Who has really paid for the Reconstruction of East Germany? Expected and Realized Returns on Real Estate Investments in East and West Germany in the 1990s

We evaluate the profitability of investments in residential property in Germany after unification with a focus on the comparison of East and West Germany. Calculations are carried out for (1) the after-tax return an investor might have expected at the beginning of the 1990s, and (2) the after-tax return that has been realized ten years after. We compare a set of statistical data for investments in fifty major cities by using complete financial budgeting. The results show that tax subsidies could not always protect investors from losing money, but they have boosted realized returns after tax considerably. Therefore, it was indeed the taxpayers, not the investors, who have borne the cost of reconstructing East Germany.

Political Efficacy and Voter Turnouts in East and West Germany

This article asks if voters' participation in federal elections is lower in the new Länder (East Germany) than in the old Länder (West Germany). It is assumed that voters in the new Länder are less convinced they can influence politics by voting. Using the perspective of cognitive psychology the article stresses differences in individual interpretations of the election context among citizens of both the new and old Länder. Furthermore, it is argued that the strength of the expected influence by voting depends on the structure and direction of individuals' beliefs in their competence and control as well as their belief in causality and self-efficacy. These beliefs may differ among voters in the new and old Länder. For empirical analysis, the article uses data from the German General Social Survey 1998.

Late Pleistocene Interactions of East and West Antarctic Ice-Flow Regimes: Evidence from the McMurdo Ice Shelf

We present new interpretations of deglaciation in McMurdo Sound and the western Ross Sea, with observationally based reconstructions of interactions between East and West Antarctic ice at the last glacial maximum (LGM), 16 000, 12 000, 8000 and 4000 sp. At the LGM? East Antarctic ice from Mulock Glacier split, one branch turned westward south of Ross Island but the other branch rounded Ross Island before flowing southwest into McMurdo Sound. This flow regime, constrained by an ice saddle north of Ross Island, is consistent with the reconstruction of Stuiver and others (1981a). After the LGM, grounding-line retreat was most rapid in areas with greatest water depth, especially along the Victoria Land coast. By 12 000 sp, the ice-now regime in McMurdo Sound changed to through-flowing Mulock Glacier ice, with lesser contributions from Koettlitz, Blue and Ferrar Glaciers, because the former ice saddle north of Ross Island was replaced by a dome. The modern flew regime was established similar to 4000 BP. Ice derived from high elevations on the Polar Plateau but now stranded on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, and the pattern of the Transantarctic Mountains erratics support our reconstructions of Mulock Glacier ice rounding Minna Bluff but with all ice from Skelton Glacier ablating south of the bluff. They are inconsistent with Drewry's (1979) LGM reconstruction that includes Skelton Glacier ice in the McMurdo-Sound through-flow. Drewry's (1979) model closely approximates our results for 12 000-4000 BP. Ice-sheet modeling holds promise for determining whether deglaciation proceeded by grounding-line retreat of an ice sheet that was largely stagnant, because it never approached equilibrium flowline profiles after the Ross Ice Shelf, grounded, or of a dynamic ice sheet with flowline profiles kept low by active ice streams that extended northward from present-day outlet glaciers after the Ross Ice Shelf grounded.

Biomass of invertebrate bycatch on the East- and West-Greenland shelf during Walther Herwig III cruise WH379

The study on invertebrate communities in East- and West-Greenland shelf waters was embedded in a fisheries survey carried out during the 379th expedition of the German fisheries vessel Walther Herwig III of the Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany. The aim of the study was a coarse classification of the bycatch comprising macrobenthic organisms. On the one hand the marine ecosystem of this area provides food for commercially valuable fish stocks and plays, potentially an important role in the remineralisation of nutrients. On the other hand it experiences stress by traditional bottom trawling as well as anthropogenic and natural climate variability. As a consequence the study can provide a baseline to detect further changes in the composition of this component of a sub-arctic marine ecosystem.

I-90, St.Regis east and west, Mineral County : environmental impact statement.

F only available in microfiche.

East and west through fifteen centuries; being a general history from B.C. 44 to A.D. 1453,

No more published.

East and west.: A novel.

Mode of access: Internet.

The marine practice of physic and surgery : including that in the hot countries, particulary useful to all who visit the east and west Indies, or the coast of Africa, to which is added Pharmacopoeia marina ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

The marine practice of physic and surgery : including that in the hot countries, particulary useful to all who visit the east and west Indies, or the coast of Africa, to which is added Pharmacopoeia marina ... /

Contiene con pag. propia : Pharmacopoeia marina in usum regii classis britannici.