Objetivos y motivaciones de los directores escolares en España.

Objetivos de los directivos, cargos docentes, escolares en España. Motivaciones que mueven a esos directivos en su tarea escolar. Si las motivaciones de los directivos escolares coinciden o no con las motivaciones expresadas en la Teoría de Maslow. No representativa. 393 cargos escolares directivos: 230 de centros de la iglesia (58), 49 estatales, 5 privados de EGB, BUP, COU y FP de toda España con predominio del País Vasco y Madrid (18,19) que, entre 1971-75 pasaron por cursos de reciclaje/perfeccionamiento por el ICE de la Universidad de Deusto. Objeto: objetivos y motivaciones según escalas y conceptos basados en estudios de Downey y Maslow. A 393 directores escolares se les entregó una escala de objetivos elaborada por Downey, modificado por Filella, de 4 grupos: objetivos intelectuales, sociales, personales y productivos, totalizando 16 ítems, pidiéndoles que los ordenaran por orden de preferencia. A los mismos directivos se les pidió que ordenaran según preferencias una escala basada en Maslow, modificada por Herzber y Filella, de motivaciones: 12 ítems. Ver si existe algún paralelismo entre objetivos y motivaciones que sirviera para corroborar o no la Teoría de Maslow. Cotejar los resultados de la investigación con los obtenidos sobre objetivos y motivaciones con directrices oficiales en España y países socialistas del Este europeo, Estados Unidos, postulados de Freire, C. Rogers, A. S. Neill, Freinet sobre ambos, objetivos y motivaciones, para colocar los resultados de la investigación en un contexto más ámplio. Objetivos de los directivos: hay una marcada preferencia por la creatividad y un rechazo del consumismo. Los primeros puestos los ocupan la creatividad, la ética a nivel social e individual y la salud emocional y mental. Los últimos: la preocupación por las relaciones internacionales, la propia patria y región y el consumismo. Motivaciones de los directivos: las más deseadas son cogestión de los centros, salario máximo posible, trabajar en equipo con los colegas y el reciclaje profesional. Se rechaza la supervisión/control de las aulas. Se desestiman motivaciones relacionadas con: jubilación, seguro de vida, escalafón, cátedra a perpetuidad por años de docencia. La Teoria de Maslow: un deseo insatisfecho provoca una motivación consecuente. Se cumple en los sujetos del estudio. Las motivaciones que mueven a los docentes son las carencias que se reflejan en los objetivos principales que mueven la actuación de los profesores con sus alumnos. Si desean, por ejemplo, mayor cogestión en los centros, impulsan en sus alumnos la creatividad, objetivo que presupone libertad para desarrollar su propia formación,sin imposiciones verticales. El estudio comprueba la relación estrecha que existe entre motivación insatisfecha y objetivos a conseguir, en la línea de la Teoría de Maslow.

Developments in near infrared spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopy at high excitation is an important research frontier for two reasons. Firstly, the near infrared is proving to be an important area for the analytical applications of spectroscopy, and we would therefore like to understand how the spectra we observe relate to the molecular structure of the absorbing species. Secondly, there is a fundamental interest in understanding molecular dynamics and energy flow within a polyatomic molecule at high excitation, because this is the boundary between spectroscopy and chemistry through which we try to understand the details of a chemical reaction. In this presentation I shall survey recent progress in this field.

Evaluating mid-infrared spectroscopy as a new technique for predicting sensory texture attributes of processed cheese

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential application of mid-infrared spectroscopy for determination of selected sensory attributes in a range of experimentally manufactured processed cheese samples. This study also evaluates mid-infrared spectroscopy against other recently proposed techniques for predicting sensory texture attributes. Processed cheeses (n = 32) of varying compositions were manufactured on a pilot scale. After 2 and 4 wk of storage at 4 degrees C, mid-infrared spectra ( 640 to 4,000 cm(-1)) were recorded and samples were scored on a scale of 0 to 100 for 9 attributes using descriptive sensory analysis. Models were developed by partial least squares regression using raw and pretreated spectra. The mouth-coating and mass-forming models were improved by using a reduced spectral range ( 930 to 1,767 cm(-1)). The remaining attributes were most successfully modeled using a combined range ( 930 to 1,767 cm(-1) and 2,839 to 4,000 cm(-1)). The root mean square errors of cross-validation for the models were 7.4(firmness; range 65.3), 4.6 ( rubbery; range 41.7), 7.1 ( creamy; range 60.9), 5.1(chewy; range 43.3), 5.2(mouth-coating; range 37.4), 5.3 (fragmentable; range 51.0), 7.4 ( melting; range 69.3), and 3.1 (mass-forming; range 23.6). These models had a good practical utility. Model accuracy ranged from approximate quantitative predictions to excellent predictions ( range error ratio = 9.6). In general, the models compared favorably with previously reported instrumental texture models and near-infrared models, although the creamy, chewy, and melting models were slightly weaker than the previously reported near-infrared models. We concluded that mid-infrared spectroscopy could be successfully used for the nondestructive and objective assessment of processed cheese sensory quality..

