988 resultados para Drought resistance
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C'est pour ces motifs que, par de precedentes recherches, on a etudie les reactions de plantes jeunes au stress, qui puissent indiques le potentiel de tolerance a la secheresse des materiels genetiques adultes, a l'instar de ce qui a ete fait avec d'autres especes. Etant donne le manque d'infrastructure locale, la plus grande partie des recherches a ete executee sur de plantes jeunes en France sans qu'il ait ete possible de verifier la correspondance de ces reponses chez des palmiers adultes dans les condition de secheresse naturelle, ce qui constitue l'objectif principal du present travail.
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160 p. (Bibliogr. 141-160)
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本文以不同水分胁迫下的四种禾本科牧草(羊草、冰草、洽草、糙隐子草)为对象,比较研究了水分胁迫对植物的生理生态损伤,以及植物的渗透调节、内源保护酶系统与水分胁迫的关系。 结果表明:水分胁迫对植物造成一定的影响/伤害,表现在相对含水量、高度、生物量、总叶绿素、总糖及蛋白质含量均降低。在同一水分胁迫梯度时,植物的保水能力以羊草最高,糙隐子草、冰草次之,洽草最低。参与渗透调节的物质以K+、游离非必须氨基酸为主;以Na+,游离必须氨基酸、糖为辅,不同植物渗透调节物质不同。供试植物的渗透调节能力以羊草最强。 在水分胁迫下,植物细胞膜的脂质过氧化程度降低,说明这几种植物具有较强的内源保护酶系统,表现在SOD、POD活性明显增高;ASA和还原性糖的缓慢变化。说明在水分胁迫下植物通过维持较高的保护酶活性,以减轻膜脂过氧化作用和膜的损伤。保护酶系统中的各组分所起的作用与物种有关。在供试植物中冰草、隐子草的这种保护能力强于羊草、洽草。渗透调节和内源保护酶系统或其一可能是这四种牧草具较强抗旱性的原因之一。
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为了挖掘和利用野生资源抗旱和高光效的有益基因性状,本研究针对野生种的抗旱生理性状、光合作用和抗旱关系进行了测定,同时利用野生稻和栽培稻远缘杂交获得不同光合特点的后代材料进行了胁迫反应试验,并以栽培稻(陆稻和水稻)为材料研究了抗旱反应中根系的激素信号变化。旨在明确水分胁迫条件下,水稻不同野生种对干旱反应的差异及其机理,以及进一步鉴定有效的抗旱指标,为今后育种和生产实践提供理论依据和指导。主要结果如下: 1.通过对具有不同抗旱性状的四个野生种O.Granulata、O.Alta、O,Officinalis、O.Latifolia水分胁迫处理的抗旱相关生理性状的变化特点的研究表明:(1)在胁迫早期,野生种间黎明前叶片水势没有明显的差别,随着胁迫加剧,种间差异显示明显。耐旱性弱的野生种(O.Granulata、O.Latifolia)黎明前叶片水势和中午水势下降幅度大于耐旱性强的野生种( O.Alta、O.Officinalis)。这表明在一定的干旱处理程度下,黎明前叶片水势和中午水势可以反映出不同种间植株忍受干旱胁迫的能力。(2)四个野生种的植株在轻微胁迫时,膜稳定性呈现出增强的趋势,这可能与干旱胁迫的适应性相关。随着胁迫时间的延长,胁迫程度的加重,叶片膜稳定性破坏,植株叶片渗漏率增加。(3)在胁迫条件下,不同野生种表现出茎杆中糖分增加,叶片的光合酶和光合速率下降,且抗旱性弱的品种这种变化比抗旱性强的品种更加明显。这可能是由于干旱处理降低了同化物的运转和淀粉合成,导致了糖分积累。(4)在水分胁迫条件下,植株中的ABA浓度增加而IAA浓度下降,其中ABA的浓度增加与种间的抗旱性相关。抗旱性差(O.Granulata、O.Latifolia)的野生种叶片ABA浓度增加幅度高于抗旱性强的野生种(O.Alta、O.Officinalis)。Officinalis和Alta在水分胁迫下,仍比Granulata 和Latifolia具有较高的分蘖,这可能与其在胁迫下具有较高GA3浓度有关。 2.通过对20个野生种叶片膜电解质泄漏率的比较,研究其叶片细胞膜稳定性的特点表明,46℃的温度,水浴时间24小时是较适宜的条件。在适宜的处理条件下,Longistaminata、Punctata渗漏率较低,表明其具有良好的膜稳定性:O. Officinalis、O.Glumaepatula、O.Glaberrima,O.Latifolia、Meridionalis、Rufipogon (105697)、100889、Nivara (80683)、Sativa( IR-36)电解质泄漏率居中在60-80%;O.Alta、Rampur6、Azucena、Rufipogon (105599)、Bartlic、Rufipogon(104640)、105429、Minuta (101099)、HP4的渗漏值均较高,表明其膜稳定性较差,尤其是Minuta。