least valuable resources. Results suggest higher-education facilities should ensure that the most valuable services are readily available to students seeking them. The study contributes to the field by identifying a broad set of strategies that students find highly valuable in their management of academic related anxiety.

Nuevas epistemologías en formación del profesorado : repensando las conexiones entre las asignaturas del campus y las experiencias de prácticas en la formación del profesorado en la universidad.

Se presenta uno de los problemas centrales de las universidades y centros de educación superior en la formación inicial del profesorado durante muchos años: la desconexión entre los componentes de los programas ofrecidos en el campus y la escuela. Primero, se parte de la propia experiencia del autor como educador y administrador de maestros durante los últimos treinta y tantos años en la Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison; así como de la literatura para mostrar varias dimensiones de este tema. Luego, se utiliza el concepto de "hibridad" y "tercer espacio". El trabajo de crear espacios híbridos en la formación del profesorado representa un cambio de paradigma en la epistemología de los programas de formación del profesorado; dado que el conocimiento académico y práctico y el conocimiento que existe en la comunidad, convergen en nuevas formas menos jerárquicas del aprendizaje del profesorado.

Greyfur : the story of a rabbit.

Greyfur es un conejo que pace pacíficamente al sol del verano en el Gran bosque con sus pequeños hijos que juegan alegremente. De pronto, un ruido cercano le sobresalta. Ha visto una comadreja que merodea cerca de éstos, por lo que Greyfur se lanza a protegerlos de este feroz depredador. Al final del libro, hay información sobre animales y plantas que aparecen en la historia y, además se proponen actividades para que los niños aprendan a conocer algunos aspectos de la vida salvaje.

Dialéctica de la socialización del profesor.

Se analiza la bibliografía sobre la socialización de los profesores, con atención especial a la socialización durante la experiencia de prácticas de enseñanza. Se rechaza la idea de que esta socialización es un proceso donde el neófito es una entidad pasiva sometida a la influencia institucional. Al contrario, se presenta como un proceso dialéctico que supone una interacción continua entre los individuos y las instituciones en las que son socializados. Se aportan pruebas extraídas de estudios sobre socialización médica y de estudios recientes sobre socialización de profesores en formación. Trata también las consecuencias que pueden derivarse de esta hipótesis dialéctica sobre la socialización de los profesores para sus formadores y para investigaciones futuras sobre socialización.

La escuela como centro del cambio.

Se presenta la idea de que sean los educadores en sus escuelas los que lleven a cabo los cambios importantes en el sistema educativo. Se pretende defender la idea de que la escuela es al mismo tiempo objetivo y protagonista del cambio y la mejora educativa, a pesar de la importancia de los recursos y los colectivos que rodean las escuelas. Esta idea se desarrolla a través de la epistemología, la teoría de la organización social y la experiencia empírica. Para atender la dinámica de estos cambios se expone la estructura y la función de las escuelas como organizaciones sociales. Y, por último, se discuten las implicaciones prácticas que tienen estos cambios en las escuelas.

Enseñanza reflexiva y experiencias de aula en la formación del profesorado.

Desde el siglo XIX hasta ahora se ha producido una evolución importante y ha habido gran controversia sobre la forma en que se debería preparar al profesorado. En medio de este debate, ha existido un área de formación del profesorado que, hasta hace poco tiempo, ha permanecido en gran parte sin cuestionar: la de experiencias prácticas basadas en el aula. Hoy en día está extendida la creencia de que este tipo de experiencias son un componente necesario y útil en los programas de formación inicial del profesorado y hay una tendencia a incrementar estas experiencias en la formación de los profesores. Aunque, un análisis del mundo no puede suplir de ninguna forma el cambio efectivo de éste. Puede, por el contrario, contribuir a tal fin. Dado el actual impacto de la experiencia directa, conseguir que los profesores en formación piensen en su trabajo de forma más reflexiva es un primer paso importante si durante este periodo de formación, antes de incorporarse los profesores aceptan el racionalismo tecnocrático existente en las escuelas para poder sobrevivir, estarán mejor preparados para resistir antes los futuros problemas que surjan.