Prediction of processed cheese instrumental texture and meltability by mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric tools

The objective of this study was to determine the potential of mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with multidimensional statistical analysis for the prediction of processed cheese instrumental texture and meltability attributes. Processed cheeses (n = 32) of varying composition were manufactured in a pilot plant. Following two and four weeks storage at 4 degrees C samples were analysed using texture profile analysis, two meltability tests (computer vision, Olson and Price) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (4000-640 cm(-1)). Partial least squares regression was used to develop predictive models for all measured attributes. Five attributes were successfully modelled with varying degrees of accuracy. The computer vision meltability model allowed for discrimination between high and low melt values (R-2 = 0.64). The hardness and springiness models gave approximate quantitative results (R-2 = 0.77) and the cohesiveness (R-2 = 0.81) and Olson and Price meltability (R-2 = 0.88) models gave good prediction results. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..

Application of mid-infrared spectroscopy to the prediction of maturity and sensory texture attributes of cheddar cheese

The objective of this study was to determine the potential of mid-infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with partial least squares (PLS) regression to predict various quality parameters in cheddar cheese. Cheddar cheeses (n = 24) were manufactured and stored at 8 degrees C for 12 mo. Mid-infrared spectra (640 to 4000/cm) were recorded after 4, 6, 9, and 12 mo storage. At 4, 6, and 9 mo, the water-soluble nitrogen (WSN) content of the samples was determined and the samples were also evaluated for 11 sensory texture attributes using descriptive sensory analysis. The mid-infrared spectra were subjected to a number of pretreatments, and predictive models were developed for all parameters. Age was predicted using scatter-corrected, 1st derivative spectra with a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 1 mo, while WSN was predicted using 1st derivative spectra (RMSECV = 2.6%). The sensory texture attributes most successfully predicted were rubbery, crumbly, chewy, and massforming. These attributes were modeled using 2nd derivative spectra and had, corresponding RMSECV values in the range of 2.5 to 4.2 on a scale of 0 to 100. It was concluded that mid-infrared spectroscopy has the potential to predict age, WSN, and several sensory texture attributes of cheddar cheese..

Application of near and mid-infrared spectroscopy to determine cheese quality and authenticity

This paper reviews the current state of development of both near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic techniques for process monitoring, quality control, and authenticity determination in cheese processing. Infrared spectroscopy has been identified as an ideal process analytical technology tool, and recent publications have demonstrated the potential of both NIR and MIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometric techniques, for monitoring coagulation, syneresis, and ripening as well as determination of authenticity, composition, sensory, and rheological parameters. Recent research is reviewed and compared on the basis of experimental design, spectroscopic and chemometric methods employed to assess the potential of infrared spectroscopy as a technology for improving process control and quality in cheese manufacture. Emerging research areas for these technologies, such as cheese authenticity and food chain traceability, are also discussed.

History education in comprehensive schools: using school level data to interpret national patterns

This paper reports the findings from two large scale national on-line surveys carried out in 2009 and 2010, which explored the state of history teaching in English secondary schools. Large variation in provision was identified within comprehensive schools in response to national policy decisions and initiatives. Using the data from the surveys and school level data that is publicly available, this study examines situated factors, particularly the nature of the school intake, the numbers of pupils with special educational needs and the socio-economic status of the area surrounding the school, and the impact these have on the provision of history education. The findings show that there is a growing divide between those students that have access to the ‘powerful knowledge’, provided by subjects like history, and those that do not.

The perception of support received from breast care nurses by depressed patients following a diagnosis of breast cancer

INTRODUCTION Due to their specialist training, breast care nurses (BCNs) should be able to detect emotional distress and offer support to breast cancer patients. However, patients who are most distressed after diagnosis generally experience least support from care staff. To test whether BCNs overcome this potential barrier, we compared the support experienced by depressed and non-depressed patients from their BCNs and the other main professionals involved in their care: surgeons and ward nurses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Women with primary breast cancer (n = 355) 2–4 days after mastectomy or wide local excision, self-reported perceived professional support and current depression. Analysis of variance compared support ratings of depressed and non-depressed patients across staff types. RESULTS There was evidence of depression in 31 (9%) patients. Depressed patients recorded less surgeon and ward nurse support than those who were not depressed but the support received by patients from the BCN was high, whether or not patients were depressed. CONCLUSIONS BCNs were able to provide as much support to depressed patients as to non-depressed patients, whereas depressed patients felt less supported by surgeons and ward nurses than did non-depressed patients. Future research should examine the basis of BCNs' ability to overcome barriers to support in depressed patients. Our findings confirm the importance of maintaining the special role of the BCN.

Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6)

BACKGROUND: Unlike most antihyperglycaemic drugs, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have a glucose-dependent action and promote weight loss. We compared the efficacy and safety of liraglutide, a human GLP-1 analogue, with exenatide, an exendin-based GLP-1 receptor agonist. METHODS: Adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on maximally tolerated doses of metformin, sulphonylurea, or both, were stratified by previous oral antidiabetic therapy and randomly assigned to receive additional liraglutide 1.8 mg once a day (n=233) or exenatide 10 microg twice a day (n=231) in a 26-week open-label, parallel-group, multinational (15 countries) study. The primary outcome was change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)). Efficacy analyses were by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00518882. FINDINGS: Mean baseline HbA(1c) for the study population was 8.2%. Liraglutide reduced mean HbA(1c) significantly more than did exenatide (-1.12% [SE 0.08] vs -0.79% [0.08]; estimated treatment difference -0.33; 95% CI -0.47 to -0.18; p<0.0001) and more patients achieved a HbA(1c) value of less than 7% (54%vs 43%, respectively; odds ratio 2.02; 95% CI 1.31 to 3.11; p=0.0015). Liraglutide reduced mean fasting plasma glucose more than did exenatide (-1.61 mmol/L [SE 0.20] vs -0.60 mmol/L [0.20]; estimated treatment difference -1.01 mmol/L; 95% CI -1.37 to -0.65; p<0.0001) but postprandial glucose control was less effective after breakfast and dinner. Both drugs promoted similar weight losses (liraglutide -3.24 kg vs exenatide -2.87 kg). Both drugs were well tolerated, but nausea was less persistent (estimated treatment rate ratio 0.448, p<0.0001) and minor hypoglycaemia less frequent with liraglutide than with exenatide (1.93 vs 2.60 events per patient per year; rate ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.88; p=0.0131; 25.5%vs 33.6% had minor hypoglycaemia). Two patients taking both exenatide and a sulphonylurea had a major hypoglycaemic episode. INTERPRETATION: Liraglutide once a day provided significantly greater improvements in glycaemic control than did exenatide twice a day, and was generally better tolerated. The results suggest that liraglutide might be a treatment option for type 2 diabetes, especially when weight loss and risk of hypoglycaemia are major considerations.

The Prevention of Delirium and Complications Associated with Surgical Treatments (PODCAST) study: protocol for an international multicentre randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION Postoperative delirium is one of the most common complications of major surgery, affecting 10-70% of surgical patients 60 years and older. Delirium is an acute change in cognition that manifests as poor attention and illogical thinking and is associated with longer intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay, long-lasting cognitive deterioration and increased mortality. Ketamine has been used as an anaesthetic drug for over 50 years and has an established safety record. Recent research suggests that, in addition to preventing acute postoperative pain, a subanaesthetic dose of intraoperative ketamine could decrease the incidence of postoperative delirium as well as other neurological and psychiatric outcomes. However, these proposed benefits of ketamine have not been tested in a large clinical trial. METHODS The Prevention of Delirium and Complications Associated with Surgical Treatments (PODCAST) study is an international, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. 600 cardiac and major non-cardiac surgery patients will be randomised to receive ketamine (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or placebo following anaesthetic induction and prior to surgical incision. For the primary outcome, blinded observers will assess delirium on the day of surgery (postoperative day 0) and twice daily from postoperative days 1-3 using the Confusion Assessment Method or the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. For the secondary outcomes, blinded observers will estimate pain using the Behavioral Pain Scale or the Behavioral Pain Scale for Non-Intubated Patients and patient self-report. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The PODCAST trial has been approved by the ethics boards of five participating institutions; approval is ongoing at other sites. Recruitment began in February 2014 and will continue until the end of 2016. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences, scientific publications, stakeholder engagement and popular media. REGISTRATION DETAILS The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01690988 (last updated March 2014). The PODCAST trial is being conducted under the auspices of the Neurological Outcomes Network for Surgery (NEURONS). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01690988 (last updated December 2013).

Characterizing Overall Response to Two-shot Vaccination for BVDV Type 2 in Angus Weanling Calves

Vaccination is a management strategy utilized to help reduce prevalence of bovine respiratory disease in feedlots. However, not all animals respond similarly to vaccinations. It is believed that an animal’s genetics control part of the ability to respond to a vaccination protocol. In order to evaluate the genetic control of a new trait such as response to vaccination, it is important to understand the non-genetic factors that affect an animal’s response to vaccination. The objective of this study was to characterize the non-genetic factors affecting overall response to a two-shot vaccination for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV2) in Angus weanling calves.