此外,叶片光合速率和叶片膜稳定性的关系并不完全一致,在育种时应选择光合速率较高而叶片膜稳定性好的品种,O.Longistaminata因其具有较高的光合速率和较好的膜稳定性,是一个值得关注的材料。 3.研究了栽培稻(Oryza sativa)和普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)的杂种后代F3,即:Azucena×Rampur6杂交得到的Fi植株(25007-10),通过自交得到其F3代植株,在水分胁迫下不同光合速率类型植株以及相关的抗旱生理特点。结果表明, (1)光合速率高的株系黎明前叶片水势下降较大,而中午叶片水势下降却较小:光合速率低的株系黎明前叶片水势下降幅度较小,而中午叶片水势下降幅度却较大,这表明水分胁迫下,植株中午叶片水势与植株的光合速率密切相关。(2)在轻微水分胁迫下(缓慢干旱0-40天),所有株系经受抗旱锻炼的植株,其叶片渗漏率均下降,膜稳定性增强;随着胁迫时间延长(胁迫后40-80天)其叶片泄漏值上升,这可能是由于:水分胁迫下通过植株的渗透调节能力,使得叶片中累积的有机溶质增加:且干旱胁迫使得叶片的质膜破坏,电解质外渗,相对电导率提高。 (3)水分胁迫下,从不同光合速率类型的植株,其光合速率的变化看:高光合速率类型的植株,在水分胁迫下光合速率的下降幅度,要大于光合速率较低类型的植株。在水分胁迫下,SHPl-2株系后代比SHPl-1株系具有较强的抗旱性,能维持较高的光合速率。 (4)在水分胁迫下,不同光合速率的株系,其气孔阻抗均增加:低光合速率的株系,气孔阻抗上升幅度大于高光合速率类型的株系,并且其气孔阻抗上升的时间要早于高光合速率的株系。 4.研究了两个陆稻品种Azucena、IRAT104和两个水稻品种IR64、Salumpikit,在干旱胁迫下根系木质部汁液中内源激素的变化。(1)干旱复水后不同时间进程中,各品种木质部汁液内源激素的变化看,IRAT104和Salumpikit木质部汁液中ABA含量迅速降低,其下降幅度较大。说明ABA作为胁迫信号,通过木质部汁液传递干旱信息;在干旱胁迫解除后,ABA的浓度亦发生相应的变化。(2)在对根系施加不同压力后,测定其木质部汁液内源激素变化,结果表明:在不同的根系压力下,不同品种间(IR64、Salumpikit、IRAT104和Azucena) 木质部汁液中GA3含量变化较大,其中两个陆稻品种IRAT104和Azucena均较高,两个水稻品种IR64和Salumpikit均较低。这表明,在不同的压力下,陆稻品种(Azucena和IRAT104)比水稻品种(IR64和Salumpikit)具有较高的GA3含量;在胁迫条件下,维持较高的GA3含量,这有利于其维持正常的生长发育。(3)在干旱胁迫及复水过程中,根据木质部汁液中ABA和GA3含量变化的结果表明,虽然Azucena和IRAT104均属于陆稻品种,但二者的抗旱性不同。(4)水稻品种木质部汁液的pH值高于陆稻品种。木质部汁液中pH在干旱胁迫下升高,复水后又降低,其可作为干旱胁迫的一个信号,它与木质部汁液中ABA联合调节植株对干旱的生理生化反应。 上述结果表明,叶片水势与水分胁迫密切相关,可作为植株抗旱性的鉴定指标;抗旱性强的品种,叶片水势下降幅度小,有利于维持较高的水势,保证植株生长发育的需要。严重干旱使得所有品种的质膜稳定性降低,电解质外渗,相对电导率提高;抗旱性强的品种的质膜伤害程度小,电导率上升幅度小,表明其质膜稳定性好,对干旱的忍耐能力强。质膜稳定性的变化实际上反映了品种的耐旱性,所以是一种综合而又比较准确的抗旱鉴定指标。对于酶和激素的测定方法,由于操作比较烦琐,且数据分析和产量比较复杂等原因,不太适合于常规的大田选育工作中。水稻的抗旱性是多种生理生化变化综合作用的结果,因此进行水稻抗旱性鉴定时,不能使用单一的生理生化指标,而应对多个指标进行综合分析,依据综合值对水稻品种的抗旱性进行评价较为科学。
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利用400Gy 60Co γ射线处理87070谷子品系干种子,选育出辐谷7号新品种。该品种具有株型紧凑、茎秆矮、高产抗旱优质并且适应种植地区广等特点。2002年2月通过陕西省农作物品种审定委员会审定,截止2008年在黄土高原地区累计推广10.8万hm2。
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抗氧化防御系统在植物抗旱中发挥着极大的作用。本试验采用PEG胁迫和叶片35℃烘干处理的方法,研究了模拟干旱胁迫条件下蚕豆叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性变化。结果表明,三种抗氧化酶随胁迫时间的延长活性升高;随胁迫程度增加SOD活性活性降低,POD和CAT活性变化规律性不明显。总体而言,SOD活性对胁迫的耐受性更强。
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本文以笔者研究组多年研究结果为基础,以玉米为主要参比作物,就干旱逆境下高粱的产量表现、水分利用及抗旱特性进行了论述。认为高粱是一种综合抗旱能力很强的作物,尤其具有低耗水、高水分利用效率特性,其耐旱性显著高于玉米,也高于谷子和苜蓿,属于一种典型的模式抗旱作物,具有重要的生产和研究价值。指出高粱作为抗逆性很强的粮饲酿兼用作物,特别是作为一种能源植物,仍具良好的发展前景。建议今后在降水量低于450mm、热量可满足生长的地区扩大高粱种植面积,同时加强对其整体抗旱性机理及抗旱基因组的研究。
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系统分析农田抗旱管理与相应措施对黄土高原半干旱区社会和经济的协调健康发展以及粮食安全具有重要意义。黄土高原半干旱区干旱发生的特点决定了农田抗旱管理的复杂性和艰巨性。论文阐述了农田抗旱管理中防、抗与避三种措施的主要内容,并就农田抗旱管理系统进行了介绍。认为通过建立完善的农业技术推广服务体系和针对地区特点的抗旱管理措施,是半干旱区农业可持续发展一项重要而积极的对策,不仅需要从资金和政策上给予扶持和倾斜,更需要在管理机制上予以重视。