Thabo Meli revisited : the pernicious effects of results-driven decisions

Despite the hackneyed expression that ‘judges should interpret the law and not make it’, the fact remains that there is some scope within the separation of powers doctrine for the courts to develop the common law incrementally. To this extent, the courts can effectively legislate, but only to this limited extent if they are to respect the separation of powers doctrine. On occasion, however, the courts have usurped the power entrusted to Parliament, and particularly so in instances where a strict application of the existing law would lead to results that offend their personal notions of what is fair and just. When this occurs, the natural consequence is that lawyers, academics and the public in general lose respect for both the judges involved as well as the adversarial system of criminal justice. In order to illustrate this point, attention will focus on the case of Thabo Meli v United Kingdom in which the Privy Council, mistakenly believing that it could not reach its desired outcome through a strict application of the common law rule of temporal coincidence, emasculated the rule beyond recognition in order to convict the accused. Moreover, the discussion to follow will demonstrate that not only was the court wrong in its belief that the case involved the doctrine of temporal coincidence, but the same result would have been achieved had the Council correctly identified the issue as one of legal causation and correctly applied the principles relating thereto.

Biodiversity conservation in human-modified Amazonian forest landscapes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Thrombin-Receptor Antagonist Vorapaxar in Acute Coronary Syndromes

BACKGROUND Vorapaxar is a new oral protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) antagonist that inhibits thrombin-induced platelet activation. METHODS In this multinational, double-blind, randomized trial, we compared vorapaxar with placebo in 12,944 patients who had acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. The primary end point was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, recurrent ischemia with rehospitalization, or urgent coronary revascularization. RESULTS Follow-up in the trial was terminated early after a safety review. After a median follow-up of 502 days (interquartile range, 349 to 667), the primary end point occurred in 1031 of 6473 patients receiving vorapaxar versus 1102 of 6471 patients receiving placebo (Kaplan-Meier 2-year rate, 18.5010 vs. 19.9%; hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.01; P=0.07). A composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke occurred in 822 patients in the vorapaxar group versus 910 in the placebo group (14.7% and 16.4%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.98; P=0.02). Rates of moderate and severe bleeding were 7.2% in the vorapaxar group and 5.2% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.58; P<0.001). Intracranial hemorrhage rates were 1.1% and 0.2%, respectively (hazard ratio, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.78 to 6.45; P<0.001). Rates of nonhemorrhagic adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with acute coronary syndromes, the addition of vorapaxar to standard therapy did not significantly reduce the primary composite end point but significantly increased the risk of major bleeding, including intracranial hemorrhage. (Funded by Merck; TRACER ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00527943.)

Space and Motion Perception and Discomfort in Air Travel

RAMOS RT, MATTOS DA, REBOUCAS ITS, RANVAUD RD. Space and motion perception and discomfort in air travel. Aviat Space Environ Med 2012; 83:1162-6. Introduction: The perception of comfort during air trips is determined by several factors. External factors like cabin design and environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, air pressure, noise, and vibration) interact with individual characteristics (anxiety traits, fear of flying, and personality) from arrival at the airport to landing at the destination. In this study, we investigated the influence of space and motion discomfort (SMD), fear of heights, and anxiety on comfort perception during all phases of air travel. Methods: We evaluated 51 frequent air travelers through a modified version of the Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire (FAS), in which new items were added and where the subjects were asked to report their level of discomfort or anxiety (not fear) for each phase of air travel (Chronbach's alpha = 0.974). Correlations were investigated among these scales: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAB, Cohen's Acrophobia Questionnaire, and the Situational Characteristics Questionnaire (SitQ, designed to estimate SMD levels). Results: Scores of SitQ correlated with discomfort in situations involving space and movement perception (Pearson's rho = 0.311), while discomfort was associated with cognitive mechanisms related to scores in the anxiety scales (Pearson's rho = 0.375). Anxiety traits were important determinants of comfort perception before and after flight, while the influence of SMD was more significant during the time spent in the aircraft cabin. Discussion: SMD seems to be an important modulator of comfort perception in air travel. Its influence on physical well being and probably on cognitive performance, with possible effects on flight safety, deserves further investigation.