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植物抗旱节水生物学是发展旱地农业和缺水区农业的重要学科基础,当前面临的主要问题包括:在研究路线上,如何正确处理分子水平研究与整体性研究之间的关系,以促进两者的互补;在研究目标上,如何做到抗旱性、水分利用效率、产量性状的有效结合,以实现高产高效;在研究成果应用中,如何切实加强学科交叉,以尽快取得实际效果。在论述上述问题的同时,对当前半干旱和半湿润地区与抗旱节水生物学有关的几个实践中的科技难点作了介绍,并提出建议。
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采用2种不同夏玉米基因型(陕单9号,抗旱品种;陕单911,不抗旱品种)的盆栽试验,研究了长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对各生育期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量的影响,旨在从光合生理特性揭示这些因子的抗旱机理。结果表明,长期水分胁迫下叶片净光合速率,蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度(除成熟期)和叶绿素含量显著降低,不抗旱品种降幅更甚。抗旱品种的净光合速率和叶绿素含量大于不抗旱品种,而蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度则相反。两品种苗期光合作用较弱,净光合速率和叶绿素含量均较低,抽雄期达到高峰。施氮能不同程度降低水分胁迫下玉米叶片的蒸腾速率,增加叶绿素含量.提高净光合速率,从而减缓水分胁迫对光合作用的伤害。随氮肥用量增加,不抗旱品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著升高,蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度明显降低,两种氮肥用量间有显著差异;抗旱品种在低氮用量时效果显著,但高低氮用量间无显著区别。钾对受水分胁迫的玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果。相反,在适量供水条件下,氮、钾肥的作用明显下降。以上结果表明,适当用量的氮、钾肥可以有效地改善水分胁迫下作物叶片的光合特性,从而增强作物的抗旱性。
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为了探明施氮量对黄土旱塬区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)籽粒产量和麦田土壤水分动态的影响规律,以抗旱性冬小麦品种长武58为供试材料,于2006~2008年连续两个年度在陕西省长武县对不同施氮量条件下麦田土壤贮水量动态、耗水规律、小麦产量和夏闲期降水补给率等特征进行研究。结果表明,麦田土壤贮水量随季节和降水明显变化,同一生育时期2.7m土层的土壤贮水量基本随施氮量的增加而减少。偏旱年每公顷施氮300kg和平水年每公顷施氮225kg均能够获得当年最大的籽粒产量和水分利用效率。每公顷施氮75kg和225kg均能在夏闲期获得较大的降水补给率。每公顷施氮225kg更有利于黄土旱塬区冬小麦的高产和稳产。
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研究干旱对小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力的影响,揭示小麦抗旱高产的生理机制,为提高小麦的抗旱能力及高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】在防雨池栽培条件下,以旱地冬小麦品种长武134(抗旱性强)和水地冬小麦品种陕253(抗旱性弱)为试材,以适宜水分处理为对照(CK,土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%~75%),研究干旱处理(土壤含水量为田间持水量的50%~55%)对不同冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应速率(净光合速率和蔗糖合成能力)和供应持续期的影响。【结果】与对照相比,干旱处理降低了冬小麦灌浆中后期旗叶净光合速率,缩短了净光合速率高值持续期(PAD),其中长武134降幅较小,净光合速率较高;干旱处理提高了冬小麦灌浆初期旗叶的蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,其中长武134增幅较大,且在灌浆中后期依然能保持相对较高的蔗糖供应能力;干旱处理缩短了冬小麦叶绿素含量缓降期(RSP),提高了丙二醛(MDA)含量,加速了旗叶的衰老,缩短了光合产物的供应持续期,其中长武134受干旱影响较小;干旱处理降低了冬小麦灌浆中后期主茎穗粒质量积累量及其速率,其中长武134降幅较小。【结论】干旱条件下,抗旱品种长武134旗叶在灌浆中后期可维持较高的光合产物...
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干旱条件下培育人工植被,采取适当的抗旱措施是必不可少的,其中作为植物生长发育所需水分、营养的载体,土壤是显著的可调控对象,对其合理处置与抗旱有着密切的关系。以土蓄水、抑制蒸发、改良土壤、培肥地力等有利于对有限水分的利用。提高土壤抗旱性的综合措施包括土壤耕作、土壤培肥、土壤覆盖、防止水分深层渗漏等方面。在气候暖化的背景下,为增强土壤抗旱措施的效果,提高其技术水平,分析了与蓄水、保水、集水以及用水有关的土壤抗旱方式及其特点。在综合述评的基础上,还讨论了土壤抗旱措施的技术应用问题和需要研究的主要方面。
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干旱胁迫是全球范围内影响植物生存、生长和分布的重要环境因子。岷江上游干旱河谷区,由于生态环境的脆弱性和长期人类活动的干扰和过度利用,导致植被严重退化,水土流失加剧,山地灾害频繁,干旱化和荒漠化趋势明显。这种趋势若不能遏制,将严重阻碍区域社会经济的快速协调发展,并且威胁成都平原地区的发展和长江中下游地区的生态安全。因而开展干旱河谷生态恢复研究成为解决这些问题的关键。水分匮乏是限制干旱河谷生态恢复的关键因子,在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱胁迫在区域尺度上可能会更加严重,并使干旱河谷的生态环境更加恶化。因此,深入研究干旱河谷乡土植物对干旱胁迫的响应和适应机理,具有非常重要的理论和实践意义。 本论文以岷江上游干旱河谷的三种乡土豆科灌木,白刺花(Sophora davidii)、小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla)和小雀花(Campylotropics polyantha)理论和实践意义。为研究对象,在人工控制条件下设计了4-5个连续性干旱胁迫处理,系统地研究了灌木幼苗的生长、生物量积累和水分利用效率(WUE)、形态结构和生理过程等对干旱胁迫的反应,揭示了幼苗的干旱适应能力及种间差异。主要研究结论如下: 1) 灌木生长和繁殖对干旱胁迫的反应 在干旱胁迫下,幼苗生长速率显著减小,叶片衰老和脱落比率增大,这些变化随着胁迫强度的增加具有累积效应。叶片比茎对干旱胁迫的反应更敏感。在严重干旱胁迫下,幼苗的有性繁殖被限制,但在中等程度干旱胁迫下,幼苗的有性繁殖能力被提高。 2) 灌木生物量积累及其分配和WUE对干旱胁迫的反应 在干旱胁迫下,灌木各器官的生物量都显著减小,但是生物量的分配侧重于地下部分,使得根茎比在干旱条件下增大。幼苗的耗水量(WU)随着干旱胁迫的增加而显著减少。白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲WUE在干旱胁迫下降低;小雀花的WUE在中等干旱胁迫下升高。 3) 灌木叶片结构特征对干旱胁迫反应 白刺花叶片具有较为典型的旱生型结构,而小马鞍羊蹄甲和小雀花则为中生型结构。在1至2年的干旱胁迫下,灌木叶片结构组成未发生本质性的改变,主要是细胞大小的变化。在中等和严重干旱胁迫下,叶肉组织厚度明显减小;并且气孔和表皮细胞面积也显著减小,气孔和表皮细胞密度显著增大;叶肉细胞层数、P/S值、表皮厚度等无显著变化。 4) 灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应 气体交换参数和叶片相对含水量(RWC)在中等干旱胁迫下发生了明显的改变,而叶绿素荧光参数和光合色素含量在严重干旱胁迫下才发生显著变化。在干旱胁迫下,净光合作用速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)和RWC呈下降趋势,而叶片温度(Tl)呈增加趋势,蒸腾速率(Tr)的变化不明显。除了日最大Pn减小以外,干旱胁迫对气体交换参数的日变化无显著影响,但是对光合-光响应曲线有显著的影响,使有效光合时间缩短。在严重干旱胁迫下光系统受到损害而代谢减弱,PSⅡ中心的内禀光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、量子产量(Yield)、光化学淬灭参数(qP)显著降低,而非光化学淬灭参数(NPQ)明显增加。气孔限制和非气孔限制对Pn的影响与干旱胁迫强度有关。在中度胁迫下,气孔限制起主导作用,在严重胁迫下非气孔限制起主导作用,40% FC水分条件可能是灌木由气孔限制向非气孔限制的转折点。 5) 灌木对干旱胁迫的适应能力及其种间差异 三种灌木对干旱胁迫具有较好的适应能力,即使在20% FC,幼苗未因干旱胁迫III而死亡;80% FC适宜于幼苗生长。白刺花生长速率慢,耗水量较少,具有较强的耐旱和耐贫瘠能力,并具有干旱忍受机制,能够在较干旱的环境中定居和生长。小马鞍羊蹄甲和小雀花,生长快,水分消耗量较大,尤其是小雀花,对干旱胁迫的忍受能力较弱,具有干旱回避机制,因而适宜于在较为湿润的生境中生长。综合分析表明,生长速率较慢的物种抗旱能力较强,其更适宜于作为干旱地区植被恢复物种。 Drought is often a key factor limiting plant establishment, growth and distribution inmany regions of the world. The harsh environmental conditions and long-termanthropogenic disturbance had resulted in habitat destruction in the dry valley ofMinjiang river, southwest China. Recently, it tended to be more severe on the vegetationdegradation, soil erosion and water loss, natural disaster, as well as desertification, whichimpact on regional booming economy and harmonious development, and would be verydangerous to the environmental security in the middle and lower reaches of Yangzi River.Therefore, ecological restoration in the dry valley is one of the vital tasks in China. Waterdeficit is known to affect adversely vegetation restoration in this place. Moreover, in thecontext of climate change, an increased frequency of drought stress might occur at aregional scale in the dry valleys of Minjiang River. The selection of appropriate plantingspecies for vegetation restoration in regard to regional conditions is an important issue atpresent and in further. The research on responses of indigenous species to drought stresscould provide insights into the improvement of the vegetation restoration in the dry valleys of Minjiang River. In this paper, the responses of three indigenous leguminous shrubs, Sophora davidii,Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla and Campylotropics polyantha, to various soil watersupplies were studied in order to assess drought tolerance of seedlings, and to compare interspecific differences in seedlings’ responses to drought stress. The results were as follows: 1 Growth and reproduction of shrubs in response to drought stress Seedling growth reduced significantly while leaf senescence accelerated underdrought stress, the cumulative responses to prolonged drought were found. The capacityfor reproduction was limited by severe drought stress, and improved by moderate droughtstress. Leaf responses were more sensitive than shoot to various water supplies. 2 WUE, biomass production and its partitioning of shrubs in response to drought stress Drought stress reduced significantly the total dry mass and their components ofseedlings, and altered more biomass allocation to root system, showing higher R/S ratiounder drought. Water use (WU) and water-use efficiency (WUE) of both S. davidii and B.faberi var. microphylla declined strongly with drought stress. The WU C. polyantha ofalso declined with drought stress, but WUE improved under moderate drought stress. 3 Anatomical characteristics and ultrastructures of leaves in response to drought stress There were xeromorphic for S. davidii leaves and mesomorphic for B. faberi var.microphylla and C. polyantha at the all water supplies. The foundational changes in leafstructures were not found with drought stress. However, mesophyll thickness, the areas ofstomatal and epidermis reduced slightly while the densities of stomatal and epidermisincreased under severe drought stress. Variations in these parameters could mainly be duoto cell size. Other structures did not displayed significant changes with drought stress. 4 Physiological responses of shrubs to drought stress The gas exchange parameters and leaf relative water content (RWC) were affectedby moderate stress, while chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were onlyaffected by severe stress. Drought stress decreased net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatalconductance, light-use efficiency and RWC, and increased leaf temperature. Therespiration rates (Tr) were kept within a narrower range than Pn, resulting in aprogressively increased instantaneous water use effiecency (WUEi) under drought stress.Moreover, drought stress also affected the response curve of Pn to RAR, there was adepression light saturation point (Lsat) and maximum Pn (Pnmax) for moderate andsevere stressed seedling. However, diurnal changes of gas exchange parameters did notdiffer among water supplies although maximum daily Pn declined under severe stress.VISevere stress reduced Fv/Fm, Yield and qP while increased NPQ and chlorophyll content.Photosynthetic activity decreased during drought stress period due to stomatal andnon-stomatal limitations. The relative contribution of these limitations was associatedwith the severity of stress. The limitation to Pn was caused mainly by stomatal limitationunder moderate drought stress, and by the predominance of non-stomatal limitation undersevere stress. In this case, 40% FC water supply may be a non-stomatal limitation 5 Interspecific differences in drought tolerance of shrubs Three shrubs exhibited good performance throughout the experiment process, evenif at 20% FC treatment there were no any seedlings died, 80% FC water supply wassuitable for their establishment and growth. S. davidii minimized their water loss byreducing total leaf area and growth rate, as well as maintained higher RWC and Pncompared to the other two species under drought stress, thus they might be more tolerantto the drought stress than the other two species. On the contrary, it was found that C.polyantha and B. faberi var. microphylla had higher water loss because of their stomatalconductance and higher leaf area ratios. They reduced water loss with shedding theirleaves and changing leaf orientation under drought stress. Based on their responses, thestudied species could be categorized into two: (1) S. davidii with a tolerance mechanismin response to drought stress; (2) C. polyantha and B. faberi var. microphylla withdrought avoidance mechanism. These results indicated that slow-growing shrub speciesare better adapted to drought stress than intermediate or fast-growing species in present orpredicted drought conditions. Therefore, selecting rapid-growing species might leavethese seedlings relatively at a risk of extreme drought.
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随着全球气候变暖和温室效应加剧,干旱和荒漠化成为威胁人类生存和发展的主要 灾害,许多被子植物对干旱胁迫的生理、生态和生化响应已逐步得以报道,但很少有开 展干旱胁迫对雌雄异株植物的影响方面的研究。由于这类植物在长期进化过程中已经在 生长、性比、生殖格局、空间分布、资源配置和生物量分配等方面形成了明显的性别差 异,因此,干旱胁迫必将对其雌雄植株产生不同的生理生态影响。本研究以青杨为模式 植物,采用植物生态、生理及生物化学等研究方法,系统研究青杨雌雄植株在常温、增 温以及喷施外源脱落酸的条件下对干旱胁迫的响应,揭示其在生长形态、生物量分配、 光合作用、用水效率和生理生化等方面的性别间差异。主要研究结果如下: 1. 青杨雌雄植株对干旱胁迫的综合响应。 与较好水分条件相比,干旱胁迫显著降低了青杨雌雄植株的光合作用和生长发育, 影响了许多生理生化过程,并导致雌雄植株在生长发育、气体交换、用水效率、膜脂抗 氧化和抗氧化系统酶活性方面表现出显著的性别间差异。在较好水分条件下,雌雄植株 之间在株高、基径、生物量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、用水效率以及丙二醛、脱落酸和 游离脯氨酸等生化物质含量方面均无显著差异。但在干旱胁迫下,雄株在生长发育、气 体交换、水分利用效率、膜脂过氧化保护和抗氧化系统酶活性方面均显著高于雌株,表 现出比雌株更高的株高、基径、叶面积、总叶片数、总生物量、总色素含量、类胡萝卜 素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、羧化效率、光系统II最大光化学效率、内在水分利用 效率、碳同位素组分、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性等,而在CO2补偿点、比叶面积、 叶绿素a/b、丙二醛、脱落酸和超氧化物歧化酶活性等指标上显著低于雌株。与雌株相比, 雄株表现出更高的干旱胁迫适应能力,而雌株的生长发育和生理生化过程更易遭受干旱 胁迫的影响。 2. 干旱胁迫下的青杨雌雄植株对增温处理的综合响应 与环境温度相比,增温在干旱胁迫前后均显著促进了雌雄植株的生长发育、气体交 换,降低水分利用效率,影响生化物质含量,并促使青杨雌雄植株之间在干旱胁迫下表 现出显著的差异。在较好水分条件下,增温导致雌株的株高、基径、叶面积、总叶片数、 总生物量和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于雄株,而用水效率、丙二醛、脱落酸和游离脯 氨酸、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶活性低于雄株。在干旱胁迫下,增温将导致雄 株的株高、基径、叶面积、总生物量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、总色素含量、 相对含水量、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性等显著高于雌株,而光系统II 最大 光化学效率、内在水分利用效率、碳同位素组分、丙二醛、脱落酸、游离脯氨酸和超氧 化物歧化酶活性显著低于雌株。与雄株相比,水分较好条件下的增温有利于促进雌株的 生长发育,并在生理生态特征上优于雄株。而干旱胁迫下的增温则加剧了水分胁迫强度, 致使雌株的生长发育遭受比雄株更多的负面影响。 3. 干旱胁迫下的青杨雌雄植株对喷施外源脱落酸处理的综合响应 与对照相比,在干旱胁迫下喷施外源脱落酸可显著增加青杨雌雄植株的生长发育、 气体交换、降低水分利用效率,影响了生化物质含量,并导致青杨雌雄植株之间在干旱 胁迫下表现出显著的生理生态差异。在干旱胁迫下,喷施外源脱落酸致使雌株的株高、 叶面积、叶干重、细根干重、总生物量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光系统II 最大光化学效率、非光化学淬灭系数、相对含水量、总光合色素、类胡萝卜素、脱落酸、 超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的增加量显著高于雄株,而根重比、根冠比、细根/ 总根、比叶面积、内在水分利用效率、碳同位素组分、丙二醛、脯氨酸、过氧化氢酶和 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性等指标的减少量上显著低于雄株。与对照相比,干旱胁迫下的 喷施外源脱落酸则一定程度能减缓植株遭受胁迫的压力,促进植株生长和气体交换,减 少了植株体内的过剩自由基数量,并促使雌株的生长发育和光合能力显著提高,增强其 抗干旱胁迫能力。 With development of global warming and greenhouse effect, drought and desertification have been became main natural disasteres in resent years. Studies on ecophysiological responses of most angiosperm species to environmental stress have been reported, but little is known about dioecious plant responses to drought stress. Since significant differences on growth, survival, reproductive patterns, spatial distribution, as well as resource allocation between males and females of dioecious plant have been formed during evolutionary process, sexual different ecophysiological responses should be caused by drought stress. In this experiment, Populus cathayana Rehd. was used as model plant to study the sex-related responses to drought by using the ecological, physiological and biochemical methods under normal atmospheric temperature, elevated temperatures and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application treatment respectively, and to expose the sexual differences in growth, biomass allocation, photosynthesis, water use efficiency and some biochemical material contents in the males and females of dioecious plant. The results are follows: 1. A large set of parallel responses of males and females of P. cathayana to drought stress Compared with well-watered treatment, drought significantly decreased growth and photosynthesis of P. cathayana individuals, affected some physiological and biochemical processes, and induced males and females to exhibit obvious sexual differences in growth, gas exchange, water use efficiency, lipid peroxidation protection and antioxidant defenses enzyme system. Under well-watered treatment, there were no significant sexual differences in height growth (HG), basal diameter (BD), dry matter accumulation (DMA), net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and malondialdehyde (MDA), abscisic acid (ABA) and praline (Pro). However, under drought stress, males were found to exhibit higher HG, BD, leaf area (LA), total leaf number (TLA), DMA, total chlorophyll contents (TC), carotenoids content (Caro), A, E, carboxylation efficiency (CE), the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE ), carbon isotope composition (δ13C), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and lower CO2 compensation point (Γ), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll a/b ratio (Chla/Chlb), MDA, ABA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) than females. The results suggest that males possess greater drought resistance than do females and females suffer more negative effect on growth and development, physiological and biochemical processes than males under drought stress. 2. A large set of parallel responses of drought-stressed males and females of P. cathayana to elevated temperatures Compared with environmental temperature, elevated temperature treatment significant increased growth and gas exchange, decreased water use efficiency, changed some biochemical material contents of P. cathayana individuals, and induced males and females to exhibit obvious differences under drought stress. Under good water condition, elevated temperature treatment caused females to show significant higher HG, BD, LA, TLN, DMA, SOD activity, and great lower WUE, MDA, ABA, Pro, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and POD than do males. On contrary, under drought condition, elevated temperature treatment induced males to exhibit higher HG, BD, LA, DMA, A, E, stomatal conductance (gs), relative water content (RWC), CAT, APX activity but lower Fv/Fm, WUE, δ13C, MDA, ABA, Pro, SOD activity than do females. The results suggest that females will benefit from elevating temperature under good water condition by possessing better ecophysiological processes than that of males, but will suffer from greater negative effects than do males when grown under drought stress with elevated temperature treatment. 3. A large set of parallel responses of drought-stressed males and females of P. cathayana to exogenous ABA application Compared with controls, exogenous ABA application under drought greatly increased growth and gas exchange, decreased water use efficiency, changed some biochemical material contents in P. cathayana individuals, and induced males and females to exhibit obvious sexual differences under drought. Under drought stress, exogenous ABA application induced females to exhibit more increases in HG, LA, leaf weight (LW), fine root weight (FRW), DMA, A, E, g, Fv/Fm, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN), RWC, TC, Caro, ABA, SOD, POD s activity than males, but to show lower decreases in root/weight ratio (RWR), root mass/foliage area ratio (RF), fine root/total root ratio (FT), SLA, WUE, δ13C, MDA, Pro, CAT, APX than males. The results suggest that exogenous ABA application under drought stress will eliminate negative damages caused by drought stress at a certain extent,promote the growth and gas exchange of plant and decrease the number of superfluous 1O2 in plant cells of males and females of P. cathayana. Furthermore, exogenous ABA application promoted more drought resistance in females than in males by increasing more growth and photosynthetic capacity in females under drought stress.